北京大學(xué)博士研究生英語水平考試(2015-PKU-GATE)付部分答案

北京大學(xué)博士研究生英語水平考試（PKU-GATE）2015年12月27日說明：考試總共180分鐘，試題題型包括五大題型，主要是常規(guī)性題目和新題型，常規(guī)題目包括聽力、閱讀理解，新題型有材料聽寫、比較寫作；外文書籍閱讀與寫作；轉(zhuǎn)譯。試題共有試題冊和答題卡組成，還會發(fā)下自己的條形碼（不愧為帝國最高學(xué)府，科研開發(fā)制作技術(shù)高端大氣上檔次?。┑谝淮箢}：聽力（分值）記得是三段材料（或兩段），前兩段材料是選擇題，下面給出3-4個問題，供選擇。某不才聽的材料不夠準(zhǔn)確，第一段材料大約是討論美國樓市關(guān)鍵詞有zombie、ushosing。堅持使用美國等國外原汁原味的材料，勇氣可嘉，與從小到大聽性強(qiáng)。某不習(xí)慣，但是趣味還有一題是聽力默寫，材料中空出了十個空，每個空去掉不止一個詞匯，讓你填。聽力材料大約長800-1000個詞（a4紙的基本上都是這個材料）。這段材料關(guān)于智能醫(yī)學(xué)的似乎，關(guān)鍵詞是autogenictraining。聽力播放的時間：14點-14點25分。朗讀人員：一男一女，女的是、男的是（似乎），地道的美式發(fā)音。第二大題：閱讀理解（分值）。共四篇閱讀材料，每一篇閱讀下有五個題目，和高考、碩考沒大區(qū)別，但是材料明顯要長，每篇材料大約有1000-1200個單詞，生詞量也大，平均每1-2句就有個生詞。每篇的題目中有單詞理解、有細(xì)節(jié)理解、有mainidea等。Passageone：似乎是關(guān)于倫理學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)論文，題目的中關(guān)鍵詞和生詞有：turntheother、ethical、moral、morality、moralprecepts、givewithoutthoughtof、altruistic、ironically、selfishagendas、kin、等，經(jīng)過多方搜索沒有搜集到原文出處。似乎是這篇論文：《Moralityasthesubstructureofsocialjustice:religionineducationasacasein》，（SouthAfricanJournalofEducationCopyright?2011EASAVol）（百度文庫能找到）Passage：關(guān)于美國的public，某一位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)在媒體上大放厥詞，然后向觀眾道歉的新聞報道，最后說明這些都無關(guān)緊要，因為米國人民并不看電視、看新聞（O(∩_∩)O~玩笑），可能是說美國人民并不是太關(guān)注新聞媒體，多數(shù)政治冷漠。關(guān)鍵詞和生詞有：MIT.Jonathan（麻省理工學(xué)院的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家喬納森格魯伯參與起草奧巴馬醫(yī)改方案，并發(fā)表了講話視頻）、Housecommitteeon。oversightandGovernment、Affordablecare（）、linguistic、congressionalBudgeofficehurtstheirownpocketbooks、breadandcircus——（Juvenal：尤維納利斯，又譯朱文納爾）、、warrant、ThirdReichparels。不才沒找到原文。參考背景文章：據(jù)美國《赫芬頓郵報》11月12日報道，近日，美國?？诵侣勵l道主持人、時事評論員梅金·(MegynKelly)就奧巴馬總統(tǒng)推進(jìn)的醫(yī)改與來訪嘉賓進(jìn)行辯論，痛批奧巴馬醫(yī)改是騙局。據(jù)了解，前不久，麻省理工學(xué)院的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家喬納森·格魯伯(Jonathan參與起草奧巴馬醫(yī)改方案，并發(fā)表了講話視頻。針對該視頻，凱利與民主黨戰(zhàn)略家、民意測驗專家伯納德·惠特曼(Bernard在節(jié)目中展開辯論，雙方各執(zhí)一詞。凱利稱，美國選民的愚蠢使得奧巴馬醫(yī)改方案在2010年順利通過。惠特曼則表示，平價醫(yī)療法已經(jīng)奏效，群眾也從中受益。對于惠特曼的說法，凱利難掩憤怒，連呼真的嗎？群眾們真的知道嗎？你覺得觀眾能夠相信嗎？凱利的質(zhì)疑與爭論貫穿節(jié)目始終，他批評道：平價醫(yī)改是一個騙局，政府欺騙了我們?。?world/2014-11/19/c_127230333.htm）JonathanGruberApologizesFor'Glib'And'Insulting'CommentsAboutObamacare文章地址：/2014/12/09/jonathan-gruber-obamacare-hearing_n_6294144.htmlWASHINGTON--EconomistJonathanGrubertestifiedbeforetheHouseOversightCommitteeTuesdaymorning,whereheapologizedforsayingthatthe"stupidityoftheAmericanvoterhelpedpasstheAffordableCareAct.TheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyprofessoralsodeniedthenotionthathewasthe"architect"ofthelaw."InsomecasesImadeuninformedandglibcommentsaboutthepoliticalprocessbehindhealthcarereform,"Grubersaidinhisopeningstatement."IamnotanexpertonpoliticsandmytoneimpliedthatIwas,whichiswrong.InothercasesIsimplymadeinsultingandmeancommentsthataretotallyuncalledforinanysituation.Isincerelyapologizebothforconjecturingwithatoneofexpertiseandfordoingsoinsuchadisparagingfashion."IdidnotdraftGov.[Mitt]Romney’shealthcareplan,andIwasnotthe'architect'ofPresidentObama'shealthcareplan,"Gruberadded,referringtohispastconsultingworkonboththeMassachusettshealthcarelawandtheAffordableCareAct.RepublicanshaveseizedonrecentlyunearthedvideosofGruberdiscussingthatworkdisparagingly,whichthey'veattemptedtousetodelegitimizethelaw.Theeconomist,whowasconsultedbytheWhiteHouseonthebillin2009,saidin2013thattheinabilityoftheAmericanvotertounderstandthecontentoftheAffordableCareActhadhelpedthebillpass.TheObamaadministrationandnumerousDemocratsinvolvedinthelaw'sdraftinghaveawkwardlytriedtodistancethemselvesfromtheeconomist.HouseOversightCommitteeChairDarrellIssa(R-Calif.)saidGruber'scomments"revealedapatternofintentionallymisleadingthepublic"aboutthelaw.Rep.ElijahCummings(D-Md.),therankingmemberonthecommittee,alsochastisedGruberfor"stupid,Imeanabsolutelystupidcomments,"addingthatitgaveRepublicansa―publicrelationsgift‖intheircampaigntorepealthelaw.Atonepointinthehearing,IssaaskedGruber,"Areyoustupid?""No,Idon'tthinkso,"theeconomistsaid."Soyou'reasmartmanwhosaidsomestupidthings,"Issaresponded.Inonevideo,Grubersaidsubsidiestohelplow-incomeAmericansbuyinsurancearelimitedtostate-established.FederallyrunObamacareexchangescurrentlyoperateinmorethan30states.ThevideoofGruber'sremarkshasbeenusedtobolsteraseriouslegalchallengetothelawthatwillbeheardbeforetheSupremeCourt.ButGruberclaimedhewastakenoutofcontext."ThepointIbelieveIwasmakingwasaboutthepossibilitythatthefederalgovernment,forwhateverreason,mightnotcreateafederalexchange,"hesaidonTuesday."Ifthatweretooccur,andonlyinthatcontext,thentheonlywaythatstatescouldguaranteethattheircitizenswouldreceivetaxcreditswouldbetosetuptheirownexchanges."ThecontroversyhasalsoimpactedGruberpersonally.Vermontofficialssaidlastmonthafterthevideoswerereleasedthattheywouldstoppayinghimforconsultingonthestatehealthcaresystem.MarilynB.Tavenner,theadministratoroftheCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServices,alsofacedquestionsatthehearing,includingoverthewaytheadministrationinflatedObamacareenrollmentnumbersbyincludingdentalplansinitsaccounting."Itwasaninexcusablemistake,"shesaid."IdonotbelieveanyonetriedtodeceivetheAmericanpeopleandIbelievetheerrorwasinadvertent."ControversialMITeconomistJonathanGruberreportedlyplayedkeyroleinObamaCarelawPublishedJune22,2015ObamaCarelawPublishedJune22,201500FacebookTwitterlivefyreEmailPrintMITeconomistJonathanGruber,whoclaimedtheauthorsofObamaCaretookadvantageofwhathecalledthe"stupidityoftheAmericanvoter,"playedamuchbiggerroleinthelaw'sdraftingthanpreviouslyacknowledged,accordingtoapublishedreport.TheWallStreetJournal,citing20,000pagesofemailssentbyGruberbetweenJanuary2009andMarch2010,reportedSundaythatGruberwasfrequentlyconsultedbystaffersandadvisersforboththeWhiteHouseandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices(HHS)abouttheAffordableCareAct.AmongthetopicsthatGruberdiscussesintheemailsaremediainterviews,consultationswithlawmakers,andevenhowtopubliclydescribehisrole.TheemailswerereleasedastheSupremeCourtpreparestoruleonthelegalityoffederalhealthinsuranceexchangesubsidies.TheJournalreportsthattheofficialsGrubercontactedbye-mailincludedPeterOrszag,thenthedirectoroftheOfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB);JasonFurman,aneconomicadvisertothepresident;andEzekielEmanuel,thenaspecialadviserforhealthpolicyatOMB."HisproximitytoHHSandtheWhiteHousewasawholelottighterthantheyadmitted,"Rep.JasonChaffetz,R-Utah,chairmanoftheHouseoversightcommittee,toldtheJournal."There’snodoubthewasamuchmoreintegralpartofthisthanthey’vesaid.Heputupthisfacadehewasanarm’slengthaway.Itwasafarce.""Ashasbeenpreviouslyreported,Mr.Gruberwasawidelyusedeconomicmodelerforadministrationsandstategovernmentsrunbybothparties—bothbeforeandaftertheAffordableCareActwaspassed,"HHSspokeswomanMeaghanSmithtoldtheJournalinastatement."Theseemailsonlyechooldnews."GruberbecamethecenterofapoliticalstorminNovember2014,whenavideosurfacedofhimtakingpartina2013paneldiscussionaboutObamaCare.Atonepoint,GrubersaidtheObamaadministrationwrotethebill"inatorturedwaytomakesure[theCongressionalBudgetOffice]didnotscorethemandateastaxes.IfCBOscoredthemandateastaxes,thebilldies...Lackoftransparencyisahugepoliticaladvantage.Andbasically,callitthestupidityoftheAmericanvoterorwhatever,butbasicallythatwasreally,reallycriticalforthethingtopass."Atthetimeofthecontroversy,PresidentObamareferredtoGruberas"someadviserwhoneverworkedonourstaff."However,theJournalreportsthatGruber'semailsappeartoreferenceatleastonemeetingwithObama.Furthermore,oneemailfromJeanneLambrew,atopObamahealthadviser,thanksGruberfor"beinganintegralpartofgettingustothishistoricmoment",whileanothermessagefromLambrewreferstoGruberas"ourhero."FoxNewspreviouslyreportedthatHHSretainedGruberinMarch2009ona$95,000contracttoproduce"aseriesoftechnicalmemorandaontheestimatedchangesinhealthinsurancecoverageandassociatedcostsandimpactstothegovernmentunderalternativespecificationsofhealthsystemreform."AsecondcontractwithHHSthreemonthslatersawGruberreceiveanadditional$297,600.GruberlaterapologizedforhiscommentsinaDecember2014hearingbeforetheHouseOversightCommittee,callingtheremarks"meanandinsulting."Passage：文章出自《TheNew》（紐約客）TheComebackConundrumTheFinancialPageSEPTEMBER21,2015ISSUEBYJAMESSUROWIECKIInthespringof2013,theconsumer-productsgiantProcter&GambleaskeditsformerC.E.O.A.G.Lafleytocomeoutofretirementandbailthecompanyoutoftrouble.WhenLafleysteppeddown,backin2009,P.&G.seemedinfineshape,buthissuccessorhadfloundered.Saleswerefallingshortofexpectations,andthecompanywaslosingmarketsharetonimblercompetitors.Lafley’sreturnseemedlikejustwhatwasneeded.DuringhisfirsttouratP.&G.,heturnedthecompanyintoaconsumerpowerhouseand,intheprocess,becameoneofthemostacclaimedC.E.O.sofhisday,earningareputationasastrategicvisionaryandaninnovationguru.Thedayhisreturnwasannounced,thecompany’sstockpricejumpedfourpercent.ABloombergheadlinesaidthat,inhiringLafley,P.&G.waslookingforaThatsequelnevergotfilmed.Thisfall,Lafleywillstepdownforthesecondtime,andnoonewillbementioningSteveJobs’slegendaryreturntoApple.Lafleyhasn’tbeen—heslimmedthecompanydown,sellingoffpartsandgettingoutoflessprofitablebusinesses—butthere’sbeennodramaticturnaround.Salesaregrowingveryslowly;thestockpricehassignificantlyunderperformedthemarket;andtherehavebeennomajorproductlaunches.P.&G.isstillfacinglargelythesameproblemsitwaswhenLafleycameback.Inotherwords,he’sbeenjustO.K.Howcouldsomeonewho,accordingtoFortune,wasknownas―anall-timeC.E.O.hero‖endupbeingjustO.K.?Well,ifcommentatorshadlookedatthetrackrecordofreturningC.E.O.s—boomerangC.E.O.s,asthey’resometimescalled—that’spreciselywhatthey’dhavepredicted.A2014studyfoundthatprofitabilityatcompaniesrunbyboomerangC.E.O.sfellslightly,andanearlierstudydetectednosignificantdifferenceinlong-termperformancebetweenfirmsthatreappointedaformerC.E.O.andonesthathiredsomeonenew.Weliketriumphantcomebacknarratives—Jobsand,toalesserextent,HowardSchultz,atStarbucks.ButhistorytellsusthatLafley’sratherordinarysecondtourofdutyisthewaymostofthesestoriesend.TheideathatsomeonehailedasabusinessherocanproducewildlyinconsistentresultschallengesourconceptionoftheC.E.O.aswhattheHarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorRakeshKhuranahascalleda―corporatesavior.‖Infact,corporatesuccessdependsnotjustontheinsightandleadershipofthepersonatthetopbutalsoon—changingconsumertastes,demographicshifts,thebroaderstateoftheeconomy—overwhichtheC.E.O.haslittlecontrol.―Ofcourse,theC.E.O.makesadifference,‖SydneyFinkelstein,aprofessorofmanagementatDartmouth,toldme.―Butluckalsoplaysamuchbiggerrolethananyonewantstotalkabout.‖Itdoesn’thelpthatC.E.O.saregenerallycalledbackintimesofcrisis.―ThefactthatacompanyisrehiringaC.E.O.isasignofrealweakness,‖F(xiàn)inkelsteinsaid.―Soit’softenjustamuchtougherjobthesecondtimearound.‖GoodC.E.O.scanadjust,butwhetherthewindisattheirbacksorintheirfacesmakesabigdifference.Evensuccessfulboomerangersrelyonluckaswellasontalent.CharlesSchwabdidafinejobturningaroundthecompanythatbearshisnamewhenhereturned,in2004.Butit’snoaccidentthathissuccesscoincidedwithaboomingmarket.BoomerangC.E.O.stypicallyfacebusinessconditionsdramaticallydifferentfromtheonesinwhichtheyoriginallysucceeded.Unfortunately,asthebusinessprofessorsDonaldHambrickandGuoliChenhavewritten,―anexecutivewhoiswellsuitedtoleadafirmduringoneperiodmaybeill-suitedforthenextperiod.‖TheclassicexamplehereisHenryFord,whowasanidealleaderwhenthecrucialcompetitiveissuewasefficiency.Butwhenthecarmarketmatured,andappealingtoconsumertastebecamemoremportant,Fordfoundhimselfatsea.―Anycolor...solongasit’sblack‖washardlyarecipeforwinningconsumers’heartsandminds.Therealproblem,asFinkelsteinpointsout,isthatsuccessfulcompaniesoftenflourishbecausetheyperfectlyfiteircurrentenvironment.―Butthosecompaniesaretheonesmostvulnerabletotroublewhenconditionschange,‖hesays.Lafley,forinstance,wasbrilliantatrunningP.&G.duringtheboomtimesofthetwo-thousands,emphasizingapremium-pricestrategyandexpandingthecompanythroughacquisitions.Now,withpost-recessionconsumersstillfrugalandP.&G.’ssizelookingmorelikeacostthanlikeabenefit,Lafleyhasbeenforcedtodismantletheempirehebuilt.ButhenevermanagedtocomeupwithastrategytogetP.&G.growingagain.WhenacclaimedC.E.O.smuddlethroughtheirsecondtoursofduty,itdoesn’tmeanthattheyweremediocreallalong.Butsomuchofwhatwecallgreatnessisattributabletofactorsthatwegenerallyignore.Besides,it’shardtostayontopforever.ThisisaproblemnotjustforboomerangC.E.O.sbutforallC.E.O.s.AwidelycitedstudyfoundthataC.E.O.whowinsamajorawardislikelytounderperformafterward.Inthislight,thesmartestthingaC.E.O.withasterlingreputationcandowhenaskedtocomebackistoremembertheoldshowbizmaxim:Alwaysleavethemwantingmore.?Passagefour：文章出子《Time》，2013年8月19日，是該期的主題，文章題目《ThePlightoftheHoneybeeByBryanWalsh，試題中僅選用了一部分，并不是全文。文章出處：YoucanthanktheApisMellifera(產(chǎn)于西方，簡稱西蜂、意峰。),betterknownastheWesternhoneybee,for1inevery3mouthfulsoffoodyou’lleattoday.FromthealmondorchardsofcentralCalifornia–whereeachspringbillionsofhoneybeesfromacrosstheU.S.arrivetopollinateamultibillion-dollarcrop–totheblueberrybogsofMaine,thebeesaretheunsung,unpaidlaborersoftheAmericanagriculturalsystem,addingmorethan$15billioninvaluetofarmingeachyear.InJune,aWholeFoodsstoreinRhodeIsland,aspartofacampaigntohighlighttheimportanceofhoneybees,temporarilyremovedfromitsproducesectionallthefoodthatdependedonpollinators.Of453items,237vanished,includingapples,lemonsandzucchiniandothersquashes.Honeybees―arethegluethatholdsouragriculturalsystemtogether,‖wrotejournalistHannahNordhausinher2011book,TheBeekeeper’sLament.Andnowthatglueisfailing.Around2006,commercialbeekeepersbegannoticingsomethingdisturbing:theirhoneybeesweredisappearing.Beekeeperswouldopentheirhivesandfindthemfullofhoneycomb,wax,evenhoney–butdevoidofactualbees.Asreportsfromworriedbeekeepersrolledin,scientistscoinedanappropriatelyapocalyptictermforthemysterymalady:colony-collapsedisorder(CCD).Suddenlybeekeepersfoundthemselvesinthemediaspotlight,thepubliccaptivatedbythehorror-moviemysteryofCCD.Sevenyearslater,honeybeesarestilldyingonascalerarelyseenbefore,andthereasonsremainmysterious.One-thirdofU.S.honeybeecoloniesdiedordisappearedduringthepastwinter,a42%increaseovertheyearbeforeandwellabovethe10%to15%lossesbeekeepersusedtoexperienceinnormalwinters.Thoughbeekeeperscanreplenishdeadhivesovertime,thehighratesofcolonylossareputtingintensepressureontheindustryandonagriculture.TherewerejustbarelyenoughviablehoneybeesintheU.S.toservicethisspring’svitalalmondpollinationinCalifornia,puttingaproductworthnearly$4billionatrisk.Almondsareabigdeal–they’retheGoldenState’smostvaluableagriculturalexport,worthmorethantwiceasmuchasitsiconicwinegrapes.Andalmonds,totallydependentonhoneybees,areabellwetherofthelargerproblem.Forfruitsandvegetablesasdiverseascantaloupes,cranberriesandcucumbers,pollinationcanbeafarmer’sonlychancetoincreasemaximumyield.Eliminatethehoneybeeandagriculturewouldbepermanentlydiminished.―Thetake-homemessageisthatweareveryclosetotheedge,‖saysJeffPettis,theresearchleaderattheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture’sBeeResearchLaboratory.―It’sarollofthedicenow.‖That’swhyscientistslikePettisareworkinghardtofigureoutwhat’sbuggingthebees.Agriculturalpesticideswereanobvioussuspect–specificallyapopularnewclassofchemicalsknownasneonicotinoids,whichseemtoaffectbeesandotherinsectsevenatwhatshouldbesafedoses.Otherresearchersfocusedonbee-killingpestsliketheaccuratelynamedVarroadestructor,aparasiticmitethathasravagedhoneybeecoloniessinceitwasaccidentallyintroducedintotheU.S.inthe1980s.Othersstillhavelookedatbacterialandviraldiseases.Thelackofaclearculpritonlydeepenedthemysteryandthefear,heraldingwhatsomegreenscalla―secondsilentspring,‖areferencetoRachelCarson’sbreakthrough1962book,whichiswidelycreditedwithhelpinglaunchtheenvironmentalmovement.Aquotethat’softenattributedtoAlbertEinsteinbecameaslogan:―Ifthebeedisappearsfromthesurfaceoftheglobe,manwouldhavenomorethanfouryearstolive.‖Oneproblem:expert