中國(guó)瓷器介紹-英文版

瓷

器China

Chinaisthehometownofchina.Theinventionofchinaisagreatcontributiontoworldcivilization.InEnglish,china

meansporcelain（瓷器）.

HistoryofdevelopmentPrimitive-celadonappearedintheShangDynasty,thenfromtheWesternZhouDynasty,theWarringStatestotheEasternHanDynasty,throughthe1600years’changeanddevelopment,porcelainfiringtechnologyhadbeenimprovedgradually.TheDevelopmentofPorcelainAroundthe16thcenturyBCinShangDynasty,theearlyChineseporcelainappeared.Asitwasstillroughonthefiringprocess,itcanbeonlycalledproto-porcelain(原始瓷).proto-porcelainHanDynastyAfterlong-termimprovements,in2centurytheendoftheHanDynasty,thematureceladonwascreated,inthehistoryofourcountry'spotteryitwasanimportantmilestone.JinandsouthernandnortherndynastiesToJin,originalporcelainhadbeeneliminated,atthesametimecolorporcelainappeared.Theperiodalsoappearedblackporcelain.BlackporcelainWhiteporcelainSongDynastyTotheSongDynasty,porcelainkilnshavebeenoverhalfofChinese,isthemostprosperousperiodforporcelain.ThenJunkiln,Gekiln,Rukiln,GuankilnandtheDingkilnandknownasthefivefamouskilns.FromRukilnFromGuankilnFromDingkilnFromJunkilnSongDynastyisthehighestaesthetic（美學(xué)的）eraofporcelain.YuanDynastyisChineseporcelainproductionturningperiod,innovationanddevelopmentinmanyways.TheblueandwhiteporcelainbecamethemainstreamofJingdezhenporcelainproduction.YuanDynastyMingDynastySuccessfullyfiringtheexquisite（精致的）whiteglazeporcelainandthesingle-glazeporcelainwithcopper（銅）asthecoloringagent（色劑）,madetheMingDynastyporcelaincolorful.Theporcelaintechnologycontinuedtoimprove.QingDynastyisthemostprosperousperiodChinaporcelainproduction,thequantityandqualityofporcelainproductionreachedapeak.Anewkindofporcelainhadappeared,whichcalledenamel(琺瑯器).QingDynastyFourtraditionalporcelain

Blueandwhiteporcelain（青花瓷）Colorglazeporcelain（顏色釉瓷）FamilleRosePorcelain（粉彩瓷）Glowingporcelain（玲瓏瓷）BlueandwhiteporcelainBlueandwhiteporcelainiselegant,noble,andpure,suchastheMillenniumbasket,withitsstrongvitalityandceramicart,becometheperfectcombinationofmodernandtraditional.

青花瓷創(chuàng)燒于元代，是以色料在坯胎上描繪紋樣，施釉后經(jīng)高溫?zé)?，釉色晶瑩、雅致。青料溶于胎釉之間，發(fā)色青翠，雖色相單一，但感覺豐富。青花瓷經(jīng)久耐用，瓷不碎，色不褪。

BlueandwhiteporcelainwasfirstappearedintheYuanDynasty.

Itwasformedbyusingpigmenttodepictpatternsonthegreenbodyandfiringathightemperatureafterglazing.Theglazingcolorisglitteringandelegant.Thegreenpigmentdissolveingreenbody,showingaverdantcolor.Althoughithassinglehue,itstillgives

peoplerichfeeling.Blueandwhiteporcelainisdurable。itwillnotfadeuntilbrokenThemostexpensiveblueandwhiteporcelain?。nJuly12,2005,Christie'sauctioninLondon,theYuanDynasty"Guiguzi"blueandwhiteporcelainpotmake14000000pounds,equivalenttoabout230000000yuan,itisthehighestrecordintheworldofChineseartauctionrecord.2005年7月12日，在倫敦佳士德拍賣會(huì)上，元代“鬼谷子下山圖”青花瓷罐以1400萬(wàn)英鎊拍出，折合人民幣約2.3億元，創(chuàng)下了中國(guó)藝術(shù)品在世界上的最高拍賣紀(jì)錄。ColorglazeporcelainAncientChinesecraftsmenaddingdifferentmetaloxidesintheglaze,atdifferenttemperaturesandflame,glazewillshowdifferentcolor,toformtherichandcolorfulcolorglazeFamilleRosePorcelainalsocalledsoftporcelain,thefamilleroseasthemaindecorationofFamilleroseporcelain.FamilleRosePorcelainQing

Emperor

Yongzheng清雍正檸檬黃地洋彩浮雕花鳥寶瓶紋六方瓶

Poly

2009

Spring

RMB

:

Auction

Price

67，

760，

000Qing

Emperor

Qianlong清乾隆粉彩七珍象

馬

Poly

2009

Spring

Price:

Auction

RM

B

403,200Qing

Emperor

Daoguang黃地粉彩花卉碗Poly

2009

Spring

Auction

Price

RMB

:

224,000Craftsmencarveoutmanyregular“delicateeyes“intheporcelainbody,andthenfiretheseholeswiththeglazeintothebrighthole,verybeautiful,knownas"cardglassware".GlowingporcelainChineseceramicsoftheSongDynastyconstitutetheforemostexpressionofceramicart.DuringtheSongperiod,aunityoftheessentialcomponentsfundamentaltotheart:vesselshape,pottingtechniques,glaze,decoration,firingprocesses,andaesthetictheorywereallcombinedinahighstandardofexcellence.whichledtoavarietyofclassicwares,usuallyassociatedwithaspecificregionofChina.Theseincludedthecourt-patronizedfivefamouskilns:Ru(汝),Guan(官),Ge(哥),Jun(鈞),Ding(定)wares;

CharmofsongporcelainDing

kilnItspasteiswhite,generallycoveredwithanalmosttransparentglazethatdrippedandcollectedin“tears“(蠟淚痕).Duetothewaythedisheswerestackedinthekiln,theedgedremainedunglazed,andhadtoberimmedinmetalsuchasgoldorsilverwhenusedastableware.

Ding

warewasproducedinDingXian,HebeiProvince.whentheSongemperorscametopowerin940,

Ding

warewasthefinestporcelainproducedinnorthernChinaatthetime,andwasthefirsttoenterthepalaceforofficialimperialuse.RukilnRuwaresrangeincolor—fromnearlywhitetoadeeprobin'segg—andoftenarecoveredwithreddish-browncrackles.Thecracklesarecausedwhentheglazecoolsandcontractsfasterthanthebody,thushavingtostretchandultimatelytosplit.Songdynastywasthefirstperiodthatviewedcrazingasameritratherthanadefect.

瑪瑙為釉古相傳,雨過天晴云破處Ruware

wasproducedinRuzhouHenanprovinceforimperialuseandisthemostfamouswareinthefivekilns.名瓷之首，汝瓷為魁北宋汝窯天青釉葵花洗2012年香港拍賣會(huì)，北宋汝窯天青釉葵花洗拍賣2億港元，刷新宋瓷世界拍賣紀(jì)錄Jun

kiln

CharacterizedbyathickerbodythanDingorRuware,Juniscoveredwithaturquoiseandpurpleglaze,sothickandviscouslookingthatitalmostseemstobemeltingoffitssubstantialgolden-brownbody.NotonlyareJunvesselsmorethicklypotted,theirshapeismuchmorerobustthanthefineJunpieces.世上朱砂非所擬，西方寶石致難同?！un

warewasathirdstyleofporcelainusedattheNorthernSongcourtandwasproducedinYuzhouHenanprovinceGuankilnItwasduringthisperiodthatwallsbecomesothinandglazesothickthatthelattersupersededtheformerinbreadth.AstheclayinthefoothillsaroundLin'anwasabrownishcolorandtheglazesoviscus.Guan

ware,literallymeans"official"ware;socertainRu,Jun,andevenDingcouldbeconsidered

Guan

inthebroadsenseofbeingproducedforthecourt.Strictlyspeaking,however,thetermonlyappliestothatproducedbyanofficialimperiallyrunkiln,whichdidnotstartuntiltheSouthernSongfledtheadvancing

Jin

andsettledat

Lin'an.GekilnGe

wareliterallymeans'big-brother'ware,becauselegendhasitthatoftwobrothersworkinginLongquan,onemadethetypical

celadon

styleceramics,buttheeldermade

Ge

ware,producedinhisprivatekiln.Gewarebasicallycomprisetwotypes—onewitha‘warmrice-yellowglazeandtwosetsofcrackles,amoreprominentsetofdarkercolorinterspersedwithafinersetofreddishlines(金絲鐵線).TheotherGewareismuchlikeGuanware,withgrayishglazeandonesetofcrackles.

123煉泥

Milling摞泥

Filterpress制坯

GreenMaking制作流程Thefiringprocess4567

貼花

Lithography上釉

Glazing

修坯Finishing燒釉

Glostfiring景德鎮(zhèn)

景德鎮(zhèn)是一個(gè)地級(jí)市，以前是中國(guó)江西省的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)，2010年常住人口1,587,477。因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)了1700年的優(yōu)質(zhì)瓷器而被稱為“瓷都”。這個(gè)城市有著超過2000年的悠久歷史。景德鎮(zhèn)是中國(guó)歷史文化名城之一，2007年底被評(píng)為江西省優(yōu)秀文明健康城市。

Jingdezhenisaprefecture-levelcityinJiangxiProvinceofChina,withatotalpopulationof1,587,477(2010).Itisknownasthe"PorcelainCapital"becauseithasbeenproducingqualitypotteryfor1700years.Thecityhasawell-documentedhistorythatstretchesbackover2000years.JingdezhenisoneofChineseHistoricalandCulturalCities,andwasnamedoutstandingcivilization&healthcityofJiangxiProvince.Geography

江西景德鎮(zhèn)陶瓷，是中華民族文化藝術(shù)寶庫(kù)中輝煌的明珠。他近二千年來的悠久而燦爛的歷史進(jìn)程，給后世留下了精湛絕倫的技藝，也造就了歷代數(shù)不清的藝術(shù)匠師。在長(zhǎng)期的發(fā)展過程中，景德鎮(zhèn)的技藝人員，奮發(fā)努力，刻意求新，創(chuàng)作了許多好作品，使景德鎮(zhèn)瓷器形成了自己獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格。

JingdezhenporcelainisthebrightpearlinChineseartandculture.With

nearlytwothousandsofsplendidhistory,thereareexquisiteskillsandcountlesscraftsmen.

Inthelongtimeofdevelopment,theartistsandcraftsmeninJingdezhenbroughttheirfulltalentintocreatingnumerousmasterpieces.Thankstotheirhardworking,Jingdezhenporcelainhadbeenformed

itsownfourspecialfeatures.

葫蘆窯double-gourdkiln

十八世紀(jì)以前，歐洲人不會(huì)制造瓷器，因此中國(guó)特別是昌南鎮(zhèn)的精美瓷器很受歡迎。在歐洲，昌南鎮(zhèn)瓷器是十分受人珍愛的貴重物品.歐洲人就以“昌南”作為瓷器（china）和生產(chǎn)瓷器的“中國(guó)”（China）的代稱，久而久之，歐洲人就把昌南的本意忘卻了，只記得它是“瓷器”，即“中國(guó)”。錦繡昌南中國(guó)瓷園

早在東漢時(shí)期，古人在昌南（景德鎮(zhèn)）建造窯坊，燒制陶瓷。到了唐朝，由于昌南土質(zhì)好，先人們吸收南方青瓷和北方白瓷的優(yōu)點(diǎn)創(chuàng)制出一種青白瓷。青白瓷晶瑩滋潤(rùn)，有“人造玉器”的美稱，大量出口歐洲。

Asearlyasinthe

EasternHanDynasty,theancientsstartedtobuildkilnsinChangnantofireceramics.IntheTangDynasty,becauseofthesoilwithgoodqualityinChangnan,theancestorscreatedthebluishwhiteporcelainbycombiningtheadvantagesofsouthernceladonandthenorthernwhiteporcelain.Thebluishwhiteporcelainwasglitteringandhadthereputationof"artificialjade".SoitwasexportedtoEuropeinlargeamount.

元代，瓷業(yè)較宋代為衰落，然而這時(shí)期也有新的發(fā)展，如青花和釉里紅的興起，彩瓷大量的流行，白瓷成為瓷器的主流，帶動(dòng)以后明清兩代的瓷器發(fā)展，得到很高的成就。

DuringtheYuanDynasty,theporcelainindustrywasdeclinedcomparedwiththatofthe

SongDynasty.However,therewerenewdevelopmentsinthisperiod,suchastheriseofblue-and-whiteporcelain,thepopularityofpaintedporcelainandthemainstreamofwhiteware.ItallledtohighdevelopmentofporcelainintheMingandQingDynasty,ushinghighachievements.

我國(guó)的陶瓷藝術(shù)發(fā)展到了明代又進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的旅程，明代以前的瓷器以青瓷為主，明代之后以白瓷為主。景德鎮(zhèn)成為主要的窯廠，規(guī)模最大，一直延續(xù)明清兩代五、六百年而不衰，描寫當(dāng)時(shí)盛況為“晝間白煙掩空，夜間紅焰燒天”。

IntheMingDynasty,China'sdevelopmentofceramicartreachedanewlevel.BeforetheMingDynasty,themainstreamwastheceladonandafterthattimewasthewhiteporcelain.Jingdezhenbecamethemainkiln,withthelargestscale.ItsmagnificentrefulgencehadlastedfromtheMingDynastytotheQingDynasty,forfiveorsixhundredyears.Anditspompwaspraised

"porcelainmakingneverstopsnomatterdayornight''.

清乾隆之后，景瓷生產(chǎn)從巔峰走向下坡路,產(chǎn)量、器質(zhì)、品種、造型等呈萎縮狀態(tài)。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，景瓷生產(chǎn)受到嚴(yán)重摧殘。延續(xù)500多年之久的御器廠壽終正寢。

AfterthereignofEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynasty,theproductionofporcelaininJingdezhendeclined

frompeaktodownhill.Theyield,quality,varietyandshapeofporcelainallshrunkrapidly.AftertheOpiumWartheproductionofporcelainhadbeenseverelydamaged.Theimperialporcelainfactoryclosedafterworkingmorethan500years.

景德鎮(zhèn)有悠久的制瓷傳統(tǒng)，廣大瓷工身懷絕技，在極其艱難困苦的情況下，堅(jiān)持以手工技藝制瓷，堅(jiān)持與外國(guó)機(jī)器制瓷相抗?fàn)帲３至酥袊?guó)瓷器在國(guó)際上的美譽(yù)?，F(xiàn)代景德鎮(zhèn)的制瓷工藝?yán)^承了傳統(tǒng)的技法,吸收和借鑒了國(guó)內(nèi)外的精華,使陶瓷制作達(dá)到了一個(gè)又一個(gè)的高度。

Jingdezhenhasalong-standingtraditionofporcelainmakingandtheworkershadsuperiorskills.Facingthedifficultiesandhardships,theyinsistedonhandmadeandwagedwaragainstforeignporcelainmanufacturedbymachine.Withtheefforts,theymaintainedtheinternationalreputationofChineseporcelain.ThemodernporcelaincraftsinJingdezhenhaveinheritedthetraditionaltechniquesandabsorbedandappreciatedtheessenceathomeandabroad.Theceramicsmakingreachedtheheightoneafteranother.After

years

of

construction,certain

developments

in

terms

of

the

ceramic

major

have

already

beenachieved.At

present,two

centers

(namely,the

Ancient

Ceramic

Heritage

&

innovation

and

TeachingExperimentalCenter

in

CentralPlains

and

the

Development&

research

Center

for

Ceramic

Cutural

Industyin

Pingdingshan

University),four

bases

(namely,the

Training

and

Test

Base

for

Ceramic

Product

Designers

in

Northern

China,the

Research

Base

for

Henan

Cultural

Industry

Development,the

Research

Base

forHenan

Intangible

Cultural

Heritage,the

Appraisal

and

Election

Base

for

Henan

Ceramic

Art

Master),and

five

Laboratories,(namely,theCeramic

Firing

Laboratory,

the

Mold

Formig

Laboratory,

the

Manual

Assembly

Laboratory,

the

Sculpture

Laboratory,

the

Ceramic

Material

Laboratory)

have

been

set

up.

SchoolofCeramics我校陶瓷專業(yè)經(jīng)過幾年來的建設(shè)，已經(jīng)具有一定基礎(chǔ)和規(guī)模，目前已建成兩個(gè)中心一中原古陶資傳承創(chuàng)新與科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心和平頂山學(xué)院陶瓷文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展研究中心；四個(gè)基地一中國(guó)北方陶瓷產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)師培訓(xùn)和考試基地(中國(guó)建筑衛(wèi)浴陶