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1/1學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作總結(jié)專業(yè)英語寫作考點(diǎn)總結(jié)
part?academicenglishwriting(專業(yè)英語寫作)chapter1sixconsiderationsinacademicwriting
1、academicwritingisaproductofmanyconsideration:audience,purpose,organization,style,flowandpresentation.
(學(xué)術(shù)寫作六要素:寫作對象,目的,組織結(jié)構(gòu),文體特征,表達(dá)連貫和宣講或宣讀)。
2、organizationusuallyhasthefollowingfourparts:問題-解決方法包括四個(gè)部
分
(1)descriptionofasituation(描述情況)
(2)identificationofaproblem(甄別問題)
(3)descriptionofasolution(描述解決方法)
(4)evaluationofthesolution(評估解決方法)
3、formalgrammarstyle:(正規(guī)的語法風(fēng)格)
(1)generallyavoidcontractions(一般來講避免使用略縮詞)
例:won’t改為willnot
(2)usethemoreappropriateformalnegativeforms(使用更為適宜的正規(guī)的否定
形式)
例:not...any改為nonot...much改為littlenot...many改為few
(3)limittheuseof“run-on”expressions,suchasandsoforthandetc.(限
制使用多個(gè)詞連用的表達(dá)法)
例:句子內(nèi)不能出現(xiàn)andsoforth和etc.出現(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)將省略的部分?jǐn)U展出來。
(4)avoidaddressingthereaderasyou(except,ofcourse,ifyouarewritinga
textbookorotherinstructionalmaterials).(避免向讀者說“你”)例:youcan
seetheresultsintable1.
改為:theresultscanbeseenintable1.
改為:itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.
或者wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.
(6)placeadverbwithintheverb.(將副詞放于動(dòng)詞詞組內(nèi))例:thismodelwasdevelopedbykrugmanoriginally.
改為:thismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbykrugman.
(7)considerwhetheryoushouldsplitinfinitives.(考慮是否該使用割裂不定式)例:weneedtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.
(8)aimforanefficientuseofwords.(目的是為了有效地使用詞匯)例:therearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersintheprocess
oftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising.改為:someinorganicmaterialsusedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreatpromise.
習(xí)題:
(1)youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.
錯(cuò)誤:使用了you。
改為:thismodelcanbeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.
(2)ok,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallen?there’realotofpossibilities.
錯(cuò)誤:使用了口語ok;直接引語的使用;使用了縮略詞there’re。
改為:coffeepriceshavefallenformanyreasons.
(3)youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationsclearly.
錯(cuò)誤:使用了you;將副詞clearly放在了句尾。
改為:thedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationcanclearlybeseen.
錯(cuò)誤:使用了sofar;使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu);使用了not...any結(jié)構(gòu);使用了非正式的lookinginto。
(6)therearesomestudiesthathaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbeusedbybuildersmorewidelythanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.
錯(cuò)誤:使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu);副詞widely位置放錯(cuò)。
改為:somestudieshaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbemorewidelyusedthanit
isnowasaconstructionmaterial.
(7)thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:illinois,iowa,ohio,etc.錯(cuò)誤:使用了etc。
改為:thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixmidwesternstates:illinois,iowa,indiana,ohio,michigan,andminnesota.
(8)thereisn’tverymuchresearchontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregate
intheproductionofconcrete.
錯(cuò)誤:使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu);使用了not...verymuch。
改為:littleresearchhasbeendoneontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregate
intheproductionofconcrete.chapter2twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting
(專業(yè)寫作的兩個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu))
1、twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting:(專業(yè)寫作的兩個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu))
(1)general-specificstructure(泛論-特指(gs)結(jié)構(gòu))
(2)problem-process-solutionstructure(問題-過程-解決方法)
2、gstextsusuallybeginwithoneofthefollowing:
(gs文本通常以下列一種形式開始)
(1)ashortorextendeddefinition(簡短或拓展定義)
(3)ageneralizationorpurposestatement(一般化或目標(biāo)性陳述)
(4)astatementoffact.(事實(shí)陳述)
3、superordinate-categoryword:technique,method,process,device,andsystem.(超級(jí)坐標(biāo)詞)
4、deletions(刪除):在下列情況下,你可以減少限制性關(guān)系代詞
a.定語從句僅有關(guān)系代詞、be動(dòng)詞、一個(gè)或多個(gè)介詞短語
b.定語從句由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞加上一些額外的信息
c.定語從句含有關(guān)系代詞、以-ble結(jié)尾的形容詞和額外的信息例題:p23
(1).metalthatisoftenused—metaloftenused
(2).devicethatiscapableof—devicecapableof
(3).roofwhichisontopof—roofontopof
(4).precipitationwhichresultsfrom—precipitationresultingfrom
(5).thissentencecannotbereduced.
(6).flutethatispitchedanoctavehigherflutepitchedanoctave
higher
(7).aprocessthatinvolvestheselectivetransport—aprocess
involvingtheselectivetransport
(8).acelestialbodywhichhasapproximatelythesamemass—a
celestialbodywithapproximatelythesamemass
5、考題類型:句子排序例題:p27
(1)比較定義基本上有兩類:
1)呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)概念是如何隨著時(shí)間的流逝而變化的這樣一種史實(shí)陳述。
2)呈現(xiàn)對當(dāng)代各位專家是怎樣不同地看待此概念所做的一個(gè)全面性的評述。7、participle(分詞)
例題:p39
(1)theoilisskimmedfromthesurfacebyusingaboomandthenpumpedintoatankforrecycling.
(2)afterbeingharvested,thegrapesarecrushedtoreleasethepulpandseedandthenfermentedforthreeweeks.
(3)first,theglassiscuttosizeandinspectedtodetermineifithasanyimperfections.itisthenheatedtoover600ocandcooledinastepknownasquenching.
8、詞和詞型的變換p23-p25
1、inmanydisciplinesthedataisdisplayedinatable,graph,figure,orsomeotherkindofnon-verbalillustration.(在許多學(xué)科中,數(shù)據(jù)信息都是以圖表、圖形、數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)圖或非口頭圖示的方式展示出來。)
a、locationelementsand/orsummarystatements.(定位要素和/或總結(jié)陳述)
b、highlightingstatements.(強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述內(nèi)容)
3、locationelementsandsummaries.(定位要素和總結(jié))
c、verbsinindicativeandinformativessummaries.(用在陳述性和信息性總結(jié)中的動(dòng)詞)
d、languagefocus:linkingas-clause.(語言聚焦:連接詞as引出的從句)
chapter4summaryandabstractwriting(總結(jié)與
(5)對每一個(gè)主要題目,寫下關(guān)鍵的佐證點(diǎn),但必要時(shí)也要包括小的細(xì)節(jié)。
(6)再次仔細(xì)檢查這個(gè)過程,做些適當(dāng)?shù)淖儎?dòng)。
3、basicstructureofabstractwriting(
foronlytenpounds.)
(2)ialwaystakemyraincoatwheneverigooutthesedays.(periodic)
改為:wheneverigooutthesedays,ialwaystakemyraincoat.
改為:whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsomevaluablepaintingswerestolen.
改為:afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputout
thefire.
(6)thetrainisgoingtodalian.thetrainleavesat20:15.(simple)
改為:thetraintodalianleavesat20:15.
(7)inspiteoftheinterruption,hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbefore
theclasswasover.(loose)
改為:hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasoverinspiteof
theinterruption.
(8)manypeoplechoosetravelbyair.itisfast.itoffersconvenience.itis
notveryexpensive.(parallelstructure)
改為:manypeoplechoosetravelbyair,becauseitisfast,convenientandnotveryexpensive.
3、練習(xí)題p121
(1)履歷通常包括個(gè)人信息、教育背景、工作經(jīng)歷和過去的成就。
譯:aresumegenerallyconsistsofpersonalinformation,educationalbackground,employmenthistoryandpastachievements.
(2)戴安娜在南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)主修中醫(yī)學(xué)。
譯:dianaismajoringinchinesetraditionalmedicineinnanjingmedicaluniversity.
(3)請代我向你父母致以問候。
譯:pleasesendmybestregardstoyourparents.
(4)現(xiàn)代高等教育應(yīng)該具有前瞻性,超越眼前的社會(huì)需求。
譯:moderncollegeeducationshouldbefar-sightedandabletoseebeyondtheimmediateneedsofthesociety.
(5)這種細(xì)菌是引起現(xiàn)在流行病的原因嗎?
譯:isthisbacteriumresponsibleforthecurrentepidemic?
(6)經(jīng)常回顧昨天,你就會(huì)珍惜今天,向往明天。
譯:takeafrequentandbackwardlookatyouryesterday,andyouwillvalueyourtodayandlookforwardtoyourtomorrow.
(7)中國傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)分子認(rèn)為:窮則獨(dú)善其身,達(dá)則兼濟(jì)天下。
譯:traditionalchineseintellectualsholdthatoneshouldrefinehispersonalvirtuewheninpoverty,andhelpsavetheworldwheninsuccess.
(8)就算我追求愛情,我也肯定不會(huì)只顧沉浸在愛河里而荒廢學(xué)業(yè)。
譯:ifididhuntforlove,icertainlywouldn’tbathemyselfintheriverofloveallthetime,neglectingmystudies.(9)學(xué)校倡導(dǎo)大學(xué)生改變就業(yè)觀念,并
鼓勵(lì)他們把自己的才華和天賦投入到西部大開發(fā)中去。
譯:universitiespromoteachangeintheconceptofemploymentamongthegraduates,encouragethemtogivetheirtalentsandgeniustothewesternexploration.
4、sentenceexpansion(句子拓展)(各個(gè)位置的例句都要看)※句子拓展的
三種方法:addition(增添法),coordination(并列法),
subordination(從屬法)。重點(diǎn)題型,要會(huì)判斷句子正誤
(1)增添法:常見的修飾詞有形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、名詞性詞組、
代詞等(adjectives,adverbs,numerals,nouns,nounphrasesandpronouns)。修飾
詞通常在句中作定語或狀語。
①添加形容詞(addiongadjectives)
單個(gè)形容詞做定語一般放在被修飾詞之前,但修飾由any,every,no
somebody,one或thing構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí),放在其后。
②添加副詞(addingadverbs)
如果句子里同時(shí)帶有幾個(gè)副詞做修飾語時(shí),其位置應(yīng)按一下順序排列:程度副詞
方式副詞地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)間副詞。
③添加短語(addingphrases)
短語有8種:名詞短語、動(dòng)詞短語、介詞短語、非限定性短語(分詞短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、
不定式短語)、同位短語、限定性短語。(noun,verb,prepositional;threekindsofverbalphrase(participial,gerundandinfinitive),appositiveandabsolute)(2)并列法:包含三種方法
①coordinatingpronouns(并列連詞)
②conjunctiveadverbs(使用連接副詞)
③semicolon(運(yùn)用分號(hào)連接)
(3)從屬法:
從句主要包括名詞性從句(nounclause),狀語從句(adverbialclause)和定語從句(attributiveclause)。
名詞性從句又分為主語從句(subjectclause)、表語從句(predicativeclause)、賓語
從句(objectclause)和同位語從句(appositiveclause)。
①常見的狀語從句有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、比較、讓步等。
5、幾種短語拓展法:
(1)介詞短語進(jìn)行拓展(expandingwithprepositionalphrases)
介詞短語在句中可做表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。作定語時(shí)置于所修飾詞之后,做狀
語時(shí)位置比較靈活,可位于句首,也可位于句中或句尾,有時(shí)用逗號(hào)將其與句子的主體部分
隔開。
(2)不定式短語進(jìn)行拓展(expandingwithinfinitivephrases)
不定式短語做名詞時(shí),可做主語、表語、賓語;做形容詞時(shí),在句中作定語;做副詞時(shí),
可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、狀語等。
(3)動(dòng)名詞短語進(jìn)行拓展(expandingwithgerundphrases)
動(dòng)名詞為動(dòng)詞-ing形式,名詞性可做主語、表語、賓語、定語和補(bǔ)足語。動(dòng)詞性可以帶
賓語和狀語。
(4)分詞短語進(jìn)行拓展(expandingwithparticipialphrases)
分詞短語有現(xiàn)在分詞短語和過去分詞短語兩種形式。
6、effectivesentences(有效句)
(1)effectivesentenceshavesomeorallofthefollowingqualities:unity
(一致性),coherence(連貫性),conciseness(簡潔性),emphasis(強(qiáng)調(diào)性),andvariety(多樣性).
(2)此節(jié)中的每個(gè)例子都要認(rèn)真看。※
7、練習(xí)題:p142
(2)theyoungmanishonestandhardworking,andisaveryreliableworker.
改為:theyoungmanisanhonest,hardworkingandreliableworder.(theyoungworkerishonest,hardworkingandreliable.)
(3)dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoets.
改為:dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoetsintangdynasty.
(4)amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.
改為:amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.(aman
isjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.)
(5)wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.改為:wethoughtshewascharming,intelligentandcapable.
(6)togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.改為:togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingsheneededintoasuitcase.(7)thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.
改為:thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosigntheirnameonthissheetofpaper.
(8)whenonethieshardenough,youcandoalmostanything.
改為:whenonethieshardenough,hecandoalmostanything.
(9)foryearsihavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyedeveryminuteofit.改為:foryearsihavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyingeveryminuteofit.
(10)whenisawthegradeonmyreportcard,iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseistudiedveryhard.
改為:whenisawthegradeonmyreportcard,iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseihadstudiedveryhard.
(11)ifiwererichandshewassingle,iwouldmarryher.
改為:ifiwererichandshewrersingle,iwouldmarryher.
(12)theyinsistedthatthemoneybecollectedandthatareceiptbegiveninteturn.此句正確。
8、練習(xí)題p142
(1)tomandhissweetheartmarriedintheearlypartofthemonthofoctober.改為:tomandhissweetheartmarriedinearlyoctober.
(2)in1979,therewasastrikeparticipatedinbyfivethousandunionworkers.
改為:in1979,fivethousandunionsparticipatedinthestrike.
(3)thecauseofthefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.
改為:thefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.
(4)thereareanumberofstudentsfromourinstitutewhoareplanningtojointheexpedition.
改為:anumberofstudentsareplanningtojointheexpedition.
(5)whatiamtryingtosayisthatinmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.改為:inmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.
(6)icametothisinstitutebecauseofmanyfactors,butmostofallofthefactthatiwanttobeaninterpreter.
改為:icametothisinstitutebecauseiwanttobeaninterpreter.
(7)thesewatermelonsarelargeinsizeandsweetintaste.
改為:thesewatermelonsarelargeandsweet.
(8)atthepresenttimeiamtakingthecourseofworldhistoryandinaddition
acourseingeographytoo.改為:atpresentiamtakingworldhistoryandgeography.
(9)weplannedtomeetjustbeforesunriseveryearlyinthemorning.
改為:weplannedtomeetbeforesunrise.
(10)hisattitudewasofapuzzlingnature.
改為:hisattitudewaspuzzling.
9、練習(xí)題:p143
(1)hewasselfless,hardwordingandmodest;that’swhyhebecameagreatscientest.
改為:hebecameagreatscientistbecausehewasmodest,selfless,andhardworking.
(2)asaclerk,johnwashonest,efficientandwell-dressed.
改為:johnwasawell-dressed,honest,andefficientclerk.
(3)janewalkedoutofhislife,burstingintotearsasshelefttheroom.
改為:asshelefttheroom,jane,burstingintotears,walkedoutofhislife.
(4)chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandtheopenpolicyduting
thepast14years.
改為:asaresultofthereformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast14years,chinahaschangedagreatdeal.
(5)huang,thefamouswriter,wasamonghisneighbors.
改為:huang,whowasamonghisneighbors,wasafamouswriter.
(6)socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohimafterhewentbankrupt.
改為:afterhewentbankrupt,friends,socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfwerenolongerinterestingtohim.
10、常見的語法錯(cuò)誤:p143書中每個(gè)正確的句子都要看※
(1)misusedpartsofspeech(用錯(cuò)詞性);
(2)sentencefragments(殘缺句);
(3)run-onsentences(流水句);
(4)misplacedmodifiersdanglingmodifiers(誤置修飾與懸虛結(jié)構(gòu));
(5)probleminagreementandreference(一致與指代問題)。
11、練習(xí)題p146修改殘缺句
(1)afterreturningfromthebeach.thechildrenwereexhausted.
改為:afterreturningfromthebeach,thechildrenwereexhausted.
(2)johnneglectinghisdutiesandspendingtimeonindependentresearch.
改為:johnneglectedhisdutiesandspenttimeonindependentresearch.(3)karendroppedcalculus.whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.
改為:karendroppedcalculus,whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.
(4)workingtogethertosaveourenvironment.wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.
改為:workingtogethertosaveourenvironment,wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.
(5)vingthatsheisanhonestperson.改為:ellenreturnedthelostwallettotheman,whichprovedthatsheisanhonestperson.
(6)someerrorsinwritingareserious.forexample,sentencefragments,andrun-onsentences.
改為:someerrorsinwritingareserious,forexample,sentencefragments,andrun-onsentences.
12、練習(xí)題p147修改流水句
(1)somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironmentwhiletheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.
改為:somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironment,yettheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.
(2)liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducation,shehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.
改為:liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducationbecauseshehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.
(3)wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningthenwewenthome.
改為:wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningandthenwewenthome.
(4)athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor,icouldnottakemyusualnap.
改為:athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor;icouldnottakemyusualnap.
13、練習(xí)題p147改正句子
(1)therobberwasasix-foot-manwithamustacheweighing150pounds.
改為:therobberweighing150poundswasasix-foot-manwithamustache.
(2)hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.
改為:hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman.
(3)tomboughtanoldcarfromacrookeddealerwithafaultytransmission.改為:tomboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer.
(4)unconcernedabouthisownlife,thelittlegirldrowningintheicyriverwassavedbyapasser-by.
改為:unconcernedabouthisownlife,apasser-bysavedthelittlegirldrowningintheicyriver.
(5)thepuppythatmary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtoherowner.改為:thepuppythatmary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtohisowner.
(6)iwasshockedtoseeat-shirtinthatfancydressstorewhichhadapricetagof$2000.
改為:iwasshockedtoseeinthatfancydressstoreat-shirtwhichhadapricetagof$2000.
(10)theapplicant’slistofcredentialsareratherlong.
改為:theapplicant’slistofcredentialsisratherlong.chapter4englishparagraphwriting(英語段落寫作)
1、paragraphstructure(段落結(jié)構(gòu))
(1)主題句(thetopicsentence)具有三個(gè)重要功能:p149
①通過明確陳述討論中的一個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步證明全文中心思想。
②顯示段落內(nèi)容。
③控制該段落內(nèi)容。某一段中全部討論——舉例、細(xì)節(jié)列舉以及解釋都必
須與主題句直接相關(guān)并能進(jìn)一步證明主題句。
(2)練習(xí)題:1/p151
精彩的正文段落應(yīng)該圍繞一個(gè)主題句展開:段落應(yīng)該展開充分、前后統(tǒng)一而且銜接自然。具體地講,一個(gè)很有說服力的正文段落必須滿足四個(gè)要求。首先,該段落必須只討論一個(gè)主體,即段中陳述和說明只能表現(xiàn)一個(gè)主題或內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一,主題思想通常用一個(gè)主題句表達(dá);第二,它必須詳細(xì)完整地寫出有關(guān)一個(gè)論題讀者需要了解的所有內(nèi)容,即該段落語義必須完整;第三,段中句子排列必須表現(xiàn)出一定條理;第四,段中句子必須表現(xiàn)出連貫性:前后銜接自然,使讀者能夠輕易了解寫作思路,而不是感到文中所闡述的觀點(diǎn)相去甚遠(yuǎn)互不相關(guān)。
3、therearefiveimportantmeansofachievingcoherenceinyourparagraphs:(寫作連貫的段落有下列五種重要方法:)p160
(1)anaturaloreasilyrecognizedorder.(合理排序所有信息)
(2)parallelism.(使用排比結(jié)構(gòu))
(3)repetitonofkeywordsandp
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