新程轉(zhuǎn)本視頻-語法講解

一、完全倒裝herethereoutinupdownaway,off等標志詞放在句首，句子用Herecomesthe Theregoesthe當主語是人稱代詞時，主謂語序不變。Hereit InshecomeliveliegoInsouthoftheriverliesasmallfactory.Fromthevalleycameacry.Onthetablearebooks.含有否定意義的副詞或短語如：few,little,never,not,notuntil,nowhere,rarely,seldomhardly/scarcely…when…，nosooner…(than)…，notonly…(butalso),atnotime,bynomeans等放在句首時，需用部分倒裝。LittledoesheknowabouttheBynomeanscanhecatchupinsuchashortNosoonerhadTomgothomethanthebellrangHardlyhadTomgothomewhenthebellrang.OnlywhentheyreturnedhomedidIknowwhathadhappened.Notonlydidherefusedthegifts,butalsoheseverelycriticizedtheneithernorsoassoasbe助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)（用于肯定句neithernor)be助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)（用于否定句—I'vegotanenormousamountofworktodo.—Sohaveyoucanswim,----socanI,.Youcantswim----neithercanI①“only(或狀語從句)”②onlyOnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.Onlythatboycanworkouttheproblem.werehadshouldifwerehadshouldWereIyou,Iwouldn'tdo“so…that”such…that”“so＋adj和“such＋n提到句首時，獨立主格結(jié)Weatherpermitting，theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow．Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome. ernorponderingthematter，morestrikersgatheredacrosshisTheworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarteroftheManytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmoreTheTrojansasleep,theGreeksoldierscreptoutofthehollowwoodenhorse．Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeetingroom.Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.三、with，withoutThegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom.ThekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttoTheboywaswalking,withhisfatherHestoodatthedoorwithacomputerinhishand.HestoodatthedoorcomputerinWithhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltTheassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeep2.動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞-ing形Themanagerlooksworried，manythingsto經(jīng)理看上去很著急,有這么多的事情要處理（tosettle，表示將來的時間）Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythings許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松（settled表示Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatching虛擬語從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反If+主語（be主語+should/would/與過去事實相反If+主語+had主語+should/would/could/might+havedone與將來事實相反If+主語If+主語+wereIf+主語主語+should/would/例句：1、對現(xiàn)在的虛擬：例：1IfIwereyouIwouldtakean2.IfIknewhisephonenumber,Iwouldlyou.3.Iftherewerenoairorwater,therewouldbenolivingthingsontheearth.4.IfIhadanymoneywithme,Icouldlendyousome.5.Ifhestudiedharder,hemightpasstheexam.2、對過去的虛擬例：1.IfIhadgottenthereearlier,Ishould/couldhavemether.（事實：去晚了）2.Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.3對將來的虛擬例：1.Ifheshouldcomeheretomorrow,Ishould/wouldtalktohim.）2.IftherewereaheavysnownextSunday,wewouldnotgoskating.）3.IfsheweretobetherenextMonday,Iwouldlheraboutthematter.2、主句和從句的動作若不是同時發(fā)生時，錯綜時間虛擬如：IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.果Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.。3、當虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were,should,hadif以省略，這時條件從句wereshouldhad詞置于句首，如：Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere.要是他答應去的話，我們就派他去。Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus.如果她在這兒的話，她會同意我們的。Hadhelearntaboutcomputers,wewouldhavehiredhimtoworkhere.如果他懂一些電腦知識的話，我們已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。wish后的賓語從句a、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望，謂語動詞用過去式eg.IwishIhadyourbrains. 我希望我有你那樣的頭腦。(事實：我根本比不上你)b、表示與過去事實相反的愿望，謂語動詞：had+done IwishIhadknownthetruthofthematter. 我希望我原來知道這件事的（事實：原來不知道）c、表示將來難以實現(xiàn)的愿望，謂語動詞：should/would+動詞 IwishIshouldhaveachanceagain. asif(as如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反,謂語動詞用一般過去時;表示與過去事實相反,"had+過去分詞";表示與將來事實相反,謂語動詞用"would(might,could)+動詞"。例如:HelooksatmeasifIweremad.HespokeEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinforfearthat,incase,lest引導的從句中，若用虛擬語氣時，從句謂語為：should+動詞。并且should不能省略eg.Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein.她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進入。Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出發(fā)了以防。、表示意愿的動詞+that從句。如desirepreferorder,commandadvice.Suggest,proposedemand,require,request,desire,insist中，無論主句謂語動詞為何種時態(tài)，從句的謂語動詞都用“should+動詞”或只用“動詞。如：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)taketheteacher’sadvice.Heinsistedthatwe(should)taketheteachersadvice.Hedemandthatwe(should)taketheteacher’sadvice.Heorderedthatwe(should)taketheteachersadvice.insist如果翻譯成堅持某種動作才用虛擬語氣；翻譯成堅持某種觀點就不用虛擬語氣。如：Heinsistheisastudent. 他堅持說他是個學生。 這個語句表示的是事實，因此在這個語句中不能使用虛擬語氣。suggest意為“建議”才用虛擬語氣，意為“暗示”則不用虛擬語氣。 如：Hisfacesuggeststhathelooksworried. 他的表情暗含著他很擔心。 個句子本身是事實，因此它就沒有用到虛擬語氣。、表情緒.觀點的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語氣.如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、apity等。句型：Itis.......that+主語從句，從句的謂語動詞都要用should+原型或只用動詞原型。evenif,eventhough所引導的讓步狀語從句中，可用虛擬語氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與if所引導的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如：Evenifhewereherehimself,heshouldnotknowwhattodo.即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦。（事實：他沒來）NobodycouldsavehimeventhoughHuaTuoshouldcomehere.即使華佗在世也救不了他（事實：華佗不在世）、一般wouldrather＋that從句：過去:had+過去分詞;現(xiàn)在:過去時(bewere);將來:過去時(bewere)如：I’dratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看過了這場。I’dratheryouwereherenow.我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。We’dratheryouwentheretomorrow.我們倒想你明天去那兒Itis(high/about)timethat+主語+動詞的過去式/should+動詞，即從句用虛擬過去式。如ItistimethatIwenttopickupmydaughteratschool.我該去學校接我的女兒了。Itishightimeyoushouldgotowork.你早該上班了。Ifonly+動詞一般過去式（）Ifonly+had+done（對過去的虛擬情態(tài)動詞+havedone”1.Itmusthaverainedlastnightforthegroundiswet.昨晚一定下雨了，因為地面還是Youmusthavebeenmadtospeaktotheservant.你和仆人說話，一定是發(fā)瘋了。二、“can't+have+done1.MrSmithcan‘thavegonetoBeijing,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.史密斯先生不可能去了，我剛才還在館見過他。2.Marycan'thavestolenyourmoneyShehasgonehome.瑪麗不可能偷你的錢，她1.ThereisnolightintheroomCantheyhavegoneout?屋里沒有燈，他們可能出去了2.ThereisnowheretofindthemWherecantheyhavegone?四“could+have+done Hecouldhavepassedtheexambuthewastoocareless.本來他能夠通過考試，但是—Whathashappenedto—Idon'tknow.Hemayhavegot六、“might+have+done表示對過去事情的推測，mightmay意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虛擬語氣1.Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasbusy.(MET90)他或許會多2.Shemighthaveachievedgreaterprogress,ifyouhadgivenhermorechances.如果你1.Iwouldhavetoldyouallabouttheboy'sstorybutyoudidn'taskme.我本來會告訴你2.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn'thaveachievedsomuch.沒有你的幫助，我是不會取得1.TomyouaretoolazyTheworkshouldhavebeenfinishedyesterday.湯姆，你太懶惰2.Look,Tomiscrying.Ishouldn'thavebeensoharshonhim.看，湯姆哭了，我本來不ought表示過去應該做而實際并沒有做，譯成理應做……”，往往表示遺憾。與IoughttohavegonehomelastSunday.Yououghtnottohavegivenhimmorehelp.你不應該幫助他那么多。十、“need+have+doneIneedn‘thaveboughtsomuchwine—onlyfivepeoplecame.我本來沒有必要買這么Heneedhavehurriedtothestation.Inthatcase,bewouldn'thavemissedthetrain.他本反義疑問no。---Helikesplayingfootballdoesn’the?---YeshedoesNo,hedoesn’t.是的。/---Hissisterdidn’tattendthemeeting,didshe?---Yesshedid.No,shedidn’t.不，她參加了。/Iaren'tI'mastallasyoursister，aren't+Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayno,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含義的詞TheSwedemadenoanswer,didhe/she?Someplantsneverblown開花dotheyHeoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn'the?/shouldn'thavetovhadtov.)don't主語（didn't主語Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don'tusedtodidn'tusedn'tHeusedtotakepicturesthere,didn'the?/usedn'thadbetterv.hadn'tYou'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'twouldratherv.wouldn'tHewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'tYou'dliketov.wouldn'tYou'dliketogowithme,wouldn'tmustHemustbeadoctor,isn'tYoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven'tyou?/didn'tHemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn'tbeWhatcolours,aren'tthey?Whatasmell,isn'tit?neithernoreitheror連接的并列主語時，疑問部分根據(jù)其實際邏輯意義而NeitheryounorIamengineer,areeverything,thatnothing,this,itEverythingisready,isn'tMr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn'tHeisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didn'the?thinkbelieveexpectsupposeimagineIdon'tthinkheisbright,isWebelieveshecandoitbetter,can'teverybodyanyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑問部分常用theyhe。Everyoneknowstheanswer,don'tthey?(doeshe?)Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)dareneedneeddareWeneednotdoitagain,needwe?Hedarenotsayso,dareyou?dareneeddo+Shedoesn'tdaretogohomealone,doesDon'tdothatagain,willGowithme,willyou/won'tyouLet'sshallLetuswillyou?Let'sgoandlistentothemusicshallwe?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou陳述部分是"therebe"thereThereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?Itisimpossible,isn'tHeisnotunkindtohisclassmates,is非謂分詞，不定式和動名詞分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分1Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroomlaughingand paniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.ThereareafewboysswimmingintheHeisamanlovedandrespectedby例如seehearcatch,find,keephave動詞的后面.IseehimpassingmyhouseeveryIcaughthimstealingthingsinthatshop.Ismeltsomethingburning.ShekepthimworkingallHewasveryamusing.Thatbookwasratherboring. Hewasconfused.thequestionisconfusing.exciting,interesting,encouraging,disappointing,confusing,touching,puzzling.fallingleaves正在下落的樹葉fallenleaves已經(jīng)落下的樹葉boilingwater沸騰的水boiledwater燒開過的水develocountries發(fā)展中國家developedcountries發(fā)達國二1see,watch,observe,hear,noticehave，get后面的賓補有三種形式，即動詞（不帶to的不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞表主動或正在進行，IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustIheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomIheardtheEnglishsongsungmany2It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachineTheguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidn’ttasteHeleft,leavingmetodoalltherestWehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobeⅠ動名詞充當句子成e.g.SeeingisReadingislikepermittingamantotalkalongtime,andrefusingyoutherighttoanswer.Havingasuccessfulmarriagetakeseffortsandpatience,andcommunicationisthekey.Orderingmealsfroman prehensibleChinese isadauntingexperienceforforeigners,butsometimesthemostexpedientmethodistoscannearbytablesandpointtodishesthattheywanttoorder.* bytransferringtheblametoothersisoftencalled A.TheeliminatedproblemsB.EliminatingproblemsC.EliminateD.Problemsare toinanimateobjects,suchasmachines,isaformofanimism.A.Whenattributingemotion B.AttributingemotionC.EmotionisattributedD.Ifemotionisattributed固定句英文中有幾個動名詞后置作主語的固定句型1）Itisnogood/nousengsth.Isitanygoodtryingtoexplain?It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’snotmuchusemybuyingsalmonifyoudon’tlikefish.It’ssimplyawasteoftimeandmoneyseeingthatmovie.Thereisnopoint/use/good(in)ngThereisnopointinmygoingouttodatesomeone,ImightreallylikeifIhimatthetime,butwho,rightnow,hasnochanceofbeinganythingtomebutatransitionalman.Thereis ng意思相當于It’simpossibletodosth.Wecan’tdosomething.Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…ThereisnogainsayingthefactThereisno lingwhatwillhappentomorrow.There’snoknowingthefuture.動名詞作賓1）下列動詞或只能用動名詞作賓語admit,advise,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,contemplate,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,feellike,finish,forbid,forgive,giveup,can’thelp,imagine,involve,leaveoff,mention,mind,miss,overlook,permit,postpone,practice,prohibit,putoff,resent,resist,risk,can’tstand,suggest,tolerate,understand,ect.e.g.Iwilloverlookyourbeingsorudetomysisterthistimebutdon’tletithappenagain.Manyofthethingswedoinvolvetakingsomeriskinordertoachieveasatisfactoryresult.Beingabad-temperedman,hewouldnottoleratehavinghislectures*Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggestedatthenextA.to B.stopC. D.having＊Puttinginanewwindowwill cuttingawaypartawaypartoftheA. B. C. D.Theyareconsidering beforethepricesgoA.ofbuyingthehouse B.buyingthehouseC.withbuyingthehouseD.tobuythehouseShewassoangrythatshefeltlike somethingatA.to B. C.tohave D.having2)特別關注的動allow/advise/forbid/permit 這些動詞后要接動名詞作賓語，如: ng等但在有人作賓語時，則后接動詞不定式（用作賓補 Wedon’tallowsmokinginthelectureWedon’tallowpeopletosmokeinthelectureIwouldn’tadvisetakingthe there’snowheretoIwouldn’tadviseyoutotakethecar. mendgoingbysubway.The mendedmetotakeafewdays’ 在英文中帶有to的固定短語，其后須接動名詞lookforwardtoobjecttobe/getusedto,preferngtong,inadditionto,amounttong(意味著…),taketong(開始喜歡做…),devote…tong,dedicate…tong,beopposedtong,getroundtong,theway/approach/solutiontong,etc.e.g.Iamlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.ThestudentsobjecttoincreasingtheirAfteralongdelayIfinallygotroundtomakinginquiriesintothis*Thechildrenareopposedto withouttheirA.haveaparty B.haveheldaparty C.takepartinapartyD.havinga＊Ihavenoobjection theeveningwithA.to B. C.of D.to其他動名詞的結(jié)1）havedifficulty/trouble/problem/(alotof)fun/(lotsof)pleasure/ahardtime/agoodtime/adifficulttime +(in)ngsth.e.g.W:HowdoyoufindyournewM:Well,it’squitenicereally,althoughIhaveahardtimegettingusedtoinabigQ:Whatistheman’sA:HefindsthenewapartmenttoobigforIhavelearned,however,thatchangesalwaysseemmoredifficultattheoutset,andifIworkhardatremainingpositiveandviewchangesasopportunitiestogrow,Ihaveaneasiertimedealingwiththem.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetheA.to B. C. D.havingTheteachershavehadsomeproblems whentheyshouldreturnthefinalpaperstothestudents.A.to B. C. D.havingcan’thelp can’tresist ng, can’tkeepfrom can’tholdbackfrom can’tkeepbackfrom 不過注意：can’thelpbutdocan’tbutdo/can’tchoosebutdo,e.g.NoonecanhelplikingTom;heissuchacutebeworthng主動形式表示的意beworthofbeingdone/tobee.g.ThebookisworthThebookisworthyofbeingread.Thebookisworthytoberead.動名詞的邏輯主語（動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)的，所以動名詞的主語稱之為邏輯主語，以區(qū)別于句子主語。構(gòu)成：myng/Tom’s物主代詞（如hismyyour等）或所有格名詞（如：Mary’sTom’s）與動名詞連用，即構(gòu)成動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)（hisng,Mary’sng）,用來引出動名詞的邏輯主語子的主語并不是動名詞動作的執(zhí)行者時就需要給名詞的邏輯主語普通動名動名詞復合結(jié)Cling堅持要看信。（Clint看了信ClintinsistedonmyreadingtheClint堅持要我看信。Wouldyoumindlingusthewholestory?你是否愿意把事情的經(jīng)過告訴我們？（你告訴WouldyoumindTom’s lingusthewholestory?=Wouldyoumindiflsusthewholestory你是否愿意讓Tom把事情經(jīng)過告訴（Tom告訴Hedislikedworking他不喜歡工作到很晚Hedislikedhiswife’sworking他不喜歡他老婆工作到很晚Iobjecttomakingprivatecallsonthisphone.我不贊成用這部機打私人話Iobjecttohismakingprivatecallsonthisphone.我不贊成他用這部打私人1）用作主e.gTom’scominghomeatlastwasagreatconsolation.e.g.DoyoumindmymakingaWouldyoumindTom’slingusthewhole3)作介詞e.g.Ourdiscussionofearthquakeswouldbe pleteifwedidn’traisethepossibilityoftheirbeingcausedbyexternalforces.ClintinsistedonmyreadingtheWhatarethechancesofasleepwalker’scommittingamurderorngsomethingelseextraordinaryinhissleep?WhenIwasachild,IwouldtakeaflashlighttobedwithmesothatIcouldreadcomicbookswithoutmyparents’knowingaboutit.普通格還是所有格面規(guī)定：1）若動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作主語，最好用所有格形式e.g.Tom’srefusingtoaccepttheinvitationupsetme.HisrefusingtoaccepttheinvitationupsetmeItwasagreatconsolationhiscominghomeatlast.(不宜用him動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語時，用普通格或所有格均可e.g.DoyoumindmetakingasuggestionIamannoyedaboutJohnforgettingto*Iremember tohelpusifweevergotintoA.once B.himonceofferingC.himto D.tooffer若動名詞的邏輯主語是無生命的“物”而不是“人”時，最好用普通格e.g.Thenoiseofthedesksbeingopenedandclosedcanbeheardoutinthestreet.Thereisanecessityforthistypeofhousesbeingbuilt.Intheeventoftheprojectnotbeingasuccess,theinvestorsstandtoloseupto$30million.若動名詞的邏輯主語是不定代詞時，最好用普通格e.g.Hewasawakenedbysomeoneknockingonthe若動名詞的邏輯主語由較長的一組詞構(gòu)成時，最好用普通格a.ThereisnopointanyoneofusarguingwithI’vealwayshadinmymindadreamofmyfather,motherandIlivingDoyourememberJohnandhisfathercomingtoseeuslast動名詞的時態(tài)與語動名詞的1）構(gòu)成：being2)意義與用法：當動名詞所修飾的名詞或代詞在意義上是充當動名詞動作的承e.g.HenarrowlyescapedbeingrunoverIhavenottheleastobjectiontothechildbeingpunished.Istillrememberbeingtakentothezooforthefirsttime.＊Markoftenattemptstoescape wheneverhebreakstrafficA.havingbeenfined B.tobefined C.tohavebeenfined Dbeingfined1）構(gòu)成：having2)意義與用法：用動名詞完成式表明動名詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前e.g.HedeniedhavingbeenIrepentedhavingshottheHeregrettednothavinggoneto＊Ihavealwaysregretted harderatA.tohavenot B.not C.nothaving D.notto alietothemanageroftheA.have B.be C.being D.having動名詞的完成式構(gòu)成：havingbeen2)意義與用法：兼具有完成式和式的雙重特點e.g.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninchess.*Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofas inashortperiodofA.beingcreated B.tohavebeencreated C.havingbeencreatedD.tobeTherebe的動名詞及不定式形Therebe的動名詞形式therebeing(多用于介詞后面e.g.DonotbetontherebeingmanymarriagesinChinathatbeganwithlovewithfirstsight.MostChinesemarryforpractical—notromantic—reasons.ThatisNoonewouldhavedreamedoftherebeingsuchagood*NoonehadtoldSmithabout alecturethefollowingA.therebeB.therewouldbeC.therewasD.thereTherebe的不定式形Therebe的不定式形式為：theretobe.用在接不定式作賓語的動詞后面或用于介詞for后面。e.g.Fortheretobelife,theremustbeairandwater.=Inorderthattheremaybelife,theremustbeairandwater.ItwastoolatefortheretobeanyIdon’tmeantheretobeanyIdon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingonthis英語語態(tài)講語態(tài)的時be+done過去分詞)IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejectthehashave/hadbeendoneBytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinam/is/are/was/werebeingdoneAnewcinemaisbeingbuilthere．AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwaswillwouldbedoneHundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactoryThenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasit/willhavebeendoneTheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeHetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadevery語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)在使役have,make,get以及感官動詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改為Astrangerwasseentowalkintothe謂語動詞的主動形式表示意表達意義,主語通常是物。Thiskindofclothwashes試比較：Thedoorwon'tlock（指門本身有毛病Thedoorwon'tbelocked．（指不會有人來鎖門,指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因happen,about,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主動形式表示意義。Howdothenewspaperscomeout?。意義。Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired．這房子需要修理。．例Thepicture-bookisworthreading（＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthyread5.在betodo結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應用主動表主動,表。然而,由于古英語的影響,下列動詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被Whoistoblameforstartingthe

動詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動詞”，有時可以不帶to。動詞不定式?jīng)]有人（一）“to+動詞”構(gòu)成動詞不定式，是一種非謂語形式，在句子中不能作謂語，沒例如：TolearnEnglishwellisnot ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishitItisadj.+如果要說明不定式的動作執(zhí)行者，可以用forItis+adj.+forsb.todosth.Mywishis eaMostofusliketowatchfootballHetoldmetobehereonIhavenothingtosayaboutthatHestoppedtohavea動詞不定式的否定形式notto+動詞Heaskedmenottomakesuchawhowhat,whichwhen,where,howwhy等后面可以接例如：(1)Hedoesn’tknowhowtousethe（不定式作賓語Howtousethemachineisa（不定式作主語Thequestioniswhentogo（不定式作表語（二）動詞不定式的時態(tài)和形動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，由不定式符號(to)加動詞構(gòu)成。不定式的一般式to例如：Iliketoread進行式tobe例如：Heseemedtobereadingsomethingatthat完成式tohave例如：Heseemedtohavecleanedthe式tobe例如：Theworkistobedone完成式tohavebeen例如：Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospital例如：Isawtheyoungmanenterthehouse.（同時發(fā)生）Ihopetogotherenexttime.（之后發(fā)生）例如：I’msorrytohavebrokenyourglasses.例如：Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobereadingatthe不定式的式有兩種形式：tobedone表示將要被做，tohavebeendone表示已被做。例如：Thenewcinematobeputupnextyearwillbeverylarge.Thecinemaissaidtohavebeenbuiltlastyear.like,lovehateprefer等后，用動名詞作賓語表示一would/shouldlike/love/prefer后要用不例如：IhateeatingthesamefoodeveryWouldyouliketowatchTVinthe在動詞need,want,require后用動名詞表示含義，相當于動詞不定式的例如：Thehouseneedscleaning.ThehouseneedstobeHeneedstocleanthehouse在介詞后一般用動名詞作賓語，但在少數(shù)介詞，如but,except后用動詞不定式作賓語，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”則省去“to”。例如：Ihavedonenothingbuthelphimwithhisluggage.Ihavenochoicebuttowaitforhimatthebusstop.例1、Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto A.thethiefhaving B.catchtheC.thethiefbeing D.thethieftobe答案為C【解析】leadto這個詞組中to是介詞，后面跟名詞，于是B被排除，thethief是動名詞邏輯上的主語，構(gòu)成動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)，與catch之間應是關系，故排除A。常見的帶介詞to的短語有：(get)beusedto,lookforwardto，lookupto,stickto,objectto,bedevotedto,payattentionto等。例2、Though money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtoA. B.lacking C. D.lacked答案為C【解析】lack是及物動詞，后接賓語money。hisparentslack是邏輯上例3、Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk goodopportunity.A.to B. C.tobe D.being【解析】risk后面只能帶動名詞做賓語，含義為“冒……之險”例4、 tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sA.Exposed B.Havingexposed C.Beingexposed D.Afterbeingexposed答案為C【解析】在非謂語動詞中，用動名詞或不定式來作主語，而分詞和介詞短語不能作主語，因此A、D被排除。在這個句子中，willdo是謂語，缺少主語，要用動名詞作主語。expose與one'sskin是動賓關系，所以要用動名詞的式beingexposed。譯文：在陽光下曬太長時間對人的皮膚有壞處。例5、 intouseinApril2000,thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.A. B. C.Having D.Being【解析】putsthintouse讓……投入使用”。顯然，put和句子主語thehotline構(gòu)成關系，所以用表示的過去分詞。例6、Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust alookatthesportsstars.A. B. C.to D.【解析】例7、Withalotofdifficultproblems ,thenewly-electedishavingahardtime.A. B. C.to D.being答案為【解析】動詞不定式tosettle作為difficultproblems的定語表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪鉀Q的難題；過去分詞settle作定語表示已經(jīng)解決的難題，現(xiàn)在分詞的式beingsettled作定語表示正在解決的難題。8、MoreandmorepeoplearesigningupforYogaclasses advantageofthehealthandrelaxationA. B. C.havingtakenD.havingbeen【解析】takeadvantageof（利用）和句子主語Moreandmorepeople構(gòu)成主動關系，且和句子謂語signupfor (報名參加)同時發(fā)生，所以選擇A。例9、Sandycoulddonothingbut tohisteacherthathewasA. B. C. D.to答案為A【解析】該句中的but是介詞，后接動詞不定式。當謂語動詞是do，does或did時，后接不帶to的不定式；是其他動詞時，后接帶to的不定式。該句的謂語是coulddonothing，要填動詞admit。譯文：山德不得不向老師承認例10、Hesentmeane-mail, togetfurtherA. B.hoC.to D.答案為B【解析】現(xiàn)在分詞ho表示與sendmeane-mail同時發(fā)生的動作。一些是：Hesentmeane-mailtogetfurtherinformation.hope一詞，如果要選擇“hoped”時，句子的正確形式是：Hesentmeane-mailandhopedtogetfurtherinformation?！癶ope”和“sent”作并列謂語。單數(shù)形式；主語為復數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：HisfatherisworkingonthefarmTostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy./Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadforyourwhat引導的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復what從句是一個帶有復數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句的謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois（are）helpfulto由連接詞andbothand連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。如：LucyandLilyaretwins./SheandIareclassmates./Theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoung（1）數(shù)形式。如：Thewriterandartisthascome.（2）and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no，each，everymorethana（an），manya（an）修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：EverystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroomNoboyandnogirllikes主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with，togetherwith，except，but，likeaswellasratherthanmorethannolessthanbesides，including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復數(shù)，謂語用復數(shù)形式。如：Mr.Green，togetherwithhiswifeandchildren，hascometoChina./NobodybutJimandMikewasonplayground./She，likeyouandTom，isveryeitherneithereacheverynosomeanynoevery構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook.Everythingaroundusis（1）謂語動詞也可用復數(shù)。如：Neitherofthetextsis（are）interesting.（2）noneof后面用單數(shù)或復數(shù)都可以。如：Noneofushas（have）beentothatwhowhich等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkingfamily，class，crowd，committee，population，audience等。如：ClassFourisonthethirdfloor./ClassFourareunabletoagreeupona注意：people，，cattle等名詞一般都用作復數(shù)。如：Thearelookingthelost由“alotoflotsof，plentyof，therestofthemajorityof+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以而定。如：TherearealotofpeopleintheclassroomTherestofthelectureiswonderful50%ofthestudentsinourclassare注意：anumberof“許多”，作定語修飾復數(shù)名詞，謂語用復數(shù)；thenumberof“……的數(shù)量”number，謂語用單數(shù)。在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應與其后的主語一致。如：Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures./Suchistheresult./Sucharethefacts.whatwhowhichanymoreall等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。如：WhichisyourbagWhichareyourbagsAllisgoingwellAllhavegoneto式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體，如：Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.單數(shù)形式。如：“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.（也可用復數(shù)。如：Oneandahalfapplesis（are）leftontheTwelvepluseightistwenty./Fifty-sixdividedbyeightis–ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematicspoliticsphysicsnews，works等，都屬于形式上是復數(shù)的名詞，實際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.Ithinkphysicsisn‘teasytostudy.trousersglassesclothesshoesa（the）pairof等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedis“the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時，動詞用復數(shù)。當兩個主語由either……or，neither……nor，whether……or……，notonly……butalso連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.NeithertheynorheiswhollyrightIsneitherhenortheywhollytherebebeand連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如：Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.toto，取決于謂語動詞的用法。to能直接跟帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞主要有：want,ask, l,hope,learn,try,decide,forget,remember,like,love,stop,go,come等。如：IwanttogotothemovieswithDon’tforgettoturnoffthelightbeforeyou注意notnottodosth.Davetoldmenottowakeupto（1）hadbetter之后。注意：hadbetterhadbetternotdosth.。如：Youhadbettergohomenow.（2）letmakeseefeelwatch,hear等感官或使役動詞后，要to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語（3）whynot之后。Whynot+to的不定式是Whydon’tyoudo的省略，可以用來提出建議或勸告。It’scoldoutside.You’dbetternotgoout.Imadethemgivemethemoneyback.Ididn’tseeyoucomeWhynotstudywithWhynottakeaholiday?=Whydon’tyoutakeabutexceptbesidesdo的各種形toto。如：Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.WhatdoyouliketodobesidesI’mreallypuzzledwhattothinkorIplantoattendtheIamsorrytohavekeptyouTheyaresaidtobeworkingHeissaidtohavebeenworkinginthatfactoryfortwelve作主語如：ToliveistoTosavetimeistolengthenlife.it作形式主語，而把不定式結(jié)構(gòu)后置的形式。如：ItisimportantforstudentstostudyEnglish.IhavenothingtosayonthisGivemeapieceofpapertowriteOurteacherhadnotimetothinkabout作賓語Iwishtobeacollege有的及物動詞要求跟復合賓語(賓語+賓語補足語)。如果其中的賓語是不定式短語，則必須將形式賓語t)IfndtuefulornEnglhwe.作動詞ask,like,l等的賓語補足語時，動詞不定式符號to不可以省略。如HeaskedmetotalkaboutEnglishlethavemakefeelhearseewatch等的賓語補足語時，動詞to要省略。如：Theteachermadehimsaythewordlike作動詞helptoCouldyouhelpmetocarrytheheavybox？Hestoppedtohavearest.HewokeuptofindeverybodyI’msorrytohearyourgrandmais在帶有enoughtooHeisoldenoughtogoto強調(diào)動詞不定式所表示的目的時，動詞不定式可用inorderto或soasto+動詞soastoThebusstoppedsoastopickup單數(shù)形式；主語為復數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：HisfatherisworkingonthefarmTostudyEnglishwellisnoteasyWhathesaidisveryimportantforusallThechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.what引導的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復IboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois（are）helpfultoyou.由連接詞and或bothand如：LucyandLilyaretwins.SheandIareclassmatesTheboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoungPioneers.（1）.eacheverymorethana（an）manya（an）修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom./Noboyandnogirllikesit.主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有withtogetherwithexceptbutlike，aswellas，ratherthan，morethan，nolessthan，besides，including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復數(shù)，謂語用復數(shù)形式。如：Mr.Green，togetherwithhiswifeandchildren，hascometoChinaNobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She，likeyouandTom，isverytall.eitherneithereachevery或nosomeanynoevery構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook.Everythingaroundusismatter.（1）eitherneither后跟有“of+復數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復數(shù)。如：Neitherofthetextsis（are）inte