商務(wù)溝通大英寫作課件

BusinessCommunicationRevisionInthisclass,studentswilllearn:Mainterms.Structureofsomegenresintextbook.Objectives章節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)

具體寫作體裁的每一章節(jié)一般分為四個部分：1.Introduction1.1Definition2.Classification3.GenreFeatures3.1CommunicativePurposes3.2LinguisticFeatures3.3StructuralFeatures4.WritingTechniquesTerms

Communicationisanexchangeofmessagesbetweenindividualsforthepurposeofcreatingorinfluencingthemeaningthatothersassigntoevents.(p.4)

Keypoints:

exchangeofmessages（溝通的實(shí)質(zhì)：交流信息）creatingorinfluencing（溝通的目的：相互影響和融合）TheProcessofCommunication

(9elements)Senders（信息發(fā)送者）(P5)

Participantsinthecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudiencearecalledsenders.Message（信息）(P5)

Amessageisthewritten,oral,ornonverbalcommunicationthatsendertransmitstoanaudience.Decoding（解碼）Theactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesendersendsiscalleddecoding.Receiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.Receivers（信息接收者）(P6)Feedback（信息反饋）Feedbackconsistsofmessages—verbalandnonverbal—thatconveyareactiontothecommunicator’smessage.Noise（干擾因素）Itreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.InternalnoiseExternalnoise(最典型)SemanticnoiseTheFlowofCommunication(P8)TheFlowofCommunicationUpwardcommunicationMessagesflowingfromsubordinatestosuperiorsDownwardcommunicationWheneversuperiorsinitiatemessagestotheirsubordinatesHorizontalcommunicationConsistsofmessagesbetweenmembersofanorganizationwithequalpowerCommunicationandCultureHigh-contextcultureandLow-contextcultureEdwardT.HallHigh-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessagesinwhichmostofthemeaningiseitherimpliedbythephysicalsettingorpresumedtobepartoftheindividual’sinternalizedbelief,values,andnorms;verylittleisprovidedinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.High-contextcultureP10Chapter2ContrastiveRhetoricinBusinessCommunication（對比修辭學(xué)）ContrastiveRhetoric對比修辭學(xué)(P16)contrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisitionthatidentifiesproblemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,byreferringtotherhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.Itisbelievedthatthelinguisticandrhetoricalconventionsofthefirstlanguageinterferewithwritinginthesecondlanguage.對比修辭學(xué)是第二語言習(xí)得研究中的新領(lǐng)域,其主要研究范圍是探討第二語言學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)術(shù)寫作問題,并借鑒母語修辭策略對第二語言學(xué)術(shù)寫作問題進(jìn)行解釋。并認(rèn)為第一語言的語言學(xué)和修辭學(xué)特點(diǎn)會影響第二語言的寫作。

"Cultureis'thewaywedothingsaroundhere,'anditis'howpeoplethink,feel,andact'".Culture(P17)Rhetoricisthewayweputtogetherlanguagetoaffectanaudience,andeachaudiencehascertainexpectationsofrhetoricalstructurebasedonthetraditionalformsofrhetoricintheirculture.RhetoricStereotype文化定勢（P18）

notshownintextbookStereotypes:Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定勢：文化定勢指基于明顯的或受到認(rèn)可的群體身份，對目標(biāo)群體中的個體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。）Powerdistance（權(quán)力距離）

notshownintextbookPowerdistance：istheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.（權(quán)力距離是指機(jī)構(gòu)或組織中權(quán)利較小的成員對權(quán)利被不平等分配的接受程度）。Management管理（P28）Managementisdefinedastheprocessofadministeringandcoordinatingresourceseffectively,efficiently,andinanefforttoachievethegoalsoftheorganization.管理（management）:一個協(xié)調(diào)工作活動的過程，以便能夠有效率和有效果地同別人一起或通過別人實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的目標(biāo)。（包含兩部分：過程（計(jì)劃、組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和控制）；協(xié)調(diào)其他人的工作）Efficiency效率/Effectiveness效果Efficiencyisachievedbyusingthefewestinputs(suchaspeopleandmoney)togenerateagivenoutput.效率（efficiency）：以盡可能少的投入獲得盡可能多的產(chǎn)出。Effectivenessisachievedwhentheorganizationpursuesappropriategoals.效果（effectiveness）：通常是指“做正確的事”，即所從事的工作和活動有助于達(dá)到其目標(biāo)。Levelsofmanagement（P30）基層管理者（first-linemanagers）：Supervisetheindividualswhoaredirectlyresponsibleforproducingtheorganizationsproductordeliveringitservice.最低層的管理人員，他們管理著非管理雇員所從事的工作，這些工作是生產(chǎn)和提供組織的產(chǎn)品的工作，通常稱為主管，也可以稱為生產(chǎn)線線長或工長；中層管理者（middlemanagers）：supervisefirst-linemanagersorstaffdepartment.Theyareresponsibleforthefirm’sshort-termdecisions.包括所有處于基層和高層之間各個管理層次的管理者，這些管理者管理著基層管理者，他們可能具有部門經(jīng)理、項(xiàng)目主管、工廠廠長，或者事業(yè)部經(jīng)理的頭銜；高層管理者（topmanagers）:makedecisionsregardingthefirm’slong-runobjectives.他們承擔(dān)著制定廣泛的組織決策、為整個組織制定計(jì)劃和目標(biāo)的責(zé)任。典型頭銜是執(zhí)行副總裁、總裁、管理董事、首席運(yùn)營官、首席執(zhí)行官或者董事會主席。DefinitionofOrganizing（P31）Organizingreferstotheprocessofdeterminingthetaskstobedone,whowilldothem,andhowthosetaskswillbemanagedandcoordinated.

組織：安排工作以實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)的過程。包括決定應(yīng)該從事哪些任務(wù)，應(yīng)該由誰來從事這些任務(wù)，這些任務(wù)怎么分類和歸集，誰向誰報告，以及在哪一級作出決策的過程。JobDesign工作設(shè)計(jì)（P32）Jobdesignorworkarrangement(orrearrangement)aimedatreducingorovercomingjobdissatisfactionandemployeealienationarisingfromrepetitiveandmechanistictasks.作設(shè)計(jì)(Jobdesign)是為減少或克服員工由于重復(fù)性或機(jī)械工作所產(chǎn)生的不滿或疏離感而做的工作安排活重新安排整理。OrganizationalStructure組織結(jié)構(gòu)OrganizationalStructurereferstotheprimaryreportingrelationshipsthatexistwithinanorganization.組織結(jié)構(gòu)(OrganizationalStructure)是指組織內(nèi)部的主要報告關(guān)系。是表明組織各部分排列順序、空間位置、聚散狀態(tài)、聯(lián)系方式以及各要素之間相互關(guān)系的一種模式，是整個管理系統(tǒng)的“框架”ChainofCommand命令鏈（P33）Chainofcommandcanbedefinedbrieflyasthestructureofdecision-makingresponsibilitiesfromthehigherlevelsofauthoritytothelowerlevels命令鏈(chainofcommand):從高權(quán)力階層到低權(quán)力階層的決策責(zé)任的結(jié)構(gòu)。

SpanofControl(控制跨度)

Spanofcontrolreferstothememberofemployeesthatreportasinglemanager.控制跨度(spanofcontrol)：向單一管理者回報的員工的數(shù)量。

LineandStaff（運(yùn)行與輔助人員）

（P34）Linepersonnelaredirectlyinvolvedindeliveringtheproductorserviceoftheorganization.Linepersonnel（運(yùn)行人員）直接參與產(chǎn)品的組織和生產(chǎn)，他們的決策直接營銷的產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量。Staffpersonnelarenotpartoftheproductorservicedeliverysystemchainofcommand,butratherprovidesupporttolinepersonnel.Staffpersonnel（輔助人員）：不直接參與產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，但為直接生產(chǎn)提夠有效支持。Chapter4

BusinessMeetingsMeeting會議（P38）Meetingsareatypeoftheatrewheremanagersobserveandevaluatetheperformanceandprogressofsubordinates(管理者評介下屬的工作績效以及進(jìn)展的場所）.2.TypesofMeetings

ToDevelopNewIdeas

ToMakeDecisions

ToDelegateWork

ToCollaborateTypesofMeetingsToInformToPersuadeOthersToInform通知型會議Useameetingtoinformwhenclarifyingwritteninformationparticipantshavereceivedpreviously.Thistypeofmeetingalsocanbeusedtopresentnewinformation.ToDevelopNewIdeas探討型會議Atthismeeting,participantssuggestnewideasinanopen,democraticatmosphere.Italsodevelopsnewprocedures,programs,andsoforth.ToMakeDecisions決策型會議Decision-makingmeetingsbringpeopleandcompaniestogethertodebateanissue,reconcileconflictingviews,andmakeadecision.ToDelegateWork委派工作型會議Meetingstodelegateareheldtoassigntaskstopeopleorgroups,whoarethenresponsibleforcompletingthosetasks.Itisnecessarytoholdadelegatingmeetingtoclarifyspecificdetails.Meetingstodelegateoftenarefollowedbyinformationalanddecision-makingmeetings.ToCollaborate合作型會議Collaborativemeetingsaresessionsinwhichparticipantsworktogether,toorganizecomplexmemos,letters,orreports.Collaborativeeffortssucceedonlyifpeopleworktogetherasateam.ToPersuadeOthers說服型會議Persuasivemeetingsinvolveoralpresentationstoachieveagroupconsensusandsupportforacourseofaction.Forexample,apersuasivemeetingmaypresentthemeritsofspecificelectronicproductorbuildenthusiasmforpurchasingtheproduct.TheProcessofMeetingPlanningaMeetingConductingtheMeetingClosetheMeetingChapter5FundamentalsofBusinessWritingIdentifyYourPurpose（P48）GeneralpurposesToinformTopersuadeTocollaborate（合作）SpecificpurposeTheoutcomeyouareseekingSelectingtheappropriatemediumMessageformality（信息的正式性）Senderintentions（信息發(fā)出者的意圖）Audiencepreferences（聽眾的喜好）Urgencyandcost（迫切性與成本）P49DirectPlan（直接式）

Low-contextculturesTheU.S.,Canada,Australia,Britain,NewZealandandNorthernEurope.IndirectPlan（間接式High-contextculturesAsia,LatinAmerica,AfricaandMiddleEast.WritingRoutineandGood-NewsMessages

（P50）TheDirectApproachMainIdeaStep1DetailsandExplanationsStep2Future-orientedCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageTheIndirectApproachOtherPrioritiesStep1MainIdeaStep2CourteousCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageWritingBad-NewsMessages

（P51）DirectPlanIndirectPlan1.badnews2.reasons3.positiveclose1.buffer2.reasons3.badnews4.positivecloseWritingPersuasiveMessages

（P52）

Attention（引起注意）

Interest（興趣）

Desire（需求）

Action（行動）Chapter6Note-takingNote-taking記筆記（P58）Note-takingisthepracticeofrecordinginformationcapturedfromatransient(短暫的）source,suchasanoraldiscussionatameeting,oralecture.GenreFeaturesofNote-taking

（P60）LinguisticFeaturesWritethedefinitionofthetermsbutdon’tusetheauthor’swords,useyourown.Abbreviate

whereverpossible.Itdoesnothavetobestandardabbreviations,justanyabbreviationsthatmakesensetothenote-taker.TechniquesforTakingNotes（P60）MethodsofNote-takingTheCornellMethodTheOutlineMethodTheMappingMethodTheSentenceMethodTheChartingMethodTheCornellMethod科內(nèi)爾法TheCornellmethodprovidesasystematicformatforcondensingandorganizingnoteswithoutlaboriousrecopying.TheOutlineMethod（提綱法）

Theinformationwhichismostgeneralbeginsattheleftwitheachmorespecificgroupoffactsindentedwithspacestotheright.TheMappingMethod（圖示法）

Mappingisamethodthatusescomprehension/concentrationskillsandwhichrelateeachfactorideatoeveryotherfactoridea.Mappingisagraphicrepresentationofthecontentofameeting.

TheChartingMethod(列表法)Iftheformatisdistinct(suchaschronological),youmaysetupyourpaperbydrawingcolumnsandlabelingappropriateheadingsinatable.TheSentenceMethod（截句法）

Writeeverynewthought,factortopiconaseparateline,numberingasyouprogress.Itisusedwhenthemeetingissomewhatorganized,butheavywithcontent,whichcomesfirst.Chapter7

Summary

Summary摘要（P72）Asummaryisashortversionofalongertext,anditgivesonlythemainpoints.概要(summary)是一種對原始文獻(xiàn)（或文章）的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮的短文。ClassificationofSummariesSummaryDescriptiveSummaryInformativeSummaryEvaluativeSummaryDescriptiveSummary描述型/說明型概要AdescriptivesummaryisoftenreferredtoasadescriptiveabstractInformativeSummary信息型概要（P74）Theinformativesummarytellswhatisintheworkinaparagraphtoseveralpages,dependingonthelengthoftheoriginal.EvaluativeSummary評價型概要（P75）itmaybethepurposeofthesummarynotonlytoreportthegistofapieceofwritingbutalsotocommentonitsaccuracy,completeness,andusefulness.Intheevaluativesummaryyouincludeyourownreactions,yourthoughtsandfeelings,alongwithareportonthemainfactsinthematerial.StructuralFeaturesofSummaries

（P77）Theformatmostoftenincludes:atitle,paragraphs,author’snameandadate.

Shortsentencesarenormallyrequired,butnumberedpointsand/orothergraphicdevicesmayalsobeused.Thelengthofasummaryvariesaccordingtoitspurpose;however,itshouldgenerallybenomorethanone-fourththelengthoftheoriginal.

Chapter8GraphsGraphs圖表/圖解（P84）Graphsarediagramsthatpresentnumericaldatainvisualforminordertoshowtrends,movements,distributions,andcycles.TypesofGraphsLinegraphs(折線圖)areusedtotrackchangesovershortandlongperiodsoftime.LinegraphscanalsobeusedtocomparechangesoverthesameperiodoftimeformorethanonegroupPiecharts(餅狀圖)canbeusedtocomparepartsofawhole.Theydonotshowchangesovertime.Inpiecharts,thepercentagesofawholecanbeshownandrepresentedatasetpointintime.Unlikebargraphsandlinegraphs,piechartsdonotshowchangesovertime.Bargraphs(柱狀圖)areusedtocomparethingsbetweendifferentgroupsortotrackchangesovertime.However,whentryingtomeasurechangeovertime,bargraphsarebestwhenthechangesarebigger.Areagraphs(面積曲線圖)areverysimilartolinegraphs.Theycanbeusedtotrackchangesovertimeforoneormoregroups.X-YPlot(X-Y坐標(biāo)圖、直角坐標(biāo)曲線圖）areusedtodeterminerelationshipsbetweentwodifferentthings.Thex-axisisusedtomeasureoneevent(orvariable)andthey-axisistomeasuretheother.TypesofData（P85）Thedataareorderedbythetimeandarereferredtoastimeseriesdata(時間序列數(shù)據(jù)).時間序列數(shù)據(jù)是指隔一定時間間隔記錄的數(shù)據(jù)，它著眼于研究對象在一定時間內(nèi)的變化，尋找空間(對象)歷時發(fā)展的規(guī)律。Datathatischaracterizedbyindividualunits.Theseunitsmightrefertopeople,companiesorcountries.Withsuchcross-sectionaldata(橫截面數(shù)據(jù)),theorderingofthedatatypicallydoesnotmatter(unliketimeseriesdata).橫截面數(shù)據(jù)是指在某一時點(diǎn)收集的不同對象的數(shù)據(jù)，可指在同一時間點(diǎn)或近似同一時間點(diǎn)上收集的數(shù)據(jù)合。它對應(yīng)同一時點(diǎn)上不同空間（對象）所組成的一組數(shù)據(jù)集合，研究的是某一時點(diǎn)上的某種經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象，突出空間（對象）的差異Somedatasetswillhavebothatimeseriesandacross-sectionalcomponent.Thisdataisreferredtoaspaneldata(面板數(shù)據(jù)).面板數(shù)據(jù)有時間和截面兩個維度，是截面數(shù)據(jù)與時間序列綜合起來的一種數(shù)據(jù)資源。其有時間序列和截面兩個維度，當(dāng)這類數(shù)據(jù)按兩個維度排列時，是排在一個平面上，與只有一個維度的數(shù)據(jù)排在一條線上有著明顯的不同，整個表格像是一個面板,所以把paneldata譯作“面板數(shù)據(jù)”。舉例：如：城市名：北京、上海、重慶、天津的GDP分別為10、11、9、8（單位億元）。這就是截面數(shù)據(jù)，在一個時間點(diǎn)處切開，看各個城市的不同就是截面數(shù)據(jù)。

如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年的北京市GDP分別為8、9、10、11、12（單位億元）。這就是時間序列，選一個城市，看各個樣本時間點(diǎn)的不同就是時間序列。

如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年中國所有直轄市的GDP分別為：

北京市分別為8、9、10、11、12；

上海市分別為9、10、11、12、13；

天津市分別為5、6、7、8、9；

重慶市分別為7、8、9、10、11（單位億元）。

這就是面板數(shù)據(jù)。Suchdataariseoftenineconomicswhenchoicesareinvolved(e.g.thechoicetobuyornotbuyaproduct,totakepublictransportoraprivatecar,tojoinornottojoinaclub).Theseanswersarereferredtoasqualitativedata(定性數(shù)據(jù)).定性數(shù)據(jù)也稱品質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)，它說明的是事物的品質(zhì)特征，不能用有一個統(tǒng)一單位的數(shù)值來表示。如:男，女；優(yōu)秀、良好、及格。（P85）Themacroeconomist’sdataonsaleswillhaveanumbercorrespondingtoeachfirmsurveyed;forexample,thelastmonth’ssalesinthefirstcompanysurveyedwereRMB20,000.Thisisreferredtoasquantitativedata(定量數(shù)據(jù)).定量數(shù)據(jù)也稱數(shù)量數(shù)據(jù)，它說明的是事物的數(shù)量特征，能夠用有一個統(tǒng)一單位的數(shù)值（比如，身高可以用cm，m或英寸等，體重可以用kg或磅，溫度可以用℃或K，聲音的頻率可以用赫茲或弧度/秒；這里的“統(tǒng)一單位”是指對不同的變量值都可以使用這個單位，而不是一定要使用這個單位）表示。StructuralFeaturesofGraphs:

（P87）StructuralFeaturesTitleLegendInformationanddataSourcesThebasiccomponentsinthegrapharetitle,legend,sources,informationanddata.Thetitle（標(biāo)題）offersashortexplanationofwhatisinyourgraph.Thishelpsthereaderidentifywhattheyareabouttolookat.Itcanbecreativeorsimple.Thelegend(圖例)tellswhateachlinerepresents.Ithelpsthereaderunderstandwhattheyarelookingat.InformationandData（信息和數(shù)據(jù)）:Linegraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.Line,X-Yplotandareagraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.Thesource（出處）explainswhereyoufoundtheinformationthatisinyourgraph.TechniquesPictureandWordWordandNumber

WordandText

Chapter9Business

LettersDefinitionofBusinessLetters

（P98）Lettersareabasicperson-to-personcommunicationthattakesplaceinawidevarietyofsettingsandsituations.Businesslettersrequiretheuseofconciselanguagethoughdifferenttypesofmessagesareorganizedaccordingtospecificsituations.ClassificationofBusinessLetterstypeofmessage1.routineletters2.good-newsletters3.bad-newsletters4.persuasivelettersRoutineLetters常規(guī)信息信函（P98-P100）Aroutinelettercontainsaneutralmessage-themainideaisneitherpositivenornegative.Thesenderissurethereceiverwillrespondasthesenderwants.Thus,thereceiverdoesnotneedtobepersuadedtodosomething.

Good-newsLetters好消息信函Areceiverwillreactfavorablytoaletterthatcontainsgoodnews.Bad-newsLetters壞消息信函Alettercontainingbadnewsconveysinformationthatwilldisappointthereceiver.Lettersthatdenyrequests,declinetosupplyinformation,refusecredit,orrejectaproposalbelongtothistype.PersuasiveLetters

勸說類信函Apersuasiveletterisaletterthatyouwritetoconvincesomeonetoagreewithyoursideofanargument.LinguisticFeaturesofLetters

SevenCsCompleteness(完整)Concreteness（具體）Clarity（清楚）Conciseness（簡潔）Courtesy（禮貌）Consideration（體諒）Correctness（準(zhǔn)確）FormatsofLettersFullBlockFormat齊頭式

AllPartsofthebusinessletterareplacedagainsttheleftmargin.SemiblockFormat半齊頭式Threeelementsaremovedtotherightmargin:thereturnaddress,thedate,thesignatureincludingthecomplimentarycloseIndentedFormat縮行式

Thefirstlineofparagraphsareindented,usuallyfivespaces.ModifiedFormat混合式

CombinationoftheabovetwostylesEssentialPartsofBusinessLetters商務(wù)信函的構(gòu)成要素商務(wù)信函通常由七個主要部分構(gòu)成:信頭letterhead日期date信內(nèi)地址insideaddress主題subjectline稱呼salutation正文body結(jié)尾敬辭complimentaryclose簽名signatureWritingRoutineandGood-NewsMessages

（P108）TheDirectApproachMainIdeaStep1DetailsandExplanationsStep2Future-orientedCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageBad-newsletters（P108）TheIndirectApproachBufferStep1ReasonsStep2BadNewsStep3PositiveCloseStep4FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageTechniquesPersuasiveLetter（P110）GeneralStructureGainingAttentionArousingInterestStimulatingDesire/ReducingResistanceEncouragingActionWritingE-mail（P111）Subjectlines

asbriefasyoucan.Format

acloseas“sincerely.”shouldbeafteryoumessage.EtiquetteusefullcapsontoemphasizeasinglewordortwoNOangrymessagesbye-mail.Messagesneededadaptyourmessagestotherecipient’ssystemincludetheessentialpartoftheoriginalmessageswhenrespondingtoamessageChapter10BusinessMemosMemos備忘錄（P118）Memorandum,alsocalledmemoorinternalmemo,isakindofsimpleandefficientinternalcommunicationwithinabusinessorganization.Memoscanbesentviahardcopy(onpaper)orviae-mail(electronically).

Classification按照體裁類型，可以分為：要求類備忘錄(requestmemos)itaimstoaskthereceiverforinformationoraction.信息類備忘錄(informativememos)itoutlinesthefactsandthenrequeststhereader’sactions.勸說類備忘錄(persuasivememos)itengagesthereader’sinterestbeforeissuingadirective回復(fù)類備忘錄(responsememos)itprovidestheaudiencewithdesiredinformation.LinguisticFeaturesConcisenessCorrectness

andClarityCourtesyNeutralorPositiveTone語言特點(diǎn)StructuralFeaturesTITLEHEADINGBODYNOTATIONS（注釋）結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)Title標(biāo)題部分(p119)備忘錄的標(biāo)題僅為一個詞“MEMO”或“MEMORANDUM”，或內(nèi)部備忘錄(InternalMemorandum)，辦公室間備忘錄(InterofficeMemorandum)，位于首頁正中。一般情況下，在印制好的備忘錄專用紙張上，標(biāo)題一般位于公司名稱和徽標(biāo)(logo)下方。Heading開頭部分備忘錄的開頭與標(biāo)題之間空兩行，包括收件人(To)、發(fā)件人(From)、日期(Date)和事由(Subject)四部分。其格式布局一般采用縱向垂直和橫向水平兩種。

MEMORANDUMTO:FrankConnors,SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SecuritySupervisorDATE:15thMarch,2007SUBJECT:IncidentReport-DamagetoMedicalEquipmentMEMORANDUMTO:FrankConnors,DATE:15thMarch,2007SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SUBJECT:IncidentReportSecuritySupervisor-DamagetoMedicalEquipment

Body正文部分

備忘錄的正文部分是其主體部分，即信息內(nèi)容。依據(jù)其主題內(nèi)容，正文部分的篇幅可短至一兩句，也可長達(dá)幾頁。如果涉及兩個主題，發(fā)送兩份備忘錄。為避免使備忘錄過長的話，可將其變成一個報告，并附帶一份備忘錄進(jìn)行簡要說明。

Notations注釋部分多數(shù)情況下，備忘錄最后會附有與內(nèi)容相關(guān)的各種表格、圖表等注釋，以證實(shí)所提供的信息真實(shí)、可靠，且言之有據(jù)。同時，要提及所附加的附件，并在最后加上一句話以表明附件內(nèi)容。例如：Attachment(s)/Enclosure:SeveralComplaintsaboutProduct,January,2006Notations注釋部分如果備忘錄由助理或秘書經(jīng)手的，起草人和助理都應(yīng)標(biāo)注他們的姓名縮寫。前者以大寫字母的形式出現(xiàn)，后者以小寫字母的形式出現(xiàn)。例如：EIB:pjcIMK/pjcNotations注釋部分當(dāng)備忘錄要分發(fā)給其他人，或其副本(copynotation)要發(fā)送給多名商業(yè)伙伴或其他有關(guān)當(dāng)事人，并列舉這些收件人的姓名。如下面的例子：Distribution:JeffreyJonesC/CC:JeffreyJones（副本）WritingSkillsforDifferentTypesofMemos(P123-P125)InformativeMemos:

areusedtotransferorexplainthecompanypolicies,guidelinesandproclaims.RequestMemos:

usethedirectordertoguaranteetheeffectiveexpression.ResponsesMemos:

beginswithshortparagraphstatingthepurposetorespondtoarequestforinformation.PersuasiveMemos:

thepointofviewisnotonlyfromtheexecutives,butalsofromthemanagersoremployees,whichmightbringagreatdealofresistance.Chapter11BusinessMinutesMinutes會議記錄（P130）Minutesareabriefsummaryorrecordofwhatissaidanddecidedatameeting,especiallyofasocietyoracommittee.Theformisnotsoimportantaslongasitcanbeconciseandbrief.ClassificationofBusinessMinutesVerbatimMinutes逐字記錄型會議記錄:Incourtofhearingofwitnesses,everywordspoken,everythinghappenedatthemeetingisrecordedandused.MinutesofResolution決議型會議記錄:Inminutesofresolution,onlytheresultofdiscussionsandthemainconclusionsarerecorded.MinutesofNarration敘述型會議記錄:

Minutesofnarrationreferstoconcisesummaryofallthediscussionsandconclusionsmadeatthemeeting.MinutesofAction行動型會議記錄:Insuchmeetingminutes,thereshouldbespeechesanddiscussiongivenbytheattendeesaswellasthemeasuresandthemanagerforspecificproject.LinguisticFeaturesConciseness&CoherenceFormalWrittenStyleAccurateSpeechObjectiveToneStructuralFeaturesHEADINGBASICSITUATIONBODYENDINGStructuralFeaturesHeading標(biāo)題:

即會議的名稱或者會議的類別。由公司、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、標(biāo)識或事由（含屆、次）和會議記錄組成。

BasicSituation基本情況:

記錄人要寫清開會時間(time)、會議地點(diǎn)(venue)、出席人(presence)、缺席人(absence)、列席人(attendee)、主持人(chairperson)和記錄人(recorder)，必要時應(yīng)注明其職務(wù)。如果會議規(guī)模非常小，記錄人要把出席者和因故未出席者姓名列出，并標(biāo)注出主持人和記錄員。如果會議規(guī)模很大，只需列出出席人數(shù)、主持人和記錄員姓名即可。

Body正文:

正文部分是會議記錄的主要部分，包含主持人發(fā)言、主講人報告、上級指示、會議討論內(nèi)容、會議決議等。該部分是記錄和撰寫的重要部分，是了解會議意圖(purpose)的主要依據(jù)，是會議結(jié)果(resolution)的綜合反映，也是日后備查(reference)的可靠依據(jù)。在較為正式的會議記錄中，該部分常由背景、議題和結(jié)論組成。

Ending結(jié)尾：一般要包含:下次會議日期及主要議程、休會時間、會議記錄人簽名、附件信息、抄送人信息等。此外，在會議記錄的右下方，由會議主持和記錄人簽名。

Otherterms（P132）Agenda(議事日程)

isalistoftopicswhichhavetobediscussedatameeting.MinutesofNarration（敘述型會議記錄）Whiletakingtheminutesofnarration,youshouldrecordtheprocessandcontentofameetingwithsimple,declarativesentencesandordinarywordsorexpressionsMinutesofResolution（決議型會議記錄）:Theresolutions,measures,andthediscussionresultsarethekeypointstobewrittendownfortheminutes-takerinthiskindofminute,whilethecontentshouldbe

writtenwithgeneralizedstatementsandabstractnouns.MinutesofAction（行動型會議記錄）:Itmainlyrecordstheissueputforwardbyapersonorprocessofaprojectindetailevenincludingthespecificsteps,thecompletenessandsuperintendentsandsoon.Chapter12PressReleasePressRelease新聞稿（P144）Apressreleaseisatargetedstatementthatanorganization,grouporindividualcanmaketonotifythepublicregardingitsproduct,service,orbusiness.新聞稿(newsrelease;pressrelease)主要是指組織、企業(yè)或個人向大眾告知有關(guān)其新產(chǎn)品、新服務(wù)、或商業(yè)信息的有目的性的聲明。Itcanbecalledakindof“free”advertisingthatletsthepublic—potentialcustomers—getsomeinformationaboutitsbusiness.新聞稿也可被稱作為“免費(fèi)”的廣告。它能使公眾，尤其是潛在客戶對其業(yè)務(wù)獲得更多信息ClassificationofPressReleasesByTransmissionMode

Pressroom（新聞中心/新聞室）isafoldercontainingallthepressreleasesavailableonthewebsite,whichisanimportbusinesschanneltoissuepressreleases.ByReleaseTimeBySourceandTopicofInformationCommunicativePurposes（P145）ProvidingTimelyInformation

提供即時信息MeetingMediaNeeds滿足媒體需求EnhancingInfluenceonthePublic提升大眾影響力LinguisticFeatures準(zhǔn)確性Accurate簡潔性Concise可讀性Readable客觀性O(shè)bjective條理性LogicalStructuralFeaturesofPressReleases（P147）企業(yè)標(biāo)識Title/Logo發(fā)布指示ReleaseTime聯(lián)系信息ContactInformation標(biāo)題Headline導(dǎo)語Lead正文Body結(jié)尾EndBoilerplate樣板文件（P150）Aboilerplateisaparagraphafterthepressreleasebody,oftenprecededwithalinesaying,,forexample,“AboutAfrica2000Network…”whichgivesgeneralbackgroundaboutthepersonororganizationissuingthepressrelease.新聞稿中的樣板文件是指附在新聞稿正文內(nèi)容后面的一段關(guān)于該公司或組織的簡單介紹。注意這部分內(nèi)容不要以“CompanyIntroduction”為題目，是相關(guān)內(nèi)容。InvertedPyramidStructure

倒金字塔式結(jié)構(gòu)（P155）Invertedpyramidwritingstyleplacesthemostimportantfactsatthebeginningandthen,thepressreleasemovesontoaninvertedpyramidstructureinordertodescendingorderofimportanceChapter13BusinessReportsBusinessReports

商務(wù)報告（P162）Abusinessreportisanorderly,objectivemessageusedtoconveyinformationfromoneorganizationalareatoanotherorfromoneinstitutiontoanothertoassistdecision-makingorproblemsolving.商務(wù)報告是某一企業(yè)內(nèi)部或與其他企業(yè)之間傳遞信息，進(jìn)行溝通的一種工具，用以幫助做出決策或問題解決的有組織性的客觀的信息。ByFormality

FormalReports正式報告Formalreportisgenerallylongandaboutcomplexproblems.

InformalReports非正式報告Aninformalreportisusuallyashortmessagewritteninnaturalorpersonallanguage,whichisproducedasaccountsofdailybusinessmatters,oranythingrequiringquickdecisions.ClassificationofBusinessReports

ByFunction

InformationalReports信息式報告Theinformationalreportmerelypresentsthefactsandasummary—withoutanalyzing,interpreting,drawingconclusions,ormakingrecommendations.

AnalyticalReports分析式報告Theanalyticalreportprovidesfacts,analyzesandinterpretsthem,andmakesconclusionsaswellasrecommendationsifneeded.ClassificationofBusinessReports

LinguisticFeatures

■ObjectiveandImpersonal客觀性■SpecificandFactual具體翔實(shí)■ConsistentandCoherent句式連貫，段落銜接■CompleteandConcise完整、清晰、準(zhǔn)確GenreFeaturesofBusinessReports（P163）StructuralFeatures

ComponentsofFormalReports

PrefatoryParts（序言）TheTextofReport（正文）SupplementaryParts（補(bǔ)充）ComponentsofInformalReports

Title標(biāo)題Introduction簡介Findings發(fā)現(xiàn)Conclusions結(jié)論Recommendations建議GenreFeaturesofBusinessReports

TripReports差旅報告Thetripreportcallsfordescriptionofwhatoccurredduringameetingtriporotheractivity.ProgressReports進(jìn)展報告ItdescribestheprogressofaplanbeingcarriedoutaaprojectwhichisunderwayorwhetheritiswithinthebudgetornotsothatthemanagerscanhavetheupdatedinformationaboutbusinessactivitiesorprojectworkedonWritingMethodsforotherBusinessReports(P168)PeriodicReports階段性報告

Aperiodicreportisdesignedtodescribewhathashappenedindepartmentduringaparticularperiod.InvestigativeReports調(diào)查報告Investigativereportsarewritte