英語說明文講解學習

英語說明文按寫作方法,英語說明文主要分為下面六種類型:

1.例證法2.定義法

3.分類法4.因果關系法

5.比較對照法6.過程分析法

Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.Forexample,machineshavemadeourlifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoods-everything.Factoriesuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell.

1.例證法這是用具體例子來說明人或事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律的方法,所用例子必須有代表性、典型性,能體現(xiàn)人或事物的本質(zhì)特征。這是用特殊來說明一般的方法。通常在主題句后,用Forexample或Forinstance等短語引導出具體的例子。這段主要是講能源問題。第一句為主題句,概括地說出"我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴能源"。接著用舉例的方法從三方面說明能源的作用。2.定義法Anidealteachermusthavethefollowingcharacteristics.Heshouldknowhissubject,buthecanmakemistakesifheiswillingtolearn.Hispersonalityisasimportantashisscholarship.Anidealteachermustbeenthusiastic.Heshouldbeabitofanactorandheshouldn'tbeafraidtoshowhisfeelingsandexpresshislikesanddislikes.Anidealteacherisonewhogrows,learns,andimproveshimselfalongwithhisstudents.下定義就是給說明對象一個明確概念。這是科學而嚴密的說明方法。它既能揭示事物的本質(zhì)特征,勾勒其大概,描繪其輪廓,同時也能確定事物的范圍和界限。下定義是多方面的,可以給人、事物、思想等下定義。本段的展開是通過對"一個模范教師"下定義的方法,關鍵詞"idealteacher"在文中多次重復,能加深讀者的印象。3.分類法Asfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondaretheliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavourofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtooidealistic.Thirdarethemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyaremorepracticalinthishardworld.Inmyopinion,mostpeopleseemtobelongtothisgroup.

分類法是對同屬不同類或同類而不同種的人或事物,根據(jù)不同性質(zhì)進行分門別類地說明的方法。分類是人類認識客觀世界的重要手段之一。分類必須遵守分類規(guī)則,使分類對象具有統(tǒng)一屬性,依據(jù)同一分類標準,并使分類的子項相互排斥,不互相包蘊。本段把人按政治觀點分為三類:保守派(conservativepeople)、自由派(liberalpeople)和溫和派(moderatepeople),并對他們各自的特征進行了簡要的分析。4.因果關系法Ofthefourseasons,Ilikespringbest.Ipreferspringbecauseitisaseasonofmuchjoyandgaiety.Newlifeburstsouteverywhere.Plantswearagreencoatagainandcolourfulflowersblossomingardensandmountains.Theoldcomeoutdoorsforfreshairandtheyoungplanforoutdooractivities.Lifebecomessoenergeticandhappy.事物變化的原因和結(jié)果是緊密相關的。如果某個現(xiàn)象的存在必然引起另一個現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,那么,這兩個現(xiàn)象之間就具有因果關系。因果關系包括"由果推因"(由結(jié)果去推測原因)和"由因推果"(由原因去推測結(jié)果)兩種情況。因果關系符合人們的日常思維邏輯,因而在寫作中得到廣泛應用,常用because,as,since,so,nowthat,if...then,thereasonisthat...等表示因果關系。第一句為本段主題句,末句是總結(jié)句。在主題句后,作者用了四個句子闡述自己喜歡春天的理由。

5.比較對照法Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentspublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.有意識地把兩種相反、相對的事物或同一事物相反、相對的兩個方面放在一起,用比較的方法加以描述或說明,指出其相同點,這種寫法叫作"比較";指出其不同點,叫作"對照"。比較和對照各有不同的側(cè)重,但兩種方法經(jīng)常結(jié)合使用。這段采用先A后B的對照方式,闡述勝利者和失敗者的不同特征。這種寫法較易操作,但行文往往比較平淡單調(diào)。5.比較對照法Ilikehavingatwinsister.Whenshe'shappy,I'mhappy.Whenshefeelsunhappy,Ifeelthesame.Often,Iknowwhatshe'sgoingtosay.Sometimes,Iknowwhatshe'sthinking.Ilikewhatshelikes.Ihatewhatshehates.Welikethesamemusic,thesamefoodandthesamebooks.這段采用AB交錯的比較方式,闡述孿生姐妹的相同特征。這種寫法較流暢自然,給讀者的印象也更鮮明突出。6.過程分析法Thereareseveralstepstoplantatree.First,digaholelargeenoughforthetree,buttheholeshouldnotbetoodeep.Second,putthetreeintheholesothatitisstraight.Third,puttheearthbackintotheholeagain.Pushitdownhardwithyourfootseveraltimes.Finally,waterthetreewell,asoftenaspossible.過程分析法就是把事物發(fā)展過程分為若干步驟,然后逐一加以分析說明。這種寫法在說明文中使用得相當廣泛。過程分析與敘事和因果關系等寫法有密切關系,但彼此又有明顯區(qū)別:敘事研究的對象是"Whathappens";因果關系研究的對象是"Whyithappens",而過程分析研究的對象是"Howithappens"。這段分析了植樹過程中的幾個步驟。全段層次分明,連接詞語(first,second,third,finally)的使用加強了語句的連貫性。

someexercises市區(qū)半小時路程實驗室第一教學樓第二教學樓花園操場校辦工廠圖書館語音室辦公樓一批美國朋友來你校參觀，請你根據(jù)下面的平面圖，將你校的布局向客人做個簡單的介紹．校門例１Ladiesandgentlemen,Welcometoourschool.Nowletmetellyousomethingaboutourschool.Ourschoolishalfanhour’sridefromthecity.Theschoolgateisopentothesouth.Whenyoustandatthegate,youwillseeabeautifulflowergardeninfrontofyou.Thereisanofficebuildingbehindthegarden.Inthewest,therearetwoteachingbuildingsandasciencelab.Intheeast,thereisasoundlab,alibraryandaschoolfactory.Theplaygroundisinthenortheastoftheschool.本篇介紹包括了平面圖中的所有內(nèi)容，能有順序地介紹學校的布局，先說離市區(qū)距離然后從學校開始，以花園為立足點，從左到右再到后依次進行介紹．例２根據(jù)中國地圖以及提示語句，寫一篇介紹中國的短文．內(nèi)容提示：中華人民共和國成立與１９４９年１０月１日，是發(fā)展中國家．人口世界第一，長江是世界上最長的河流之一，黃河是中國的第二大河流．臺灣是中國的一部分．香港已于１９９７年７月１日回歸祖國．．．．．提示詞語：lieineasternpartofAsiaanareaof9.6millionsq.km.Itscapitalis…theChangjiangRiver,theHuangheRiver,apartofourcountry,southeast,return,motherland,ThisisamapofPeople’sRepublieofChina.ItliesintheeasternpartofAsiawithanareaof9,6millionsq.km.Ithasthelargestnumberofpeopleintheworld.ItscapitalisBeijing.ShewasfoundedonOctober1st,1949.NowChinaisstilladevelopingcountry.TheChangjiangRiverisoneofthelongestriversintheworldandtheHuangheRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.Taiwanisapartofourcountry.ItisinthesoutheastofChinaanditistothesoutheastofthemainland.HongkonghasbeenreturnedtoourmotherlandonJulythefirst,1977.本篇習作符合提示的要求，內(nèi)容全面，時態(tài)正確，語句通順，符合中國的國情，中心突出，層次分明，先后介紹了中國的人口,建國日期,發(fā)展中國家等常識，以及長江,黃河等自然景觀和臺灣,香港等地區(qū)歷史．例３＜英語２１世紀報＞要介紹我國工業(yè)的發(fā)展情況．請根據(jù)下面的圖表和提示，用寫一篇說明文，介紹一下我國汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展情況．詞數(shù)：80----120．產(chǎn)量（輛）1,000,000370,00070,00050,000019491958196519751993年份提示：１９４９年以前我國沒有汽車工業(yè)．１９５８年第一汽車制造場在長春建成．１９６６年，由于政治原因，產(chǎn)量下降．１９７８年以來，產(chǎn)量逐年增加．１９９３年產(chǎn)量已達一百萬輛．提示詞：automobileindustry（汽車工業(yè)）thefirstautomobilebuildingfactory（第一汽車制造廠）forsomepoliticalreasons（由于政治原因）output（產(chǎn)量）Before1949,ourcountryhadnoautomobileindustry.ThefirstautomobilebuildingfactorywasfoundedinChangchunin1958.Inthatyearmorethat70,000truckswereproduced.In1965,370,000carsandtruckswereproducedinourcountry.Forsomepoliticalreasons,theoutputofcarsandtrucksbegantogodown.In1975,only50,000carsandtruckswereproduced.Since1978theoutputhasbeenincreasingyearbyyear.In1993,theoutputreachedover1,000,000.Whatgreatachievements!本文內(nèi)容豐富，語言地道，結(jié)構嚴謹，描述了我國汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展情況．請根據(jù)以下提示及圖示，寫一篇活動安排．乘渡輪上島２．植物園３．寺院遺址４．用午餐５．鳥鳴館６．旅游商店７．乘纜車返回例4Ladiesandgentlemen,MayIhaveyourattention,please?WelcometotheGreenIslandNationalPark.We’regoingtovisittheIslandontheLaketoday.It’sreallyattractive.We’lltakeaferryboattotheislandat9:00a.m.ThefirstplacewearetovisitistheBotanicalGardens.Thenwe’llvisitthesiteofanoldtemplewhichhasahistoryofover600years.Lunchwillbeat11:30.Attheendofthetrip,you’llseevarietiesofbirdsattheBirdsHouse.Bytheway,youcanvisitthegiftshopforsouvenirsbeforeweleavetheisland.Wewillgetbackbycablecarat3:30p.m.Ihopeyouwillenjoyyourstayontheisland.Thankyou.例5請根據(jù)WangHua在學騎自行車時的幾個步驟，寫一篇短文，說明他是任何學會騎自行車的．參考詞匯：handle-bars自行車把手pedal踏板saddle車座WangHuaislearningtorideabicycle.Let’swatchhimandseehowhecangetonhisbicycle.Heputhishandsonthehandle-bars.Heputshisleftfootontheleftpedal,thenhepusheshimselfhardforwardwithhisrightleg.Nowhecanmoveontogetherwiththebicycleandhiswholebodyisnowonthebicycle.Then,heraiseshisrightlegoverthesaddleandlowerhimselfonthesaddle.Now,heisonthebicycleandsteppingthepedalshardwithbothlegs.Andthebicycleisgoingforward.例6請寫一篇短文介紹如何乘坐倫敦地鐵．內(nèi)容提示如下：在售票處（booth)購買輔幣（token)需30便士．在入口處將輔幣投入狹孔（slot)，你就可以走下地鐵．在站臺等車時，要站在白線以外．注意你要去的方向．不要站錯站臺．上下車應迅速，因為車門關閉很快．地鐵內(nèi)規(guī)定不準吸煙．注意：短文的意思要連貫．字數(shù)：100個左右．IfyouwanttotravelbyundergrounginLondon,youshouldfirstfindthenearestundergroundentranceandbuyatokenfor30penceinthebooth.Afteryoudropthetokenintotheslotattheentrance,youcanwalkdownthestairs.Standbackofthewhitelinewhilewaitingforthetrainontheplatform.Makesurethatyouareontherightsideoftheplatformforyourtrain.Whenthetrainarrives,getonorgetoffquicklybecausethedoorsofthetrainclosequickly.Smokingisnotallowedintheunderground.例7假如你在回家的路上撿到一個黑色書包，請你根據(jù)下面提示寫一個失物招領（Found).提示如下：撿書包的時間：昨天下午５點左右（March2nd)書包特征：黑色，內(nèi)裝一個文具盒和幾本書聯(lián)系電話：５８１０１１要求：字數(shù)約５０左右．FoundAblackbagwithapencilboxandsomebookswasfoundonthewayhomeatabout5p.m.yesterday(March2nd)Willtheownerpleasering5810811?家用電腦體積下，價格低，造型優(yōu)美，簡單易用，使用方便，靈活；可用于計算，記事，打電話，打印信件；兒童可用它來學英語，做游戲．你通過家用電腦能學會怎樣使用微機；為將來尋找工作提供便利；電腦工作比人快數(shù)百倍；我們已經(jīng)得到電腦的巨大幫助．請根據(jù)以上內(nèi)容寫一篇介紹家用電腦的說明文．字數(shù)120左右．例8AFamilyComputerAfamilycomputerissmall.Itspriceisnothigh,andithasagoodlook.Itcanbeusedeasily.Youcancalculate,makenotes,callothersandtypeletters,etc.Also,childrencanlearnEnglishorplaygameswithit.Besides,youcanuseafamilycomputerasatrainingcomputer.Youcanlearnhowtouseanofficecomputer,whichcangiveyouconveniencetofindagoodjobinacompany.Computerscanworkhundredsoftimesfasterthanhumans.Wehavebeengreatlyhelpedbycomputers.請以TheImportanceofTrees為題寫一篇短文，說明保護森林的必要性．說明樹木的主要用途：提供木材；吸水，防止水災，旱災；凈化空氣，美化生活．濫伐樹木的危害；無計劃砍伐造成水土流失，土壤沙化，造成水災．每年都應植樹造林，使其為人類更好服務等等．字數(shù)：100左右．例9Asweallknow,treesareveryuseful.Theyareofgreatbenefittomanasfollows.First,treesprovideuswithwoodandotherproducts.Second,theirrootscanallowtheraintosinkinandkeepthesoil,sotheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Treescanhelpcleanairandbeautifylife.Unfortunately,nowadaysinmanypartsoftheworldlotsofpeoplefailtorealizetheimportanceoftrees.Theyhavecuttreesdowninlargenumberswithoutaplan,whichmakesthesoilwashedaway.Theydon’tknowwheretherearenotrees,therainwashesawaythesurfaceofthesoilandthiscausesfloods.Weoughttoplanttreeseachyearandcarefullylookafternewtreesinordernottomaketheforestslowlydisappear.Onlyinthiswaycanwemaketheforestservemanforever.例10英漢／漢英詞典新華字典收詞（字）18,000（英語）20,000（漢語）10,000價格52元11元特點大量例子、用法說明，適合初學者中國最常用的漢語字典根據(jù)下表格提供的信息，請你推薦兩本學中文的詞典．推薦recommend(v)英漢／漢英詞典TheEnglish-Chinese/Chinese–EnglishDictionary(ECCED)新華字典XinhuaDictionary(XD)DearSteve,I’mpleasedtolearnthatyouandyourclassmatesarelearningChinese.I’dliketorecommendthefollowingtwodictionaries.TheEnglish-ChineseChinese-EnglishDictionaryisreallyagoodoneforbeginners.Ithas18,000Englishwordsand20,000Chinesewords.Besidesplen