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暈厥的病因和診斷策略第一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日TheSignificanceofSyncope1NationalDiseaseandTherapeuticIndexonSyncopeandCollapse,ICD-9-CM780.2,IMSAmerica,19972BlancJ-J,L’herC,TouizaA,etal.EurHeartJ,2002;23:815-820.3DaySC,etal,AMJofMed19824KapoorW.Evaluationandoutcomeofpatientswithsyncope.Medicine1990;69:160-175第二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日1DaySC,etal.AmJofMed1982;73:15-23.2KapoorW.Medicine1990;69:160-175.3SilversteinM,SagerD,MulleyA.JAMA.1982;248:1185-1189.4MartinG,AdamsS,MartinH.AnnEmergMed.1984;13:499-504.SomecausesofsyncopearepotentiallyfatalCardiaccausesofsyncopehavethehighestmortalityratesTheSignificanceofSyncope第三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日短暫的意識(shí)喪失(TLOC)第四頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日暈厥特點(diǎn)發(fā)作前可有不同的先兆。發(fā)作突然,多在站立或坐位時(shí)發(fā)生。意識(shí)喪失為自限性,常伴有肌張力增高。意識(shí)可迅速恢復(fù)。蘇醒無后遺癥。機(jī)制:一過性腦灌注減少.BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第五頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日

暈厥的原因體位性低血壓心律失常心肺病變1VVSCSS? SituationalCoughPost-Micturition2Drug-Induced?ANSFailurePrimarySecondary3BradySNDysfunctionAVBlock? TachyVTSVTLongQTSyndrome4

AcuteMyocardialIschemiaAorticStenosisHCMPulmonaryHypertensionAorticDissection神經(jīng)介導(dǎo)

UnexplainedCauses=Approximately1/3DGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter第六頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日其他病因和類似病癥先天性心臟病、主動(dòng)脈竇瘤破入右心吞咽性暈厥腦部因素:TIA、癲癇、椎基底動(dòng)脈供血不足、偏頭痛、腦部 腫瘤代謝因素:重度貧血、脫水、電解質(zhì)紊亂、低血糖。內(nèi)分泌因素:甲狀腺、腎上腺病變。呼吸系統(tǒng)因素:窒息、哮喘。精神因素:過渡換氣:急性中毒:酒精、藥物。第七頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CardiacRhythmsDuringUnexplainedSyncopeSeidlK.Europace.2000;2(3):256-262.KrahnAD.PACE.2002;25:37-41.MedtronicILRReplacementData.FY03,04.Onfile.NoRecurrence

36%

(31-48%)NormalSinusRhythm

31%

(17-44%)Other11%Arrhythmia

22%

(13-32%)Tachycardia6%

(2-11%)Bradycardia

16%

(11-21%)Composite:N=133to7109第八頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日暈厥診斷第九頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日診斷目的是否暈厥有無心臟病

病因診斷

估計(jì)預(yù)后制定預(yù)防和治療措施第十頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日詳細(xì)病史近期發(fā)生情況發(fā)生前狀態(tài)、目擊證人介紹發(fā)生前和發(fā)生時(shí)癥狀后遺癥醫(yī)生檢查和治療情況過去發(fā)生情況伴隨疾病

家族史心臟病猝死代謝疾病

過去藥物治療情況神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病史暈厥BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第十一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日體格檢查生命體征心率不同體位血壓心血管檢查

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)檢查頸動(dòng)脈竇按摩

BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第十二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日頸動(dòng)脈竇按摩(CSM)方法1按摩5-10s不要使頸動(dòng)脈閉塞臥位和直立位(傾斜床上)結(jié)果心臟停博3s和或者收縮壓下降50mmHg伴有癥狀=頸動(dòng)脈綜合癥禁忌征2頸動(dòng)脈明顯病變

既往有腦卒中,近3個(gè)月有MI

并發(fā)癥

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)發(fā)病率小于0.2%3通常是短暫的1KennyRA.Heart.2000;83:564.

2LinzerM.AnnInternMed.1997;126:989.3MunroN,etal.JAmGeriatrSoc.1994;42:1248-1251.第十三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日其他檢查心電圖:心臟成像檢查心臟彩超、冠脈造影。心電監(jiān)測(cè)HolterEventrecorderIntermittentvs.LoopInsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第十四頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日HeartMonitoringOptionsILREventRecorders

(non-leadandloop)HolterMonitor12-Lead2Days7-30DaysUpto14Months10SecondsOPTIONTIME(Months)

01234567891011121314BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第十五頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日

ATP試驗(yàn):可短暫使血管迷走神經(jīng)張力增高電生理檢查(EPS)傾斜試驗(yàn)?zāi)X電圖,頭顱CT,頭顱MRI可能有助診斷癲癇頸椎MRI其他檢查第十六頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日電生理檢查價(jià)值老年人或者有心臟猝死病史意義較大。健康人沒有心臟猝死病史意義較小。

陽(yáng)性發(fā)現(xiàn):誘發(fā)單形VTSNRT>3000msorCSNRT>600ms誘發(fā)SVT同時(shí)合并低血壓HV間期≥100ms起搏誘發(fā)房室結(jié)以下傳導(dǎo)阻滯BendittD.In:TopolE,ed.TextbookofCardiovascularMedicine.Lippencott;2002:1529-1542.LuF,etal.In:BendittD,etal.TheEvaluationandTreatmentofSyncope.Futura.2003;80-95.BrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第十七頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日電生理檢查局限性

很難判斷自發(fā)暈厥和實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)現(xiàn)是否相關(guān)

陽(yáng)性率1無心臟猝死者:6-17%有心臟猝死者:25-71%快速心律失常比緩慢心律失常有價(jià)值2

EPS發(fā)現(xiàn)必須與病史相結(jié)合注意假陽(yáng)性1LinzerM,etal.AnnIntMed.1997;127:76-86.2LuF,etal.In:BendittD,etal.TheEvaluationandTreatmentofSyncope.Futura.2003;80-95.第十八頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日正常人當(dāng)體位由平臥頭高傾斜立位,靜脈回流減少,心室充盈下降,減少了(與腦干迷走背核直接相連系的)心室后下壁C纖維的激活,反射性地增加了交感輸出,結(jié)果心跳加快,周圍血管阻力增高。所以,體位直立的正常反應(yīng)是心率增快,舒張壓升高,收縮壓輕度升高。傾斜試驗(yàn)(機(jī)制)60°-80°第十九頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日

VVS患者當(dāng)體位由平臥轉(zhuǎn)成頭高傾斜立位,靜脈回流減少,心室充盈量快速下降,心室強(qiáng)烈收縮,心室排空現(xiàn)象,激活心室后下壁C纖維,沖動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)腦干迷走中樞,迷走活動(dòng)增強(qiáng),血壓下降心率減慢。

傾斜試驗(yàn)(機(jī)制)60°-80°第二十頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日血壓下降標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為收縮壓≤80mmHg和(或)舒張壓≤50 mmHg,或平均動(dòng)脈壓下降≥25%。有的患者即使血壓未達(dá)到此標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但已出現(xiàn)暈厥或接近暈厥癥狀,仍應(yīng)判為陽(yáng)性。傾斜試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(血壓)60°-80°第二十一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日傾斜試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(心率)竇性心動(dòng)過緩(<50次/分)、竇性停搏交界性逸搏心律Ⅱ度及以上房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯3秒以上的心臟停搏。第二十二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日傾斜試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)

60~70°傾斜角度,試驗(yàn)的特異性可達(dá)90%;60°角傾斜45分鐘,VVS者陽(yáng)性率約30%~50%;加用異丙腎上腺素激發(fā)試驗(yàn),可使特異性降低。加用異丙腎上腺素,試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性率可達(dá)85%~90%。第二十三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日

反復(fù)發(fā)作頻繁的VVS患者應(yīng)給予治療。β受體阻滯劑,可阻滯兒茶酚胺的作用,降低C纖維的刺激丙吡胺也可應(yīng)用,它通過抗膽堿能和負(fù)性肌力作用而達(dá)治療目的。茶堿類對(duì)抗腺苷介導(dǎo)的低血壓和心動(dòng)過緩,因此也有治療作用。氟氫考的松為鹽皮質(zhì)酮,具有保鈉、擴(kuò)容作用,可能減少VVS發(fā)作。以心臟抑制型為主,而藥物效果不好者,可考慮置入雙腔起搏器。VVS的藥物治療第二十四頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日

診斷評(píng)價(jià)

(N=3411to4332)

ReferencesAvailable結(jié)果(%)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)

病史,體檢,ECG,心臟成像

38-40其他檢查

傾斜試驗(yàn)27

體外心電監(jiān)測(cè)5-13

InsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)43-883-5

電生理檢查<2-5

運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)0.5

腦電圖0.3-0.5

MRINodataavailable6第二十五頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日再見

暈厥第二十六頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Head-UpTiltTest(HUT)ProtocolsvaryUsefulasdiagnosticadjunct

inatypicalsyncopecasesUsefulinteachingpatients

torecognizeprodromalsymptomsNotusefulinassessingtreatmentBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.60°-80°第二十七頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Head-upTiltTestCarlosMorillo,MD,FRCPCProfessor,FacultyofHealthSciencesMcMasterUniversity,HamiltonOntarioClickonceonimagetoplayvideo.第二十八頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Head-UpTiltTest:

ECGLeadsandIntra-ArterialPressureTracingDGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter21第二十九頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日AdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)TestOngoinginvestigation

intheUSProvokesashortand

potentcardioinhibitory

vasovagalresponseAdvantagesSimpleInexpensiveCorrelationwith

pacingbenefitSeemstoidentifyauniquemechanismofsyncopefound

inpatientswith:AdvancedageMorehypertensionMoreECGabnormalitiesBrignoleM.Heart.2000;83:24-28.

DonateoP.JAmCollCardiol.2003;41:93-98.FlammangD.Circ.1999;99:2427-2433.第三十頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Reveal?PlusILRInsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)TypicalLocationofthe

Reveal?PlusILRClickonceonblackscreentoplayvideo.第三十一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日InsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)TheILRisanimplantablepatient–andautomatically–activatedmonitoringsystemthatrecordssubcutaneousECGandisindicatedfor:Patientswithclinicalsyndromesorsituationsatincreasedriskof

cardiacarrhythmiasPatientswhoexperiencetransientsymptomsthatmaysuggesta

cardiacarrhythmia第三十二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日InsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)Clickonceonblackscreentoplayvideo.第三十三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Symptom-RhythmCorrelationwiththeILRCASE:65year-oldmanwithsyncopeaccompaniedbybriefretrogradeamnesia.Medtronicdataonfile.CASE:56year-oldwomanwithrefractorysyncopeaccompaniedwithseizures.第三十四頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日RandomizedAssessmentofSyncopeTrial(RAST)Results:Combiningprimarystrategywithcrossover,thediagnosticyieldis43%ILRonlyvs.20%conventionalonly1Cost/diagnosisis26%lessthanconventionaltesting2

1KrahnAD,etal.Circ.2001;104:46-51.2KrahnAD,etal.JACC.2003;42:495-501.UnexplainedSyncopeEF>35%60PatientsAECG,Tilt,

EPStudyDiagnosisILR+–+–ILRConventionalTesting

(AECG,Tilt,EPS)30Patients30PatientsPrimary

StrategyCrossover14618++第三十五頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ISSUE

InternationalStudyofSyncopeofUncertainEtiologyMulticenter,international,prospectivestudyAnalyzedthediagnosticcontributionofanILRinthreepredefinedgroupsofpatientswithsyncopeofuncertainorigin:Isolatedsyncope:NoSHD,NormalECG1NegativetiltPositivetiltPatientswithheartdiseaseandnegativeEPtest2PatientswithbundlebranchblockandnegativeEPtest31MoyaA.Circulation.2001;104:1261-1267.2MenozziC,etal.Circulation.2002;105:2741-2745.3BrignoleM,etal.Circulation.2001;104:2045-2050.第三十六頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ISSUE

PatientswithIsolatedSyncopeandTilt-PositiveSyncope

MoyaA.Circulation.

2001;104:1261-1267.Follow-UptoRecurrent

SpontaneousEpisode111PatientswithSyncopeNoSHD,NormalECG29:Tilt-Positive82:Tilt-Negative

“IsolatedSyncope”TiltTestFollowedbyInsertableLoopRecorder第三十七頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ISSUE

PatientswithHeartDiseaseandaNegativeEPTestMenozziC,etal.Circulation.2002;105:2741-2745.35PtswithHeartDisease

andInsertableLoopRecorderSyncope:6Pts(17%)ECG-Documented:6Pts(17%)Pre-Syncope:13Pts(37%)ECG-Documented:8Pts(23%)AVblock+asystole:1A.Fib+asystole:1Sinusarrest:1Sinustachycardia:1RapidA.Fib:2SustainedVT:1Parox.A.Fib/AT:1Posttachycardiapause:1Norhythmvariations:4Sinustachycardia:1第三十八頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ISSUE

PatientswithHeartDiseaseandaNegativeEPTestConclusionsPatientswithunexplainedsyncope,overtheartdisease,andnegativeEPstudyhadafavorablemedium-termoutcomeMechanismofsyncopewasheterogeneousVentriculartachyarrhythmiawasunlikely“ILR-guidedstrategyseemsreasonable,withspecifictherapysafelydelayeduntiladefinitediagnosisismade.”MenozziC,etal.Circulation.2002;105:2741-2745.第三十九頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ISSUE

PatientswithBundleBranchBlockandNegativeEPTestBrignoleM.,ETAL.,Circulation.2001;104:2045-2050.*5ofthesealsohad≥1presyncope**Drop-outbeforeprimary-endpoint52PtswithBBB

andInsertableLoopRecorderSyncope:

22Pts(42%)*ILR-Detected:19AVB:12(63%)SA:4(21%)Asystole-undefined:1(5%)NSR:1(5%)Sinustachy:1(5%)NotDetected:3StableAVB:

3Pts(6%)ILR-Detected

Pre-Syncope:

2Pts(4%)**Death:

1Pt(2%)AVB:2(4%)第四十頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ISSUE

PatientswithBundleBranchBlockandNegativeEPTestConclusion:InpatientswithBBBandnegativeEPstudy,mostsyncopal

recurrenceshaveahomogeneousmechanismthatischaracterizedbyprolongedasystolicpausesmainlyattributabletosudden-onsetparoxysmalAVblockBrignoleM.Circulation.2001;104:2045-2050.第四十一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SectionIII:

SpecificConditionsandTreatment第四十二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SpecificConditionsCardiacarrhythmiaBrady/TachyLongQTsyndromeTorsadedepointesBrugadaDrug-inducedStructuralcardio-pulmonaryNeurally-mediatedVasovagalSyncope(VVS)CarotidSinusSyndrome(CSS)Orthostatic第四十三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CardiacSyncopeIncludescardiacarrhythmiasandSHDOftenlife-threateningMaybewarningofcriticalCVdiseaseTachyandbradyarrhythmiasMyocardialischemia,aorticstenosis,pulmonaryhypertension,

aorticdissectionAssessculpritarrhythmiaorstructuralabnormalityaggressivelyInitiatetreatmentpromptlyBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第四十四頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日“…cardiacsyncopecanbeaharbingerofsuddendeath.”Survivalwithand

withoutsyncope6-monthmortalityrate

ofgreaterthan10%Cardiacsyncope

doubledtherisk

ofdeathIncludescardiacarrhythmiasandSHDNoSyncopeVasovagaland

OtherCausesCardiacCause0 5 10 15Follow-Up(yr)ProbabilityofSurvival1.00.20.0SoteriadesES,etal.NEnglJMed.2002;347:878.第四十五頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SyncopeDuetoStructuralCardiovascularDisease:PrincipleMechanismsAcuteMI/Ischemia2°neuralreflexbradycardia–Vasodilatation,arrhythmias,

lowoutput(rare)HypertrophiccardiomyopathyLimitedoutputduringexertion(increasedobstruction,greaterdemand),arrhythmias,neuralreflexAcuteaorticdissectionNeuralreflexmechanism,pericardialtamponadePulmonaryembolus/

pulmonaryhypertensionNeuralreflex,inadequate

flowwithexertionValvularabnormalitiesAorticstenosis–Limitedoutput,neuralreflexdilationinperipheryMitralstenosis,atrialmyxoma–ObstructiontoadequateflowBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第四十六頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SyncopeDuetoCardiacArrhythmiasBradyarrhythmiasSinusarrest,exitblockHighgradeoracutecompleteAVblockCanbeaccompaniedbyvasodilatation(VVS,CSS)TachyarrhythmiasAtrialfibrillation/flutterwithrapidventricularrate

(eg,pre-excitationsyndrome)ParoxysmalSVTorVTTorsadedepointesBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第四十七頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ILRRecordingsCASE:28year-oldmanpresentstoERmultipletimesafterfallsresultingintrauma.VT:Ablatedandmedicated.CASE:83year-oldwomanwithsyncopeduetobradycardia:Pacemakerimplanted.Reveal?ILRrecordings;Medtronicdataonfile.第四十八頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日LongQTSyndromesMechanismAbnormalitiesofsodiumand/orpotassiumchannelsSusceptibilitytopolymorphicVT(Torsadedepointes)PrevalenceDrug-inducedforms–CommonGeneticforms–Relativelyrare,butincreasinglybeingrecognized“Concealed”forms:MaybecommonProvidebasisfordrug-inducedtorsadeSchwartzP,PrioriS.In:ZipesDandJalifeJ,eds.CardiacElectrophysiology.Saunders;2004:651-659.第四十九頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Syncope:TorsadedePointesFromthefilesofDGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter第五十頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日LongQTSyndromes:12-LeadECGFromthefilesofDGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter第五十一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Drug-InducedQTProlongation

(Listiscontinuouslybeingupdated)AntiarrhythmicsClassIA...Quinidine,Procainamide,DisopyramideClassIII…Sotalol,Ibutilide,Dofetilide,Amiodarone,NAPA*AntianginalAgentsBepridil*PsychoactiveAgents Phenothiazines,Amitriptyline,Imipramine,ZiprasidoneAntibioticsErythromycin,Pentamidine,Fluconazole,CiprofloxacinanditsrelativesNonsedatingantihistaminesTerfenadine*,AstemizoleOthersCisapride*,Droperidol,Haloperidol*RemovedfromU.S.MarketBrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第五十二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日TreatmentofLongQTSuspicionandrecognitionarecriticalEmergencytreatmentIntravenousmagnesiumPacingtoovercomebradycardiaorpausesIsoproterenoltoincreaseheartrateandshortenrepolarizationICDifpriorSCAorstrongfamilyhistoryIfdruginduced:ReversebradycardiaWithdrawdrugAvoidALLlong-QTprovokingagentsIfgenetic:AvoidALLlong-QTprovokingagentsSchwartzP,PrioriS.In:ZipesDandJalifeJ,eds.CardiacElectrophysiology.Saunders;2004:651-659.第五十三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日TreatmentofSyncope

DuetoBradyarrhythmiaClassIindicationforpacingusingdualchambersystem

whereverpossibleVentricularpacingin

atrialfibrillationwith

slowventricular

responseACC/AHA/NASPE2002GuidelineUpdate.Circ.2002;106:2145-2161.nV-0.2-0.4:45:44:43:42:41:40:39:38:37:37:36:35:34:33:32:31:30:29:29:28:27:26:25:24:23:22:2108:23:218:23:2908:23:3-0.2-0.0-0.2-0.4第五十四頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日TreatmentofSyncope

DuetoTachyarrhythmiaAtrialtachyarrhythmiasAVRTduetoaccessorypathway–AblatepathwayAVNRT–AblateAVnodalslowpathwayAtrialfib–Pacing,linear/focalablationforparoxysmalAFAtrialflutter–AblatetheIVC-TVisthmusofthere-entrantcircuit

for‘typical’flutterVentriculartachyarrhythmiasVentriculartachycardia–ICDorablationwhereappropriateTorsadedepointes–WithdrawoffendingdrugorimplantICD

(longQT/Brugada/shortQT)DrugtherapymaybeanalternativeinmanycasesBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第五十五頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Neurally-MediatedReflexSyncopeVasovagalSyncope(VVS)CarotidSinusSyndrome(CSS)SituationalsyncopePost-micturitionCoughSwallowDefecationBlooddrawing,etc.BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第五十六頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathophysiologyAutonomic

Nervous

SystemBendittD,etal.Neurallymediatedsyncope:Pathophysiology,investigationsandtreatment.BlancJJ,etal.eds.Futura.1996.第五十七頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

ClinicalPathophysiologyNeurally-mediatedphysiologicreflexmechanismwith

twocomponents:1.Cardioinhibitory(↓HR)2.Vasodepressor(↓BP)despiteheartbeats,nosignificant

BPgeneratedBothcomponentsareusuallypresentWielingW,etal.In:BendittD,etal.TheEvaluationandTreatmentofSyncope.Futura.2003;11-22.12第五十八頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

IncidenceMostcommonformofsyncope8%to37%(mean18%)ofsyncopecasesDependsonpopulationsampledYoungwithoutSHD,↑incidenceOlderwithSHD,↓incidenceLinzerM,etal.AnnInternMed.1997;126:989.第五十九頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVSvs.CSSIngeneral:VVSpatientsyoungerthanCSSpatientsAgesrangefromadolescencetoolderadults

(median43years)LinzerM,etal.AnnInternMed.1997;126:989.第六十頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

Recurrences1SavageD,etal.STROKE.1985;16:626-29.2SheldonR,etal.Circulation.1996;93:973-81.35%ofpatientsreportsyncoperecurrenceduringfollow-up

≤3years1PositiveHUTwith>6lifetimesyncopeepisodes:recurrencerisk>50%over2years210008005010025842112362484480MonthsSinceSymptomsBeganTwoYearRiskTotalNumberofSyncopalEpisodes>75%50-75%25-50%<25%第六十一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日FromthefilesofDGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter16.3secContinuousTracing1secVVS

Spontaneous16year-oldmale,healthy,athletic,monitoredforfainting.第六十二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

DiagnosisHistoryandphysicalexam,ECGandBPHead-UpTilt(HUT)–Protocol:Fast>2hoursECGandcontinuousbloodpressure,supine,anduprightTiltto70°,20minutesIsoproterenol/NitroglycerinifnecessaryEndpoint–Lossofconsciousness60°-80°BendittD,etal.JACC.1996;28:263-275.BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第六十三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

GeneralTreatmentMeasuresOptimaltreatment

strategiesforVVSare

asourceofdebateTreatmentgoalsAcuteinterventionPhysicalmaneuvers,eg,

crossinglegsortuggingarmsLoweringheadLyingdownLong-termpreventionTilttrainingEducationDiet,fluids,saltSupporthoseDrugtherapyPacingBrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第六十四頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

TiltTrainingProtocolObjectivesEnhanceorthostatictoleranceDiminishexcessiveautonomicreflexactivityReducesyncopesusceptibility/recurrencesTechniquePrescribedperiodsofuprightpostureagainstawallStartwith3-5minBIDIncreaseby5mineach

weekuntiladurationof

30minisachievedReybrouckT,etal.PACE.2000;23(4Pt.1):493-498.第六十五頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

TiltTraining:ClinicalOutcomesTreatmentofrecurrentVVSReybrouck,etal.*:Long-termstudy38patientsperformedhometilttrainingAfteraperiodofregulartilttraining,82%remainedfreeofsyncopeduringthefollow-upperiodHowever,atthe43-monthfollow-up,29patientshadabandonedthetherapyConclusion:Theabnormalautonomicreflexactivity

ofVVScanberemedied.Compliancemaybeanissue.

*ReybrouckT,etal.PACE.2000;23:493-498.第六十六頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

TiltTraining:ClinicalOutcomesFoglia-Manzillo,etal.*:Short-termstudy68patients35tilttraining33notreatment(control)Tilttabletestconductedafter3weeks19(59%)oftilttrainedand18(60%)ofcontrolshadapositivetestTilttrainingwasnoteffectiveinreducingtilttestingpositivityratePoorcomplianceinthemajorityofpatientswithrecurrentVVS

*Foglio-ManzilloG,etal.Europace.2004;6:199-204.第六十七頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VVS

PharmacologicTreatmentFludrocortisoneBeta-adrenergicblockersPreponderanceofclinicalevidencesuggestsminimalbenefit1SSRI(SelectiveSerotonin

Re-UptakeInhibitor)1smallcontrolledtrial2Vasoconstrictors1negativecontrolledtrial(etilefrine)32positivecontrolledtrials(midodrine)4,51BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.2DiGirolamoE,etal.JACC.1999;33:1227-1230.3RavieleA,etal.Circ.1999;99:1452-1457.4WardC,etal.Heart.1998;79:45-49.5Perez-LugonesA,etal.JCardiovascElectrophysiol.2001;12(8):935-938.第六十八頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日MidodrineforVVSPerez-LugonesA,SchweikertR,PaviaS,etal.JCardiovascElectrophysiol.2001;12(8):935-938.Monthsp<0.001Symptom-FreeInterval180160140120100806040200100806040200FluidMidodrine第六十九頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日TheRoleofPacingasTherapyforSyncopeVVSwith+HUTandcardioinhibitoryresponse:

ClassIIbindicationforpacingThreerandomized,prospectivetrialsreportedbenefits

ofpacinginselectVVSpatients:VPSI1VASIS2SYDIT3SubsequentstudyresultslessclearVPSII4Synpace5INVASY61ConnollySJ.JAmCollCardiol.1999;33:16-20.2SuttonR.Circulation.2000;102:294-299.3AmmiratiF.Circ.2001;104:52-57.4ConnollyS.JAMA.2003;289:2224-2229.5GiadaF.PACE.2003;26:1016(abstract).6OcchettaE,etal.Europace.2004;6:538-547.第七十頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VPSI

(NorthAmericanVasovagalPacemakerStudy)Objective:ToevaluatepacemakertherapyforsevererecurrentvasovagalsyncopeRandomized,prospective,singlecenterN=54patients27:DDDpacemakerwithratedropresponse27:NopacemakerInclusion:VasodepressorresponsePrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeConnollySJ.JAmCollCardiol.1999;33:16-20.

第七十一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日100908070605040302010003691215TimeinMonthsNoPacemaker(PM)2P=0.000022PacemakerCumulativeRisk(%)ConnollySJ.JAmCollCardiol.1999;33:16-20.Results:6(22%)withPMhadrecurrencevs.19(70%)withoutPM84%RRR(2p=0.000022)VPSI

(NorthAmericanVasovagalPacemakerStudy)第七十二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VASIS

(VAsovagalSyncopeInternationalStudy)Objective:Toevaluatepacemakertherapyforseverecardioinhibitorytilt-positiveneurallymediatedsyncopeRandomized,prospective,multi-centerN=42patients19:DDIpacemaker(80bpm)withratehysteresis(45bpm)23:NopacemakerInclusion:PositivecardioinhibitoryresponsePrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeSuttonR.Circulation.2000;102:294-299.第七十三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SuttonR.Circulation.2000;102:294-299.Pacemaker(PM)NoPacemakerp=0.0004Years%Syncope-Free10080604020023456Results:1(5%)withPMhadrecurrencevs.14(61%)withoutPMVASIS

(VAsovagalSyncopeInternationalStudy)第七十四頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SYDIT

(SYncopeDIagnosisandTreatment)Objective:TocomparetheeffectsofcardiacpacingwithpharmacologicaltherapyinpatientswithrecurrentvasovagalsyncopeRandomized,prospective,multi-centerN=93patients46:DDDpacemakerwithratedropresponse47:Atenolol100mg/dInclusion:PositiveHUTwithrelativebradycardiaPrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeAmmiratiF.Circulation.2001;104:52-57.第七十五頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SYDIT

(SYncopeDIagnosisandTreatment)AmmiratiF.Circulation.2001;104:52-57.

0.91.001002003004005006007008009001000DrugPacemaker(PM)Time(Days)%Syncope-Freep=0.0032Results:2(4%)withPMhadsyncoperecurrencevs.12(26%)withoutPM第七十六頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VPSII

(VasovagalPacemakerStudyII)Objective:Todetermineifpacingtherapyreducestherisk

ofsyncopeinpatientswithvasovagalsyncopeRandomized,double-blind,prospective,multi-centerN=100patients52:Onlysensingwithoutpacing48:DDDpacemakerwithratedropresponseInclusion:PositiveHUTwith(HRxBP)<6000/minxmmHgPrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeConnollyS.JAMA.2003;289:2224-2229.

第七十七頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日DualChamberPacing(DDD)OnlySensingWithoutPacing(ODO)1.00.20MonthsSinceRandomizationCumulativeRisk6543210ConnollyS.JAMA.2003;289:2224–2229.Results:33%withpacinghadrecurrencevs.42%withonlysensing

(notstatisticallysignificant)VPSII

(VasovagalPacemakerStudyII)第七十八頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SYNPACE

(VasovagalSYNcopeandPACing)

Objective:Todetermineifpacingtherapywillreducesyncoperelapsesinpatientswithrecurrentvasovagalsyncope,comparedtothosewithapacemakerprogrammedtoOFFRandomized,double-blind,prospective,multi-center,

placebo-controlledN=29patients16:DDDPMwithratedropresponseprogrammedON13:PMprogrammedOFF(OOOmode)Inclusion:RecurrentVVSand+HUTwithasystolicormixedresponsePrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeRavieleA..Europace.2001;3:336–341.RavieleA,etal.EurHeartJ.2004;25:1741-1748.第七十九頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SYNPACE

(VasovagalSYNcopeandPACing)RavieleA,etal.EurHeartJ.2004;25:1741-1748.Results:50%withpacingONhadrecurrencevs.38%withpacingOFF

(notstatisticallysignificant)0.91.002004006008001000PacemakerOFF%Syncope-Freep=0.5PacemakerONDaysSinceRandomization第八十頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日INVASY

(INotropyControlledPacinginVAsovagalSyncope)Objective:ToevaluateClosedLoopStimulation(CLS),aformofrate-adaptivepacingusingRVimpedance,inpreventingrecurrenceofVVSRandomized,prospective,single-blind,multi-centerN=50patients41:CLStherapy9:Control(pacemakerprogrammedinDDI)Inclusion:RecurrentVVSand+HUTwithcardioinhibitionPrimaryoutcome:RecurrenceoftwoVVSsduring

aminimumof1yearoffollow-upOcchettaE,etal.Europace.2004;6:538-547.

第八十一頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日INVASY

(INotropyControlledPacinginVAsovagalSYncope)2040600100%Syncope-FreeP<0.0001ClosedLoopStimulation(CLS)Control(DDIonly)TimeSinceRandomization3m6m9m1y2y3yResults:PatientswithCLShadnosyncoperecurrenceandimprovedqualityoflifeOcchettaE,etal.Europace.2004;6:538-547.

第八十二頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日RoleofPacingasTherapyforSyncope:SummaryThreeearlierstudiessingleblind–Bias?Pacemakerimplantationmaymodulatereflexsyncope

andautonomicresponses1Studyresultsmaydifferbasedonpre-implantselection

criteriaandtilt-testingtechniquesPacingtherapyiseffectiveinsomebutnotall(cardioinhibitionvs.vasodepression)Infivepacingstudies,syncoperecurredin33/156(21%)ofpacedpatients,72/162(44%)innon-pacedpatients(p<0.000)21KapoorW.JAMA.2003;289:2272-2275.

2BrignoleM,etal..Europace.2004;6:467-537.第八十三頁(yè),共一百零三頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CSS

CarotidSinusSyndromeSyncopeclearlyassociatedwithcarotidsinusstimulationis

rare(≤1%ofsyncope)CSSmaybeanimportantcauseofunexplainedsyncope/falls

inolderindividualsPrevalencehigherthanprevious

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