高級(jí)口譯Unit Eleven Catering Culture 飲食文化

PAGE58UnitElevenCateringCulture飲食文化(1)我國(guó)悠久的歷史.廣褒的國(guó)土.與世界各國(guó)和海外文化的廣泛接觸，孕育中餐烹飪的獨(dú)特藝術(shù)。中國(guó)有一句古話(huà)至今還廣為流傳，叫做“民以食為天”。幾千年的推陳出新和不斷累積，使中餐受到越來(lái)越多的海外人士的青睞，成了我國(guó)對(duì)外文化交流的一個(gè)友好使者。(2)現(xiàn)代中國(guó)已享有“烹飪王國(guó)”之美譽(yù)，精致的烹調(diào)藝術(shù)盛行全球，中餐烹飪已名列世界頂尖菜系之林。中餐烹調(diào)所用的天然配料，品種繁多，幾無(wú)窮盡；烹調(diào)方法，亦層出不窮，不可悉數(shù)。這些無(wú)與倫比的中餐烹飪特點(diǎn)，足說(shuō)明中餐館及中餐烹調(diào)之所以名揚(yáng)海外的緣由。(1)China’slonghistory,vastterritoryandextensivecontactwithothernationsandcultureshavegivenbirthtotdistinctiveartofChineseCulinary(中餐烹調(diào)).AnancientChinesesaying,stillpoptoday,“Foodistparamountnecessityoftpeople.”Withseveralthousandyearsofcreativeandaccumulativeefforts,tChinesecuisinehasbecomeincreasinglypopularamongM&Moverseasgourmets,servingasanenvoyoffriendshipinChina’sexternalculturalexchanges.(2)ModernChinaenjoysaWWreputationast“kingdomofcuisine”,texquisiteChineseCulinaryArt，hasprevailedallovertworldandregardedindisputablyasoneoftworld’sfinestculinarytraditions,Tnearlyendlessvarietyonaturalingredients&methodsofpreparationemployedinChinesecuisinestandoutunequaledelsewhereintworld,whichmayverywellaccountfortuniversalpopularityofChineserestaurantsandChinesecookingoverseas.(3)評(píng)判中餐烹調(diào)的優(yōu)劣可依據(jù)中餐的三大要素，即“色香味”?！吧弊鳛椤吧阄丁比刂械氖滓獦?biāo)準(zhǔn)，充分體現(xiàn)在宴會(huì)菜肴的裝盤(pán).擺放和圖案上。最能顯示色彩的是首先上桌的那道煞費(fèi)苦心而精心制作的冷盤(pán)?！跋恪辈粌H是指鼻子對(duì)食物的直接感受，它還包括所選原料的新鮮程度以及佐料的合理調(diào)配。“味”則體現(xiàn)恰到好處的調(diào)味藝術(shù)，當(dāng)然它也包括食物的質(zhì)地，及切菜的刀工。色香味三要素高品質(zhì)，只有通過(guò)選料.調(diào)料.適時(shí)烹調(diào).把握火候.裝盤(pán)上桌微妙步驟細(xì)心協(xié)調(diào)才能取得.8人一桌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)晚餐含四道冷盤(pán).四道熱炒，外加湯和米飯。外國(guó)賓客見(jiàn)之，常常驚嘆不已，將其視為一次豐盛晚宴。(3)T3essentialelements,bywhichCCgisjudgedrknownas“color,aroma&taste”.T“color”ofChinesefood,tfirstotheseelementswhichissoevidentinaChinesebanquet,includestlayout&designofdishes.Bestexemplifiedbytlargeelaborately-preparedcolddishservedattbeginningoftdinner.“Aroma”impliesmorethanwhatone’snosecandetectdirectly;italsoincludestfreshnessoftrawmaterialsandtblendingofseasonings.“Taste”istartoproperseasoning,italsoinvolvesttextureofood&fineslicingtechniques.These3essentialelements,color,aroma,taste,areachievedbytcarefulcoordinationofaseriesofdelicatesteps:selectingingredients,mixingflavor,timingthecooking,controllingtheheatandfinally,layingoutthefoodontplateforttable.VisitorstoChinaareoftensurprisedwhenatypicaldinnerforatableof8peopleconsistsof4coursesofcolddishes,4coursesofhotdishes,coupledwithsoup&steamedrice;theyconsiderthisalavishspread.(4)但在中國(guó)人眼里，以這種規(guī)格的晚餐招待賓客，只是一種起碼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。準(zhǔn)備10道份量適中的菜肴并不為過(guò)，即使獻(xiàn)上16道菜，亦不足為奇。在中國(guó)，一桌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)宴席包括4至8個(gè)事先制作好的冷盤(pán)，八道現(xiàn)做的熱炒。兩道觀(guān)賞性大菜（如全魚(yú).乳豬.全雞等），此外還有湯.米飯和點(diǎn)心。晚宴結(jié)束前還有一道水果。來(lái)華訪(fǎng)問(wèn)的海外賓客應(yīng)記住，赴宴不可貪吃，每道菜“淺嘗輒止”。從此角度，中國(guó)宴席猶如西方國(guó)家的冷餐招待會(huì)。(5)中國(guó)宴席餐桌上的酒通常為啤酒.黃酒和烈性白酒三種。人們往往以“干杯”的方式互相敬酒。干杯意思是一口喝干杯中酒。“干”了“杯”中的酒，可以表示心誠(chéng)和歡樂(lè)。當(dāng)然，外國(guó)賓客與中國(guó)東道主敬酒時(shí)，小啜一口也未嘗不可。(4)ButintChinesemind,adinnerpreparedasaboveforguestsistminimumrequirement.10coursesofdishes,notnecessarilypreparedinhugequantities,wouldnotbeconsideredexcessive,andfewpeoplewouldblinkat16.Astandardbanquetwillconsistof4to8preparedcolddishes,8hotdishesservedoneatatime,twowhole-sizeshowpiecedishes(suchasawholefish,asucklingpigorachicken),inadditiontosoups,steamedriceandpastries.Thedinnerfinishesupwithfruit.OverseasvisitorsshouldrememberthatitisoftenunnecessarytoeatmorethanasinglemouthfulofadishataChinesebanquet.Inthisway,aChinesebanquettakesonthecharacterofawesternbuffetreception.(5)Oftenbeer,yellowricewine&strongwhiteliquorareservedataChinesebanquet.Peopleatatablewillusually“GanBei”whentoastingeachother.“GB”meanstoraiseup1’sWG&drinkitalltwaydownsotglassis“drieduptotlastdrop”.Peopledryuptheirglassestocommunicatemessagetoothersthattheyaresincere&joyful.ItisquiteacceptableforaforeignguesttotakeasipinsteadofemptyingtheglasswhentoastingwithhisorherChinesehost.(6)但中國(guó)普通家餐卻完全不同于宴席。成年人平時(shí)在家就餐時(shí)，通常只吃?xún)尚⊥朊罪垼蛞淮笸朊鏃l，或幾只饅頭，外加幾個(gè)葷素炒菜，而非以菜為主，以米飯或面食為輔。對(duì)大多數(shù)中國(guó)人說(shuō)，一餐飯中所攝取熱量有75%來(lái)自谷糧。(7)世代相襲傳統(tǒng)，中國(guó)人就餐圍桌而坐，人人手里一碗主食，炒菜放在桌子中央，大家一起食用。這一古老風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣反映食物在中華文明史上的重要地位：占據(jù)餐桌中心位置是炒菜，而不是鮮花，晚餐的主要話(huà)題常常是食物。菜肴的各種色彩和材料搭配，給人以美享受，共食一碗菜的習(xí)俗有助于家庭成員之間的團(tuán)結(jié)和友誼。當(dāng)然在一些衛(wèi)生意識(shí)較強(qiáng)地方，人們?cè)诠彩撤旁诓妥乐醒氲牟穗葧r(shí)，必須使用“公筷”或“公用”湯匙，以防疾病傳染。(6)HE,anaverageChineseHMisquitedifincompositionfromaChinesebanquet.AtaneverydayHM,anadultmayconsume2smallbowlsofsteamedrice,oralargebowelofnoodles,orseveralpiecesofsteamedbread,accompaniedbyseveralmeatorvegetabledishes，butnottotherwayround.FormostChinese,about75%ofanaverageHM’scaloriescomefromgrainsources.(7)Traditionally,attChinesediningtableeveryonehashisorherownbowlofstaplefood,thatis,steamedrice,noodlesorsteamedbread,whiletdishesareplacedintmiddleoftdinningtabletobesharedbyall.Thisage-oldcustomisonemanifestationoftheimportanceoffoodinChinesecivilization:It’stcookeddishes,ratherthanflowers,thatserveascenterpiecesonaChinesetable;foodisfrequentlytmaintopicofdinnertimeconversation.Varietyintcolor&materialoftdishesservesaestheticends,whiletritualofsharingtfoodfromtsamedishesisconducivetofamilytogetherness&friendship.HE,Insomemorehealth-consciousenvironments,only“public”chopsticksandspoonsareusedtoremovefoodfromtheplatesintmiddleoftdiningtable,soastopreventanypossiblespreadofdiseases.(8)以上所介紹的情況對(duì)外國(guó)客人來(lái)說(shuō)，雖不應(yīng)是一種離奇的“天方夜譚”，卻也說(shuō)明中國(guó)人在飲食方面所持的價(jià)值觀(guān)與西方人有很大的不同。不過(guò)中國(guó)人民與世界各族人民都有一個(gè)相同基本觀(guān)念，即親朋好友相聚，美味佳肴相敬，實(shí)屬人生之最大快樂(lè)也。(8)Whilenoneotaboveobservationsshouldbeconsiderasparticularlystrangeorexoticforaforeignvisitor,theydemonstratethattvalueconceptofcateringoftChineseisverydiffromthoseintWest.HE,Thereisonekeyconcept,whichtChinesesharewithtrestoftworld.Thatis,finefood&drink,takenintcompanyofgoodfriends,constituteoneofsupremepleasuresinlife.(1)ManychangesaretakingplaceinAmericans’foodstyles.TheUSistraditionallyfamousforitsverysolidandunchangingdietofmeatandpotatoes.Nowwehavemanydifferentalternativestochoosefrom:variousethnicfoods,nutrition-balancedhealthfood,andconvenientanddeliciousfastfood,inadditiontothetraditionalhome-cookedmeal.EthnicrestaurantsarecommonplaceintheUS.(1)美國(guó)人的飲食方式正在發(fā)生諸多的變化。美國(guó)多年來(lái)那種豐盛的.一成不變的肉制品加土豆的傳統(tǒng)餐早已為世人所熟知。而今，我們美國(guó)人可以有多種不同的選擇，除了傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外，我們可享受到各種幫派的民族風(fēng)味餐，營(yíng)養(yǎng)合理的保健餐，以及方便可口的快餐。民族餐館在美國(guó)比比皆是。(2)BectUSisacountryofimmigrants,thereisanimmensevarietyinitscateringcultures.AnylargeAmericancityisfilledwithrestaurantsservinginternationalcooking.Manycitiesevenhaveethnicsections:Chinatown,LittleItaly,orGermantown.Withthisvastethnicchoice,wecanenjoyfoodfromallovertheworld.Thisisapleasantthoughtforthosewhocomeheretotravelortowork;theycanusuallyfindtheirnativespecialties.(2)因?yàn)槊绹?guó)是由移民組成的國(guó)家，因此它有著豐富多彩的飲食文化。在美國(guó)任何一個(gè)大城市，外國(guó)風(fēng)味餐館隨處可見(jiàn)。許多城市甚至還有一些少數(shù)民族聚集區(qū)，如中國(guó)城.小意大利城.德國(guó)城等。有如此多的民族餐館可供選擇，我們可吃遍天下菜。對(duì)于那些來(lái)美國(guó)旅游或工作人說(shuō)，一想到這點(diǎn)便會(huì)深感愉快，他們可在美國(guó)找到自己家鄉(xiāng)的特色菜。(3)Besidesthosesections,thereareregionswhicharewellknownforcertainfoodbecauseoftpeoplesettlethere.Foreg,southernCaliforniahasmanyMexicanrestaurants,LouisianahasastrongCreoleaccenttoitsfood.CreoleismixtureofFrench,African,&CaribbeanIslandfood.Healthfoodgainedpopularitywhenpeoplebegantotkmoreabouttheirphysicalwell-being.(3)除少數(shù)民族聚集區(qū)外，還有一些地區(qū)也因其在當(dāng)?shù)囟ň拥耐庾迦碎_(kāi)設(shè)了民族風(fēng)味餐館而聞名。例如，在南加利福尼亞可以看到許多墨西哥餐館，路易斯安娜州的食物則帶有濃重的克里奧爾口味?？死飱W爾風(fēng)味菜一種兼收并蓄法國(guó)菜.非洲菜和加勒比海島菜風(fēng)味的混合新菜系。保健餐因人們開(kāi)始重視自身健康備受青睞。(4)Theveryterm“healthfood”isironicbecitimpliesthatthereisalso“unhealthy”food.Healthfoodincludesnaturalfoodwithminimalprocessing,ie,therearenopreservativestohelpitlastlongerorchemicalstomakeittasteorlookbetter.Mosthealthfoodenthusiastsarevegetarians:Theyeatnomeat;theyprefertogettheiressentialproteinsfromothersources,suchasbeams,cheese,eggs.Fast-foodrestaurantscanbeseenallovertcountry.(4)“保健餐”這種說(shuō)法本身就具有一種諷刺意味，因?yàn)槠溲韵轮膺€有一種“非健康餐”。保健餐的食物包括那些盡量不予以加工的天然食品，也就是說(shuō)，食品里不含延長(zhǎng)食物保鮮期的防腐劑，不含以改善食物味道的香精，不含以美化食物的食用色素。熱衷食用保健餐的大多數(shù)屬素食者。他們不吃肉類(lèi)食物，喜從豆類(lèi).奶酪和雞蛋等食物中獲取人體所需的蛋白質(zhì)?？觳惋嬍车暝诿绹?guó)隨處可見(jiàn)。(5)SpeedisaveryimportantfactorinthelifeofanAmerican.Peopleusuallyhaveashortlunchbreakortheyjustdonotwanttowastetheirtimeeating.Becfast-foodrestaurantsareplaceswhichtakecareofhundredsofpeopleinashorttime,thereisusuallyverylittlewaiting.Andtfoodisalwayscheap.Someexamplesareburger,pizzaandfriedchickenplaces.(5)速度是美國(guó)人生活中的非常重要因素。通常人們的午餐休息時(shí)間很短，即使午餐時(shí)間充裕，美國(guó)人也不愿在用餐上花費(fèi)過(guò)多時(shí)間。由于快餐飲食店可以在很短時(shí)間里向數(shù)以百計(jì)客人供餐，所以人們通常無(wú)需排隊(duì)?？觳惋嬍车甑膬r(jià)格總是低廉。烹制漢堡包.比薩餡餅和炸雞餐館均屬這類(lèi)快餐飲食店。(6)Americans’attitudetowardfoodischanging,too.Thetraditionalbigbreakfastislosingpopularity.Peoplearerediscoveringthesocialimportanceoffood.Dinnerwithfamilyorfriendsisagainbecomingaveryspecialwayofenjoyingandsharing.Likesomanypeopleinothercultures,manyAmericansaretakingtimetorelax&enjoytfinertastesatdinner,eveniftheystillrushthroughlunchatahamburgerstand.(6)美國(guó)人對(duì)飲食看法也在發(fā)生變化。早餐需豐盛的傳統(tǒng)飲食習(xí)慣已為越來(lái)越多的人所拋棄。人們正在重新認(rèn)識(shí)飲食的社會(huì)意義。與家人或朋友共同進(jìn)餐成了即可享受人生樂(lè)趣，又可分享信息的一種非常特殊方式。美國(guó)人同其他國(guó)家的許多人一樣，雖然許多美國(guó)人仍然會(huì)站在漢堡包攤前匆匆打發(fā)自己的午餐，但是在晚餐時(shí)，會(huì)靜下心來(lái)從容不迫地品嘗菜肴的美味。(1)如果某人說(shuō)“我喜歡中國(guó)菜”，這種說(shuō)法似乎過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單了。其實(shí)并不存在所謂的“中國(guó)菜”這一簡(jiǎn)單的概念。確切的說(shuō)法應(yīng)該是喜歡某種菜系，或者喜歡某地區(qū)的中國(guó)菜。像中國(guó)這樣幅員遼闊.歷史悠久而又復(fù)雜的國(guó)家，千百年來(lái)必然會(huì)形成具有鮮明地方烹飪特色的幫菜.(1)Ifuhearsomeonesay“IloveChinesefood”,heorsheistakingtoomuchforgranted.Asamatteroffact,thereisnosuchsimplethingastheso-called“Chinesefood”.Amoreaccuratestatementshouldbesuchthatexpressesone’spreferenceforaparticularChinesecuisineoraparticularregionalwayofcooking.WithaterritoryaslargeandahistoryaslongandcomplexasChina’s,It’sinevitabledistinctregionaldifferencesincuisinehaveevolvedovertcourseofcenturies.(2)這種不可避免的差異是由地理位置.氣候條件.交通狀況.人口遷移.海外文化影響等因素所決定的。雖然中國(guó)究竟有多少種地方菜系并無(wú)定論，但是有關(guān)人士認(rèn)為，中國(guó)有魯菜.川菜.粵菜和揚(yáng)州菜等四大地方菜系。福建-臺(tái)灣菜通常被列為第五種地方菜系。必須指出，這種區(qū)域劃分并無(wú)嚴(yán)格的地理界線(xiàn)。例如，北京菜雖屬魯菜，卻也融入一些川菜的特色，并受到蒙古菜的影響。又如揚(yáng)州菜系范圍，覆蓋人口居住密集的整個(gè)長(zhǎng)江三角洲地區(qū)，匯集無(wú)錫.蘇州.上海和杭州等菜式。(2)Numerousfactorsareinvolvedinthisinevitabledistinction:geography,climate,transportation,migration,externalcultureinfluence,etc.AlthoughthereisnoagreementontheprecisenumberofChineseregionalcuisine,thoseconcernedwithsuchmattersagreethatthe4principalculinaryregionsareSD,SC,GDandYZ,withFJ-TWmostcommonlylistedasafifth.Itmustbepointedoutthesedesignationsarenothard&fastgeographicalboundaries.Beijingfood,forinstance,fallswithintherealmofSDcooking,butincludessomeSCdishesandMongolian-influencedspecialties,whilethecuisineoftheentiredenselypopulatedYangtzeRiverdeltaarea,includingWX,SZ,SHandHZdishes,fallsunderthecategoryofYangzhoucuisine.(3)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，各地的菜系都有講究鮮嫩.用料精選.做工細(xì)膩之特點(diǎn)。而全國(guó)各地的地方風(fēng)味小吃以及少數(shù)民族風(fēng)味餐，則數(shù)以千計(jì)，甚至難以計(jì)數(shù)。由于地方菜系間存在著頻頻交覆現(xiàn)象，以及相互借鑒的情況，人們因而認(rèn)為區(qū)分地方菜系最為簡(jiǎn)便方法是按菜知名度，而不是按菜的烹調(diào)風(fēng)格或口味進(jìn)行辨別。(3)Generallyspeaking,tvariouscuisineacrossChinainvariantlyemphasizefreshnessandtendernessofthefood,cookedwithchoicematerialsandfinecraftsmanship.AlloverChina,localdelicaciesandfoodsuniquetovariousethnicgroupsareinnumberofseveralthousands,orsimplynumerous.Tfrequentoverlapping&borrowingamongtregionalcuisineleadsonetotheconclusionthattheyaremostconvenientlydistinguishedbytheirpopularity,atherthanbyanyprevailingstyleortaste.(4)中國(guó)四大菜系大致可按以下這些特點(diǎn)區(qū)分：魯菜通常較咸，汁色普遍較淺。魯菜注重選料，精于刀工，善于炊技。作為我國(guó)北方菜系的代表，魯菜烹飪技術(shù)廣泛用于明清兩代的宮廷菜。川菜選料范圍大，調(diào)味及炊技變化多樣。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，川菜品種在五千種以上。川菜最大的特點(diǎn)是口味重，以麻辣著稱(chēng)。(4)TfourmajorcuisinetraditionsinChinacanberoughlydistinguishedbythesegeneralities:SDcuisineisgenerallysalty,withtheprevalenceoflight-coloredsauces.SDcuisinefeaturechoiceofmaterials,fineslicingtechniqueandperfectcookingskills.SDcuisineisrepresentativeofnorthernChina’scookinganditstechniquehasbeenwidelyabsorbedbytheimperialdishesoftheMingandQingdynasties.SCcuisinefeaturesawiderangeofmaterials,variousseasoningsanddifferentcookingtechniques.StatisticsshowthatthenumberofSCdisheshassurpassed5K.Witharichvarietyofstrongflavors,SCcuisineisbestknownforbeingspicy-hot.(5)最難歸類(lèi)粵菜強(qiáng)調(diào)輕炒淺煮，選料似乎不受限制?；洸柙从诿髑澹诎l(fā)展中不僅吸收借鑒中國(guó)北方烹調(diào)和西餐烹調(diào)的精華，同時(shí)保持自己傳統(tǒng)特色。揚(yáng)州菜以江蘇省境內(nèi)的揚(yáng)州.南京.蘇州等地的地方菜式為基礎(chǔ)之大成。揚(yáng)州菜注重選料的原汁原味，在菜的裝飾上講究形態(tài)的藝術(shù)性和顏色的鮮艷性，揚(yáng)州菜實(shí)際上糅合了南北菜系之精華。也有人以八個(gè)字來(lái)歸納這四大菜系的口味特點(diǎn)，即“南淡北咸，東甜西辣”。(5)Cantonesecuisine,thardesttocategorize,emphasizeslightcookingwithseeminglylimitlessrangeofingredients.CantonesecuisinetookshapeintheMingandQingdynasties.Intheprocessofitsdevelopment,ithasborrowedtheculinaryessenceofnorthernChinaandoftheWestern-stylefood,whilemaintainingitstraditionallocalflavor.Yzcuisinebasesitselflargelyont3localcookingstylesoYz,Nj&Sz,allwithinJsProvince.Whileemphasizingtheoriginalflavorsofwell-chosenmaterials,itfeatrescarefullyselectedingredients.Also,theartisticshapeandbrightcolorsofthedishesandmoreornamentalvalue.Yzcuisineisessentiallyacombinationoftbestelementsofnorthernandsoutherncooking.Accordingtosomeothers,tcharacteristicflavorsofChina’sfourmajorcuisinescanbesummedupinthefollowingexpression:“Thelightsouthern(Canton)cuisine,andthesaltynorthern(SD)cuisine;tsweeteastern(YZ)cuisine,&tspicywestern(SC)cuisine.”(1)YouwillfindrestaurantsforeverysituationintheUS.Ifurinahurry,umayjustwanttograbsome“junkfood”atagrocerystore,orucangetabitetoeatatoneoftmanyFastFoodchains,likeMcDonald’s,BurgerKing,KentuckyFriedChicken,PizzaHut,orTacoBell.Orucangetaheroorsubmarinesandwich“tostay”or“go”fromasandwichshopordeli.Someoftheseplaceshavetables,butmanydon’t.(1)在美國(guó)你可以找到任何一種餐館。你若來(lái)去匆匆，可以去食品雜貨店隨手買(mǎi)些“方便食品”，也可從麥當(dāng)勞.漢堡王.肯德基炸雞店.“必勝客”比薩餅屋，或玉米卷這些快餐連鎖店中挑上一家，買(mǎi)些食物權(quán)且充饑。你可上三明治店或者熟食店買(mǎi)一塊“英雄”型或“潛水艇”型的大三明治，你可“堂吃”，也可“外賣(mài)”。這類(lèi)快餐店有的甚至連餐桌都沒(méi)有。(2)Peopleeatintheircarsortaketheirfoodhome,totheirofficesortoparks.Ifyouprefersittingdownbutstilldon’twanttospendmuch,youcantryacafeteria.Atalloftheseplaces,youpickandchooseyourownfoodandthenpayatacashregister,butyouusuallyhavetoclearthetablewhenyoufinish!Coffeeshopsareusuallylessexpensiveandlessdressythanfinerestaurants.Soarepizzaplaces,pancakehouse,sandwichshopsandfamilyrestaurants.Buttnameofarestaurantwon’ttellumuchabouttkindofplaceitisortfooditserves.(2)人們買(mǎi)份快餐后，有的拿到自己車(chē)?yán)锍?，有的拿回家吃，也有的拿到辦公室或公園里吃。如果您既想坐在餐桌邊上吃，同時(shí)又不愿多破費(fèi)，那么你可以去自助餐廳。在那里，你可以先挑選自己喜歡的食物，然后到柜臺(tái)付錢(qián)。不過(guò)通常用完餐后，你得自己清理餐桌?？Х瑞^通常比高級(jí)餐館便宜，裝潢也沒(méi)有高級(jí)餐館那么講究。比薩餡餅店.薄煎餅店.三明治店和家庭餐館等，都屬于價(jià)格便宜.裝潢樸素的餐飲場(chǎng)所。當(dāng)然一家餐館的名稱(chēng)不一定能告訴你這家餐館的情況及那里食物的品質(zhì)。(3)LikemostFFrestaurants&cafeterias,manyrestaurantsdon’tservealcoholicbeverages.Thisisoftenbecausetheywantpeopletofeelcomfortablebringingtheirchildren.Minorscaneatatrestaurantsthatservebeerandwine,buttheyarenotallowedtoenterpubs,taverns,cocktailloungesorbars.YoumaybeaskedtoshowsomeIDthatprovesyouragebeforeyougointoabar.IntheUS,thelawforbidspeopleundertheageof21fromdrinkingalcoholicbeverages.(3)同大多數(shù)快餐飲食店和自助餐廳一樣，許多餐館不供應(yīng)烈性酒。這樣做的目的常常是為使帶孩子上餐館的客人可以無(wú)所顧忌。未成年人可進(jìn)供應(yīng)啤酒和果子酒餐館就餐，但他們不可進(jìn)小酒店.酒菜館.雞尾酒室或酒吧這些場(chǎng)所。你可能會(huì)被要求出示某張可以表明自己年齡的身份證，然后方可進(jìn)入這些場(chǎng)所。在美國(guó)，法律規(guī)定21歲下者不得飲酒。UnitTwelveChinaandItsReform中國(guó)改革(1)女先們：這次到貴國(guó)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)，我深感朋友們對(duì)中國(guó)的改革與發(fā)展情況十分關(guān)心。借此機(jī)會(huì)，我作一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)要的介紹。中國(guó)的改革開(kāi)放已經(jīng)走過(guò)了26個(gè)年頭。26年來(lái)，中國(guó)發(fā)生了翻來(lái)覆去的變化。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速增長(zhǎng)，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從不到1500億美元增長(zhǎng)到1.65萬(wàn)億美元。進(jìn)出口總額從206億美元增長(zhǎng)到1.15萬(wàn)億美元。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)總量中的比重從1%左右提高到近4%。對(duì)外貿(mào)易在全球貿(mào)易的的排名上升到第三位。(1)Ls&Gs,Duringthisvisit,I’vebeendeeplyimpressedbytkeeninterestofourfriendsinChina'sR&D.Soletmetakethisopportunitytogiveyouabriefaccountonthetopic.China’sReform&OpeningupPolicyhasundergonefor26years.Earthshakingchangeshavetakenplacehere.Thankstothesustained,rapideconomicgrowth,China'sGDPhasgoneupfromlessthan$150bto$1.65t,itsforeigntradehasincreasedfrom$20.6bto$1.15t,itsshareoftheworldeconomyhasrisenfromsome1%tonearly4%,andithasclimbedtothethirdplaceinglobaltrade.(2)中國(guó)社會(huì)面貌煥然一新，人民生活水平不斷提高。中國(guó)人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從190美元增長(zhǎng)到1200美元。中國(guó)政府幫助2億多農(nóng)村人口擺脫貧困，為城市2000多萬(wàn)低收入者提供最低生活保障。(3)中國(guó)已成為世界第一大手機(jī)用戶(hù).第三大汽車(chē)消費(fèi)國(guó)，擁有世界最大的固定電話(huà)網(wǎng).移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)和第二大公用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。現(xiàn)在中國(guó)網(wǎng)民已超過(guò)1億人，短短8年內(nèi)增長(zhǎng)了150多倍。中國(guó)社會(huì)進(jìn)步開(kāi)放.去年出境旅游達(dá)2885萬(wàn)人次.入境旅游超過(guò)1億人次，成世界第四大旅游國(guó)。(2)China’ssocietyhastakenonaBNlook,astlivingstandardsofthepeoplekeepimproving.Overtheseyears,China’sPCGDPgrewfrom$190toover$1,200.TheChineseGovernmenthashelpedover200mruralpooroutofpovertyandprovidedsubsistenceallowancetoover20mlow-incomeurbandwellers.Boastingtworld'slargestMPconsumergroup&tthirdlargestautomobilemarket,(3)Chinahastworld'slargestfixedlinetelephonenetwork&MPnetwork,&t2ndlargestpublicinternetwithtnumberofusersrisingover150foldswithin8yearstoover100m.TheChinesesocietyisalotmoreopen.With28.85moutboundvisitorsandmorethan100minboundvisitorslastyear,Chinahasbecomethefourthlargesttouristmarketintheworld.(4)中國(guó)民主和法治建設(shè)不斷發(fā)展，人民當(dāng)家作主的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利依法得到保障。全國(guó)所有村委會(huì)和城市居委會(huì)已實(shí)現(xiàn)直接選舉。中國(guó)已加入21國(guó)際人權(quán)公約，在平等和相互尊重的基礎(chǔ)與包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)的許多國(guó)家開(kāi)展人權(quán)對(duì)話(huà)。(5)事實(shí)證明，中國(guó)的發(fā)展不僅在造福于13億中國(guó)人民，而且促進(jìn)了亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。去年中國(guó)對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)率約為20%。中國(guó)的發(fā)展也促進(jìn)人類(lèi)文明發(fā)展和世界多樣性，促進(jìn)了地區(qū)和世界的和平與穩(wěn)定。中國(guó)解決了世界1/5人口的溫飽問(wèn)題，這本身就是對(duì)世界穩(wěn)定與發(fā)展的重大貢獻(xiàn).(4)DevelopmentofdemocracyandruleoflawinChinacontinueswithpeople'srightsasmastersoftheirowncountrybeingguaranteedaccordingtolaw.Directelectionsareheldforvillagecommittees&urbanneighborhoodcommitteesthroughoutthecountry.Chinahasaccededto21internationalHRsinstrumentsandconductedhumanrightsdialoguewithmanycountriesincludingtUSontbasisofequality&mutualrespect.(5)FactshaveproventhatChina'sdevelopmentnotonlybenefitsthe1.3bCP,butalsocontributestoeconomicgrowthinAsiaandtheworldasawhole.About20%oflastyear'sglobalgrowthwasowedtoChina'scontribution.China'sdevelopmentalsospursprogressofhumancivilizations,enrichesdiversityoftheworldandpromotespeaceandstabilityinregionsandaroundtheworld.Bysuccessfullyfeeding,clothingandshelteringonefifthoftheworld'spopulation,Chinahasmadeanimportantcontributiontothestabilityanddevelopmentintheworld.(6)同時(shí)也要看到，中國(guó)人口多，底子薄，地區(qū)發(fā)展不平衡，人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值在世界上排在100位以后，在發(fā)展的道路上面臨著不少矛盾.困難和挑戰(zhàn)。中國(guó)要實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，使人民都過(guò)上殷實(shí)富裕的生活，還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走，需要堅(jiān)持長(zhǎng)期不懈的艱苦努力。(7)我們堅(jiān)持以鄧小平理論和“三個(gè)代表”重要思想為指導(dǎo)，聚精會(huì)神搞建設(shè)，一心一意謀發(fā)展，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)在本世紀(jì)頭20年全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)的宏偉目標(biāo)。為此，我們正在積極落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀(guān)，以人為本，執(zhí)政為民，推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè).政治建設(shè).文化建設(shè)與和諧社會(huì)建設(shè)全面發(fā)展。(6)AttST，wealsofacetfactChinaenjoyshugepopulation，weekeconomicbasis，unevendevelopmentofitsdifferentregions,&tPC-GDPlevelthatrankswellbehind100thplaceintworldwouldmeannumerousproblems,difficulties&challengesinourroadtoprogress.Chinastillhasalongwaytogobeforeitrealizesmodernizationanddeliversaprosperouslifetoitspeople.Weexpectnothingbutalongperiodofpersistenthardwork.(7)That’swhyweguideourselveswithDXPTheory&timportantthoughtoft"3Represents",stayfocusedoneconomicdevelopmentandconcentrateourenergyonfulfillingourgrandobjectiveofbuildingaMPSinanall-roundwayduringtfirst2decadesofthiscentury.Thatiswhywearenowfollowingascientificapproachofdevelopment,putpeoplefirstinadministration,andpromotesimultaneouslyoureconomicdevelopment,politicaldevelopment,culturaldevelopmentandthedevelopmentofaharmonioussociety.(8)為全面完成當(dāng)前中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)與發(fā)展的各項(xiàng)任務(wù)，我們將突出抓好三方面工作：一是著力搞好宏觀(guān)調(diào)控，進(jìn)一步消除經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中不穩(wěn)定不健康因素，推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和增長(zhǎng)方式轉(zhuǎn)變，正確處理改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系，保持經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展。二是著力推進(jìn)改革開(kāi)放，堅(jiān)持以改革推動(dòng)各項(xiàng)工作，用改革的辦法解決影響發(fā)展的體制問(wèn)題。三是著力建設(shè)民主法治.公平正義.誠(chéng)信友愛(ài).充滿(mǎn)活力.安定有序.人與自然和諧相處社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)，充分調(diào)動(dòng)一切積極因素，激發(fā)全社會(huì)的創(chuàng)造能力；妥善處理各方面利益關(guān)系，讓全體人民共享改革和建設(shè)的成果。(8)ToensurethecompletionofallttasksforChina'seconomic&socialreform&development,wewillworkextraharderin3areas.First,wewillconcentrateondoingourmacro-regulatoryworkwell,continuetoeliminatedestabilizingandunsoundfactorsinoureconomicactivities,promoteeconomicrestructuringandtransformationoftheeconomicgrowthmode,appropriatelybalancetherelationamongreform,developmentandstability,andmaintainsteadyandrapideconomicgrowth.Second,wewillpressaheadwithreformandopeningup,makereformthedrivingforcebehindallaspectsofourwork,andusereformtosolveinstitutionalproblemsinourdevelopment.Third,we’llbuildasocialistharmonioussocietythatisdemocraticandlaw-based,fairandjust,trustworthyandfriendly,fullofvigorandvitality,secureandorderly,inwhichhumansandnatureareinharmony.Wewillbringallpositivefactorsintofullplay&stimulatetcreativityoftentiresociety,andproperlybalancetheinterestsofallaspectsandensurethateveryonesharesthefruitsofreformanddevelopment.(9)具體來(lái)說(shuō)，我們要堅(jiān)持加強(qiáng)和改善宏觀(guān)調(diào)控，實(shí)施穩(wěn)健的財(cái)政政策和貨幣政策，控制固定資產(chǎn)投資規(guī)模，積極擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)需求，保持價(jià)格總水平基本穩(wěn)定。(0)我們要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)“三農(nóng)”工作，這是全部工作的重中之重。我們要穩(wěn)定.完善和強(qiáng)化對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的扶持政策，繼續(xù)推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整.加強(qiáng)農(nóng)田水利和農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，加快農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)推廣，多渠道轉(zhuǎn)移農(nóng)業(yè)富余勞動(dòng)力。(9)Specifically,wewillcontinuetostrengthen&improvemacro-regulation,followprudentfiscalandmonetarypolicies,reininthescaleoffixedassetsinvestment,vigorouslyexpandconsumerdemand,andkeeptheoverallpricelevelbasicallystable.(0)We’llimproveourworkrelatingtoA,RAandFs,whichremainsatoppriorityofallourwork.Wewillmaintain,improveandstrengthenpoliciestosupportagriculture,continuetomakestructuraladjustmentsinagriculture&theruraleconomy,intensifydevelopmentofirrigation&waterconservancyprojectsandtruralinfrastructure,accelerateinnovationinagriculturalSTandspreadoftuseofagriculturaltechnology,transfersurplusrurallabortononagriculturaljobsinavarietyofways.(1)我們要加快推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和增長(zhǎng)方式轉(zhuǎn)變，推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化和升級(jí)，促進(jìn)企業(yè)技術(shù)改造和重組，注重能源資源的節(jié)約和合理利用，加強(qiáng)環(huán)境保護(hù)和生態(tài)建設(shè)。我要積極推動(dòng)區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，實(shí)施西部大開(kāi)發(fā)，振興東北地區(qū)等老工業(yè)基地，促進(jìn)中部崛起，鼓勵(lì)東部地區(qū)加快發(fā)展。(1)Wewillaccelerateeconomicrestructuringandtransformationofeconomicgrowthmode,optimizeandupgradetheindustrialstructure,promotethetechnologicalupgrading&reorganizationofenterprises,paycloseattentiontotheconservationandrationaluseofenergyandresources,strengthenenvironmentalprotection&ecologicalimprovement.Wewillpromotebalanceddevelopmentamongdifferentregions,developthewesternregiononalargescale,reinvigoratenortheastChinaandotheroldindustrialbases,energizethecentralregion&encouragefasterdevelopmentoftheeasternregion.(2)我們要用更大力量推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革，在一些重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)取得新突破。鼓勵(lì).支持和引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，加快金融體制改革，推進(jìn)財(cái)稅體制和投資體制改革，加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)體系建設(shè)。我們要大力發(fā)展科技.教育.文化.衛(wèi)生.體育事業(yè)，加強(qiáng)精神文明建設(shè)，進(jìn)一步做好就業(yè)和社會(huì)保障工作，提高人民生活水平，加強(qiáng)民主法制建設(shè)，切實(shí)維護(hù)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定。(2)We’llworkevenhardertoadvanceeconomicrestructuring&strivetomakefurtherbreakthroughsinsomemajorareasandkeylinks.Wewillencourage,supportandguidethedevelopmentofnon-publicsectoroftheeconomy,acceleratethereformofthefinancialsystem,promotereformoffiscalandtaxsystemsandtheinvestmentsystem,strengthenthemarketsystem.We’llvigorouslyworktodevelopST,education,culture,healthandsports,promotesocialistculturalandethicalprogress,createmorejobs,improvesocialsecurityworkandraisepeople'slivingstandards,strengthendemocracyandthelegalsystemandsafeguardsocialstability.(3)我們要加強(qiáng)行政能力建設(shè)和政風(fēng)建設(shè)，深化政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革，加快轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能，改進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理方式方法，努力建設(shè)服務(wù)型政府。(4)中國(guó)各族人民正意氣風(fēng)發(fā)地在中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路上闊步前進(jìn)。我們同心同德，再接再厲，奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)，不斷奪取改革開(kāi)放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)事業(yè)的新勝利。我們能偉大祖國(guó)的美好前景充滿(mǎn)信心。(3)Wewillimprovethegovernment'sadministrativecapacityandstyleofwork,intensifytherestructuringofgovernmentbodies,speedupthetransformationofgovernmentfunctions,improvethemethodsandmeansofeconomicmanagement,workhardtobuildaservice-orientedgovernment.(4)ThepeopleofallChina'sethnicgroupsaremarchingforwardinhighspiritsontheroadofbuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.TheChinesepeople,unitedwith1heartand1mind,continueourconcertedandunyieldingefforts,andachievefurthersuccessesinreform,openingupandthemodernizationdrive.Wehavefullconfidenceinthebrightfutureofourgreatmotherland.(1)"LetChinasleep,forwhensheawakesshe’llshaketworld,"runsNapoleon'sfamoussaying.Hewasaheadofhistime,butnowthedragoniscertainlystirring.Since1978,whenDengXiaopingfirstsethiscountryonapathofeconomicreform,itsGDPhasgrownbyanaverageof9.5%ayear,threetimestherateintheUS,andfasterthaninanyothereconomy.Theofficialfiguresmayslightlyoverstatethegrowthrate,btChinaisstilllikely1daytoovertakeAmerica&becometworld'sNo.1economy.(1)拿破侖有句名言說(shuō)，“讓中國(guó)沉睡吧!當(dāng)她覺(jué)醒時(shí)，全球?qū)橹鸷场！蹦闷苼鲎咴谒帟r(shí)代的前面，而如今中國(guó)這條巨龍的確正在蠕動(dòng)。自1978年鄧小平將中國(guó)推上經(jīng)濟(jì)改革之路來(lái)，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值以年均9.5％的速度增長(zhǎng)，是美國(guó)同期增長(zhǎng)速度的三倍，增長(zhǎng)速度超過(guò)其他任何一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體。中國(guó)官方提供數(shù)據(jù)可能略微夸大增長(zhǎng)率，但中國(guó)仍可能有朝一日趕超美國(guó)而成世界頭號(hào)經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)。(2)Infact,Chinawasthelargesteconomyformuchoftrecordedhistory.Untilt15thC,Chinahadthehighestincomeperheadandwasthetechnologicalleader.Butthenitsuddenlyturneditsbackontheworld.Itsrulersimposedstrictlimitsoninternationaltrade&tightenedtheircontrolonnewT.MeasuredbyGDPperpersonitwasovertakenbyEuropeby1500,butitremainedtheworld'sbiggesteconomyforlongthereafter.In1820itstillaccountedfor30%ofworldGDP.HE,by1950,afteracenturyofanarchy,warlordism,foreignsuppression,civilwarandtwaragainstJPinvasion,itsshareofworldoutputhadfallentolessthan5%.(2)實(shí)際上，中國(guó)在大部分時(shí)間一直是世界最大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。15世紀(jì)前，中國(guó)的人均收入最高，且執(zhí)世界技術(shù)之牛耳。突然間中國(guó)閉關(guān)鎖國(guó)，統(tǒng)治者對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)行嚴(yán)格限制，對(duì)新技術(shù)的引進(jìn)也嚴(yán)加控制。到1500年中國(guó)人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值已被歐洲趕超，但此后很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間里還保持著世界頭號(hào)經(jīng)濟(jì)體地位。1820年的世界國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值，中國(guó)仍占其中的30％。然后地位一路下滑，中國(guó)經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)世紀(jì)的政治混亂.軍閥割據(jù).外來(lái)壓迫.內(nèi)戰(zhàn)紛亂.抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，到1950年，中國(guó)所占世界產(chǎn)出比例已銳減至5％以下。(3)NowChinaismakinguplostground.Evenifitseconomyslowssharplyoverthenextcoupleofyears,itslong-termprospectsremainbright.Ifricheconomieswantrapideconomicgrowththeyhavetogetitthehardwaybyinventingnewtechnologyoradoptingbettermanagementmethod.Butpoorcountries,atleastintheoryshouldfinditeasiertogrowfastbecausetheystartwithlowlevelsofincomeandcapitalperworker.Withrightpolicy,they’vehugescopetogrowrapidlyimportingcapital,ideas&techniquesfromdevelopedeconomies&usingrichcountries'marketsasspringboardforgrowth.Asalatecomer,Chinadoesnotneedtoreinventthewheel,butmerelytoopenitseconomytoideasfromtherichworld-whichithasdonewithgusto.(3)如今中國(guó)正在重整旗鼓.收復(fù)失地.迎頭趕上。即使它的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展在未來(lái)若干年內(nèi)顯著放慢，但是它的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)前景仍是一片光明。如果經(jīng)濟(jì)富國(guó)想要繼續(xù)取得經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng)，那么它們就必須創(chuàng)造新技術(shù)，或者采用更好管理方式。但對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)窮國(guó)說(shuō)，情況不一樣，至少?gòu)睦碚撋险f(shuō)，經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng)會(huì)容易些，因它們具有人均工資低.資本低的優(yōu)勢(shì)。只要政策對(duì)頭，它們就有廣闊的快速增長(zhǎng)的天地，因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢詮陌l(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家引進(jìn)資本.理念和技術(shù)，可利用富國(guó)的市場(chǎng)作為實(shí)現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)的跳板。作為后