工程管理 外文翻譯 英文文獻 中英翻譯 招標相關知識和招標合同文件

PAGE2BiddingrelatedknowledgeanddocumentscomprisingthecontractPublicandprivatesectorsBiddingpracticesofthepublicandprivatesectorsoftheindustrydiffertremendously.Thetermpublicinthiscontextmeansthattheconstructionworkisfinancedbypublicfundsintheformoftaxdollarortheproceedsfromthesaleofmunicipal,state,orfederalbonds.Publicandprivateworkhavedifferentbidrules.Publicconstructioncontractsareadvertisedandletinaccordancewiththebiddingstatutesandotherlegislativelymandatedrulesoftheparticulargovernmentalentitythatispayingfortheinstructionwork.Forinstance,whentheworkisfinancedwithfederalfunds,thelawsandregulationspromulgatedbyfederalagenciesandbodiesgoverntheprocessofadvertisingandawardingconstructioncontracts.Similarly,state,county,andmunicipalgovernmentshavestatutesandregulationsthatgovernwhentheirfundsareusedtopayforthecostofthework.Inaddition,specialgovernmentalorquasi-governmentalbodiessuchassewerorrapidtransitdistrictsareoftenestablishedbyspecialenablinglegislation.Theenablinglegislationusuallyprovidesdefinitiverulesforadvertisingandawardingtheconstructioncontractsrequiredtocarryoutthemissionoftheparticularspecialbodyinvolved.Unlikepublicowners,privateownerscanestablishwhateverrulesthattheywant.Theyalsocanchangetherulesatwillwiththeresultthattheserulesarenotnecessarilyobserved.Althoughthepublicownerhastheabilitytosetparticularrulesandtochangethembyissuinganaddendumtothebiddingdocuments,thepowerisseverelyregulated.Abiddocumentaddendumisamodificationtothebiddingdocumentsformallyissuedbytheownertoallholdersofbiddingdocumentsbeforebidsarereceived.Inthepublicsector,theremustbeareasonabletimeperiodfromtheissuedateofthelastaddendumissuedandthedateoftheopeningtoensurethatallbiddershavesufficienttimetoreflectproperlytheimportoftheaddendumintheirbids.Biddersarerequiredtolistonthebidformalladdendareceivedfortheirbidstobeconsideredresponsive.Failuretolistaddendamayresultinthebidbeingrejected.Intheprivatesectoranythingcanhappen,whereasinthepublicsectortheresultwillusuallybethatthejobwillbeawardedtothelowest“responsive”and“responsible”bidder.Thesetermshaveimportantspecialmeaningsthatwillbediscussedlaterinthechapter.2.PublicBiddingStatutesTherequirementsofthefederal,state,andlocalbiddingstatutesandresultingregulationsmaketheoutcomeofthebiddingprocessinthepublicsectorverypredictablecomparedtotheprivatesector.Thepurposesofpublicbiddingstatutesare:1.Toprotectpublicfunds.Inotherwords,biddingstatutesaredesignedtoensurethatthepublicpaystheminimumpossiblepriceforconstructionworkdeterminedbyopencompetitivebidding.2.ToprotectandensureacontinuationofthefreeenterprisesystemuponwhichthepoliticalandeconomicstructureoftheUnitedStatesisfounded.Thepublicbiddingstatutesarestringentlywrittenandenforcedtoensurethatpublicsectorconstructioncontractingremainshonest.Increasing,thosewhoviolatetherulesfindthemselvessubjecttobothcivilandcriminalliability.Errantconstructioncompanieshavebeenassessedlargefinesandtheirownersorofficerssenttoprisonalongwithcorruptpublicofficialswhohavebeencaught,tried,andconvictedofviolatingthepublictrust..3.BiddingDocumentsThefirstcategory,biddingdocuments,normallybeginswithanadvertisement,originallydiscussedinChapter1.Thebacksectionofcontemporaryindustryperiodicals,suchastheEngineeringNewsRecord,containsaplethoraofbidadvertisementidentifiestheprojectforwhichbidsaredesired,theowner,thetimeandplaceofthebidopening,andinstructionstopotentialbiddersonhowtoobtainafullsetofcontractdocuments.TheseconddocumentinthebiddinggroupisusuallytheInvitationforBids(IFB)or,sometimes,aRequestforproposal(RFP).ThefederalgovernmentandsomeotherownersusetheIFBwhenbiddersmuststrictlyconformtothedrawingsandspecificationsandtheRFPWhenbiddersmayproposevariationsfortheproject.Bothtypicallyincludethefollowing:AdescriptionofthecontractworkTheidentityoftheownerTheplace,date,andprecisetimeofthebidopeningThepenalsumoftherequiredbonds(bidbond,performancebond,andlaborandmaterialpaymentbond)Adescriptionofthedrawingsandspecifications,theircost,andwheretheymaybeobtainedThelengthoftimeafterbidopeningthatbidswillbedeemedgood(durationofbids)RulesregardingthewithdrawalormodificationofbidsandlatebidsInformationregardinganyplannedpre-bidconferencesandpre-bidsiteinspectionsParticularrequirementsoflawofwhichtheownerwantsbidderstobeawareAnyspecialinstructions,otherrequirements,orotherinformationthattheownerwantstopointouttobidders.InadditiontotheIFBorRFP,thecontractdocumentmayalsocontainasectorcalledInstructionstoBidders.WhenusedthissectionisanadjuncttotheinstructionportionoftheIFBorRFP.SometimesallnecessaryinstructionsareconcontainedwithintheIFBorRFP,andthereisnoseparateinstructionstoBidderssection.Morelogically,theInstructionstoBiddersisaseparatedocument,andtheIFBorRFPcontainsalloftheothernecessarybutnon-instructionalinformationthatabidderneeds.Ineverycase,thecontractdocumentscontaintheBidForm..Bidderscompletethisdocument,sign,seal.,andturnitinattheappointedplace,priortothedeadlinesetforthesubmittalofbid.ThefullyexecutedBidFormconstitutesthe“offer”elementnecessaryforcontractformation,discussedinCharter2.NotethattheBidFormmustbecompletelyfilledout,signed,andsealed,alltheaccordancewiththeIFBorRFPandtheInstructionstoconstitutearesponsivebid.ThecontentsoftheBidFormusuallyincludethefollowing:1.Adefinitivestatementofthegeneraltermsandconditionsoftheoffer.Thisstatementisnormallyunilaterallydeterminedbytheownerandispreprintedontheform.2.Theformatofthecommercialtermsapplyingtotheoffer.Again,thisformatisnormallydeterminedunilaterallybytheownereitherasasinglelumpsumtotalpriceorasascheduleofbid-termprices.Inthefirstcase,thebidformcontainsasingleblankspaceinwhichthebidderisinstructedtoenterasinglelumpsumpricefortheentireproject.Inthesecondcase,theformcontainsanumberedseriesofallbiditemsfortheproject,eachconsistingofadescriptionoftheworkfordiscretepartsoftheprojectandeitherblanksforunitpriceextensionandlumpsumprice.Witheitherasinglelumpsumformatoraschedule-of–bid-itemsformat,thebidderfillsintheblanksfordefiningtheprecisecommercialtermsofthebid.3.Supplementaryinformationthattheownermaywanttoknowaboutthebidder.Thisusuallyconsistsofinformationaboutthebidder’sfinancialstrengthandpastexperience.AdditionalInformationforfederalbidsThebidformforfederalcontractscontainsanumberof“CertificationsandRepresentations”inaffidavitform,suchasnon-collusionandnon-segregatedfacilitiesaffidavits,requiredtocomplywithfederallaw.4.Affirmativeactionrequirementsforpublicproject..BidFormsforpublicprojectusuallyrequirewrittengoalsandtimetablesformeetingtherequirementsofequalopportunitylegislationandminoritybusinessenterprise/womenbusinessenterpriserequirements.5.Bidsecurity.Finally,theBidFormmustcontaintherequiredbidsecurity,usuallyintheformofabidbondissuedbyanapprovedsurety.Sometimes,acertifiedcheckmustbepresentedforthebidsecurity.Oddlyenough,privatesectorbidsoftenrequiremuchmoresupplementaryinformationontheBidformthandopublicsectorbids.And,amongpublicprojects,Bidformsforfederalcontractsusuallyrequirelesssupplementaryinformationthantheaverage.AfinalinterestingpointconcerningbiddingdocumentsisthattheAIAapproachexcludesthebiddingdocumentsformthecontract.Article1ofAIAA-201,GeneralconditionsofthecontractforConstruction,state.TheContractDocumentsdonotincludeBiddingDocumentssuchastheAdvertisementorInvitationtoBid,theInstructionstoBidders,sampleforms,theContractor’sBidorportionsofAddendarelatingtoanyofthese,oranyotherdocumentsunlessspecificallyenumeratedintheOwner-ContractorAgreement.4.GeneralConditionofcontractThesecondsectionofthedocumentsthatnormallycomprisethecontractistheGeneralConditionsofcontract,oftenreferredtosimplyastheGeneralConditions,orsometimes,GeneralProvisions.Herearefoundverydefinitivestatements,clausebyclauseofallgeneraltermsandconditionthatgoverntheperformanceofthecontractwork.Inthecaseofthefederalgovernmentandotheragenciesthatfrequentlycontractforconstructionwork,thegeneralconceptofthissectionofthedocumentsistoincludeallclausesthatwillremainthesame,contractaftercontract,changingveryinfrequently.ManyofthesestandardclausesinfederalcontractspertaintotherequirementsoftheFederalAcquisitionRegulations,whichbylawmustbeincludedineveryfederalconstructioncontract.5.SpecificationsThetechnicalrequirementsforeachdivisionofworkinthecontractwillbecompletelydetailedinthatsectionofthecontractdocumentcalledtheSpecifications.TheformatusuallyconformstotheUniformConstructionIndex,whichisunderstoodbyvirtuallyeverysegmentoftheindustry.Dependingonsizeofcontract,theSpecificationscanbevoluminous.Itisnecessarythatcompletelydefinitiverequirementsbecarefullystatedsothatbothpartiestothecontracthaveamutualunderstandingoftheprecisetechnicalstandardstheprojectworkmustmeet.5.DrawingsThenextimportantsectionofthecontractdocumentsistheDrawings,whichcompletelytheSpecifications.TheDrawingsmustbesufficientlycompletetoadequatelyshowexactlywhattobebuilt.Certainfeaturesoftheworkmaybeshowninfairlygeneralterms,withtherequirementstatedthatthecontractormustpreparedetailedshopdrawingsthatconformtoandaugmentthegeneralcontractdrawings.Thesemustbesubmittedtotheownerortheowner’sengineerforapprovalpriortofabricationofthematerialcoveredbytheshopdrawing.Forexample,acontractormaysupplydetailedbar-bendingschedulesandplacingdrawingforreinforcingsteelandstructuralsteelfabricationanderectiondrawings,includingtheconnections.However,thebasiccontractdrawingsadvertisedforfixed-pricebidsmustbesufficientlyclearandaccuratesothat,ifcontractorscarefullyconformtothem,asatisfactorilyconstructedproductwillresult.IfeithertheDrawingsorSpecificationsdonotmeetthisstandard,theownermayincurseverliabilityundertheSpearinDoctrine,whichisdiscussedinCharter13.招標相關知識和招標合同文件公共和私人部門招標的慣例在公共部門和私營部門差異很大。公共部門工程這一詞在這方面是由公共基金、稅款或政府出售城市、州或聯邦債券所得的款所支持的建筑工程項目。公共和私人部門工作有不同的競價規(guī)則。公共工程合同的公告的費用，應依照招標章程和其他立法授權規(guī)則來支付，特別是指令工作條令。例如，由工作經費中的聯邦基金來支付法律和法規(guī)約定的聯邦部門和機構管理的過程中的成本及公告和頒布建筑招標合同費用。同樣，按州，縣，市政府法規(guī)和規(guī)章，由他們的公共資金用于支付招標工作的成本費用。此外，政府或隸屬于政府機構在特殊的工程項目如公共下水道或快速運輸區(qū)建設上,往往設立的特別有利工程項目的立法。授權的立法通常規(guī)定明確的招標工作規(guī)則，包含特殊主體的公告和施工合同要求履行使命的獎勵辦法。與公眾的業(yè)主相比，私營業(yè)主可以根據需要自行設定規(guī)則,他們還可以改變那些不能得到預定效果規(guī)則。盡管公眾的業(yè)主有能力設置特定的規(guī)則和改變它們發(fā)出的招標文件，但是其權力是嚴格管制的。招標追加條款的方法是一種修改在招標文件正式頒發(fā)后接受業(yè)主邀請的潛在投標人接收的招標文件的方法。在公共部門，必須有一個合理的時間,從追加條款的發(fā)行日期到最后公開招標的日期，確保所有投標人有足夠的時間來正確地在他們的報價中反映追加條款的變化。要求所有潛在投標人在收到招標書的追加條款的后，必須在投標書中響應。不能在投標書中做出相應響應的潛在投標人可能將在招標過程中被淘汰出局。在私營部門，任何事情都有可能發(fā)生，而在公共部門的結果通常會將是最響應和有責任心的潛在投標人中標獲得此工程項目。這些術語有特別重要的意義，將在本章后面繼續(xù)討論。2.招標投標法要求聯邦、州和地方法規(guī)以及由此產生的招標規(guī)則在招標過程中與在私營部門招標相比，可預測其目的。公共招標投標法規(guī)的目的：1.保護公共資金。換句話說，公共工程招投標法規(guī)的目的是確保使用公共支付款項盡可能以最低價格來得到優(yōu)質建設工程的目的，因此應采用公開競爭性招標。2.繼續(xù)保護和確保建立在早先成立的美國公司的政治和經濟結構下的自由企業(yè)制度。嚴格制定和執(zhí)行招投標法規(guī)來使公共部門的施工承包保持誠信。越來越多的招標投標人因違反招投標規(guī)則而使自己受到民事和刑事責任。隨著一些公共部門貪污受賄并且違背公共的信任的官員的被捕和審判，一些嚴重違反相關法律法規(guī)建筑公司也受到了巨額罰款并且它們的主管或辦公人員也被送往監(jiān)獄。3.招標文件第一類，招標文件，通常開始有招標公告，已在本書第一章中介紹了。后面部分是當代行業(yè)期刊，如工程新聞記錄含有大量的競價公告中標識項目的投標需要，以及業(yè)主或招標代理人在何時何地開標，并指示潛在投標人如何獲得一套完整的合同文件。這個文件在招標小組通常是投標邀請書,有時可能是一個請求建議書。聯邦政府和一些其他業(yè)主需要招標時，投標人必須嚴格按照招標文件里的圖紙和規(guī)格,但當其違背相關建筑施工強制條文或法律法規(guī)時投標人可提出不同的方案。一般包括以下內容：工程合同中工程概要。業(yè)主的信息。開標的精確地點，日期。工程所需資金（投標保證金，履行合同的擔保金，勞動和材料的付款擔保）。圖紙和相關說明和滿足的技術規(guī)格、成本、相關技術規(guī)范。在開標前一段時間內，投標文件必須是完好，不能有破損。關于撤銷或修改投標文件或沒按規(guī)定時間投標的規(guī)則。信息有關的任何計劃投標會議和標前現場檢查。一些計劃好的標前會和現場勘查的相關信息。業(yè)主想要潛在投標人注意的相關法律法規(guī)的特殊要求。業(yè)主想要向潛在投標人特別指出的特殊說明和要求。除了投標邀請書或招標書之外，合同文件中也可以包含一項要求投標人須知。使用時，這部分是一個輔助指令的一部分的招標或征求建議書。有時所有必要的指令是包含在投標邀請書或招標書，并沒有單獨的指令部分能更符合邏輯和招標人。招標文件是一個單獨的文件，以及投標邀請書或書包含投標人的需要的所有其他必要但非指導性信息。在每一種情況下，合同文件中都包含的投標書形式，并由投標人完成這個文件簽署和蓋章，并把它