2023年國(guó)際貿(mào)易原理與實(shí)務(wù)資料整理

1.貿(mào)易分類(lèi)Clasｓificationofinternationaltrade:Expoｒttrade,Imｐoｒttradｅ,Trａｎｓittrａde。Dｉreｃtｔｒadｅ,Inｄirecｔtrade,Ｅntｒepoｔtrade。Vｉｓｉｂletraｄe，Invisiｂlｅtraｄｅ.2.ICC:InterｎaｔionａlＣhambｅrOfCoｍmｅrｃiaｌ（國(guó)際商會(huì)）3．Meｒcantilism重商:rｅｆerｓtothesｃhｏolｏfecｏnomicｔhoughtthａt(yī)camｅｉｎtoexistｅｎceinEurｏpedｕringｔheｐeriodｆrom１５０0to１７50．theｔraｄetheoｒythatstatｅｓｔｈａt(yī)ｎａt(yī)iｏnssｈoｕldaccｕmuｌatefｉｎａｎciaｌｗｅalth,ｕsuａｌlｙintheｆormofｇｏld,bｙencouragingexpoｒｔsaｎddｉscｏuragingimporｔsiscａlｌeｄmerｃaｎｔｉliｓｍ．Themaiｎproblemwiｔｈｍercanｔilismｉsｔhatａlｌcｏunｔriesengagedinexｐｏrtbutwasrestrictedfromiｍpｏrt,ａnotherpreveｎtiｏｎfromdeveｌｏpｍentｏfintｅｒｎationalｔrａｄe.4.ａbsｏlutｅofadvaｎtagｅ絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)：AｄａmSmithdevelopedthetradeｔheoryofabsolｕteａｄvａntａgeｉｎ177６．Ｓmiｔhstａt(yī)eｄthattａriffsaｎdquotasshｏuldnｏtresｔｒiｃtｉnternatioｎaltｒade;itshouldbｅａlｌｏwｅdｔofｌｏwaccordｉngtomaｒkｅtｆｏrcｅs.ConｔrａｒytomerｃantilisｍSmithａrguedthａt(yī)ａcountryｓhｏｕlｄcｏnceｎtｒaｔeonpｒｏduｃtｉｏnofgoｏｄsiｎｗhichitholｄsanabsoｌuteadvantage.Noｃounｔrywｏuldｔhｅｎneedtｏproｄuceａlltｈegoodsitｃonsumｅd.Accordｉngtotheabsolｕteaｄｖａntagetheory,inｔｅrｎatiｏｎａltrａdeisapoｓｉtivｅ-sumgame,ｂecaｕsethｅrearｅｇainｓforbotｈｃounｔｒiｅstoaｎexcｈange.５.ComparatiｖeAｄvantagｅ相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì):fiｒｓroducedｂyDaviｄRiｃaｒdoin181７.Ｔhepriｎcｉpleofｃｏmpaｒatｉveadｖantageｓtaｔｅsｔhatａcｏuｎtrｙshｏuldspecialiｓeiｎprｏducingandexpｏrtingthｏｓeprｏductsｉnｗｈichiｓhaｓaｃomｐaratｉｖｅ,ｏrｒelａt(yī)ivecost,advantageｃomparｅdwithoｔhｅｒcｏｕntriesandｓhoulｄiｍｐorttｈoｓegoodsinwhｉchithasaｃｏｍpａraｔivedisadvantage．Outofsuchｓｐeｃｉalｉsaｔion,itiｓarｇueｄ,ｗillaccｒuegｒeaterbenｅｆitfｏrａll．６.Ｒeａsｏnｓfoｒtraderesｔｒictioｎs：①ａdivｅｒsiｆiｅdeconｏmｙtobeleｓsｄeｐenｄentonｆｏrｅｉｇncｏuntrｉesboｔheconomiｃalｌyａndpoｌｉtically.②Pｒotectvｉtalｉｎdustrｉeｓ(ｓtabiｌiｔyａnｄeconｏmiｃdevｅloｐment).③Infａｎｔindｕstryａrgumｅｎt(aneｗindustryneedstｏｂｅpｒotecteｄuｎtｉlthｅlａboｒｆorceistrained，theproductiontｅchniｑuesａremastｅreｄandtheｏpｅｒａt(yī)iｏnbecｏmeslaｒｇeenｏuｇhtｏeｎjoythｅe(cuò)conomiesofｓcaｌeandtobｅabｌetoｃompｅtｅintheｍａrkｅｔ.④Ｅmpｌｏｙment（proｔｅctｄｏmesticjobs⑤Pｕrｅpolitiｃalｒeａsonｓ７．taｒifｆs關(guān)稅:aｔax,orｄuty，lｅｖieｄonａcoｍmoditywhencrossｅstheboundaryofａcusｔomsａｒea.①Accordingtoｔｈemｅthodsuseｄiｎimposｉnｇiｍpｏｒｔdutｉes:Spｅcifiｃduty:Ａtariffleviedasafixedchargｅforeaｃhuniｔｏｆｉｍportｅdgoｏdｓ．(Disａｄｖantage:Pｒotectｉveｖaluevariesiｎversｅｌywitｈｔｈepricｅｏftheimporｔ./／／Ａdvalｏremduty:Levｉedａｓａconstａntｐｅrceｎｔaｇｅofthｅｍonetaryvalｕeof1ｕnitoftｈｅiｍporｔeｄgoｏd.///Mixeｄorcomｐｏunddｕty:Adutyｐｌacｅdonｉmpoｒｔeditｅｍs,tｈeaｍountｏfwhichisｂasedｕpｏntｈeaｂoｖetwｏdutｉes．/／/Alteｒnａｔivｅduty:Adoptingeiｔheｒofthesｅｔｗoｄｕｔｉes②Accorｄingtodifferenttariffratｅs:Prefｅrentialdutieｓ:appliｅdaｃｃoｒdingtｏitsgeograｐhicａlsoｕrce.///ｇeneｒalizedprefeｒｅntialｄｕty:ｅxｔｅndedundertheGeneralSysｔemofPrｅｆeｒｅncｅs.///MFNｄuty:adutyfｏrnatｉｏnsentitｌeｄtoｍost-ｆavoreｄ-naｔioｎtreaｔmentortraｄiｎgｓｔatus///ｇeneｒalduty:anｏｎ-MFNTtaｒiff,appｌｉedtoｃｏunｔrｉｅswithoｕtＭFＮTａgreeｍent.③Accoｒdiｎgｔosｐeciaｌpurposｅs：Counｔervailingｄuｔｉｅs(CVD）:ａｔaｒiffdesigｎｅdto“counteｒ”ｔhｅe(cuò)ｆｆecｔsoftｈｅfｏrｅiｇnｅxpｏrtsubsｉdy.///Ａｎｔｉ－dumpingdｕtiｅs：adutyｔoimpｏrｔｓtooffsettｈeｅdｄeｃtｓｏfｄumpｉng.8．.ｆorｍsｏfnon－tarｉffbarriｅrｓ①quantitycｏntrolｍeasureｓ(non-autｏmatiｃｌicence、qｕｏta、quａntｉtativeｓａfeｇuardmeaｓures、ｐrohibition、volunｔarｙｅｘpｏｒtrestｒaiｎts即VERs)；②pricecｏntrolmｅasurｅｓ(ａdminisｔrａｔｉｖeｐrｉciｎg、variａｂlｅｃharges、aｎtｉdumpinｇｏｒcｏuntervａilinｇmeａｓuｒeｓ);③para-taｒifｆmeasurｅs（custoｍsｓurcharｇｅs、additiｏnalｔaxｅsaｎdchａrgｅs、inteｒnａlｔaxesanｄchargesleviｅdoniｍpｏrts、ｄeｃreedｃuｓtoｍsｖaluation）;④fｉｎａnｃemeａsｕreｓ(advaｎceｐayｍentreｑuirementｓ、mｕltｉｐlｅe(cuò)xｃhangeｒateｓ、restrictiveｏfficiａlfｏreｉgnexｃhａngeallｏcatｉｏn、prohｉbｉtionｏffｏreｉgnexchaｎgeallocation、bankautｈorizaｔion、surｒｅｎdｅrｒequirｅment);⑤ａnｔｉ－ｃｏmｐｅtiｔivemeaｓurｅs(sｉｎgｌｅchanneｌｆｏrimpoｒts、ｃｏmpulsoｒｙnationaｌｓervicｅ);⑥miscellaneouｓmeasｕｒｅｓ(tｏsubｓidizｅiｍporｔ-comｐｅtｉnｇｉnｄｕstｒｉes、goverｎmeｎｔprｏｃuｒｅｍｅntpolicy、aｄminiｓtraｔｉveｃlassifｉcａt(yī)iｏn、technｉcalmｅasuｒes).9.dumping:Dｕmｐinｇiｓｓｅllinｇexｐoｒｔsａｔaｐriｃｅthaｔisｔooｌｏw,lesstｈannorｍalorｆairvａlｕe.Typeｓ：①Predaｔorｙdumpｉnｇ:drivingcompｅtｉtorsouｔｏfｂusinessｉntheforｅigncｏuntry．②Sｐoraｄｉcdｕmpｉng:Foreｉｇnｐroducershａveteｍporarysurｐｌｕsthaｔtheyｅxportatｗhatevｅｒpricecangｅt．a(chǎn))Cyｃlicａldｕｍpｉng:duｒingｐerｉoｄｓｏｆrｅcessionａfｉrmteｎdｓtolｏｗeｒitsｐｒicetｏlimitｔheｄｅclineinthｅｑｕａnｔitysｏlｄ.b）Sｅasonaldumｐiｎg:iｎｔenｄedtoｓelloffｅxｃessinvｅntｏriesofａproduct③Persiｓｔentduｍping:whenafirmwitｈmarkeｔpowｅrusesｐriceｄiscｒiminationbetwｅｅｎmａrketstoinｃreasｅｉtｓｔｏtalpｒofit10.Unｆaｉｒcomｐeｔｉtｉoncａusedｂy:①Soｃｉalｄumpinｇ:ｆｉｒmsiｎdeveｌoｐｉｎgnaｔionswitｈｌowｅｒlaborｃostsandpooｒeｒwoｒｋiｎgconditiｏｎｓ.②Enｖironｍeｎtａｌduｍpｉng：acountry’slaxenvｉronｍentaｌｓtａndａｒdｓ.③

Fｉnancｉａlsｅｒｖiｃｅsdumpiｎｇ:ａnation’slｏwｒequiｒｅｍｅｎtsｆorbaｎkcapital/asｓetratiｏｓ.④Cuｌtｕralｄumpｉng：ｃuｌturalbarriersａｉdiｎｇloｃalｆirmｓ.1１.Conｄｉtionｓｏｆｄｕmｐing:①Suchfirmmｕsthasmoｎopolypoweｒinｄｏmeｓticmarket.②

Sｅgmenteｄmarkets(nobuyｉnandsｅｌｌataｐrofitｂetwｅｅｎdomesticmarketaｎdfｏreignｍarket）.③

Difｆｅrentｄemａndｅlastiｃiｔy.１2.ｔypeｓofｒegionaleconomiciｎtｅｇratｉoｎ：①PreｆereｎtｉａｌTradｅArｅaisatradingblｏcwhichgiｖeｓpｒeferｅntｉalaccｅsstoｃerｔainｐroductsｆromceｒtaiｎｃoｕｎtries．Ｔｈisisdｏnebyreduｃinｇtａｒifｆs,butdoesnotaｂolishthemｃomｐｌetely.②ＦreeTradeArea,allｂaｒrieｒstoｔhetradeｏfgoｏdsandｓerｖｉcesamonｇmｅmｂercoｕntriesarｅreｍoved.Buteachcｏunｔryiｓalｌｏwｅｄｔodetermineitsowntradｅpolicｉeswithregardtonｏnmembers．③CｕｓｔoｍsUnioniｓｏnｅstｅpfurｔherａlonｇthｅrｏａdtofｕlｌｅconｏｍicandpｏlitｉcａlｉnteｇｒａt(yī)ion.Aｃustomsunionｅlimｉnatestraｄｅbarrｉeｒｓbｅｔweeｎｍembercouｎtｒiesaｎdａdoｐtsaｃomｍonexternａltradｅpoｌｉcy.④CoｍmonＭarkeｔｈａsｎobａrriersｔotrａｄｅｂetweenmｅmbercｏuntｒies,incluｄesａcommｏnexｔｅrnaltrａｄeｐoｌicy,aｎdaｌlowsfａctｏrｓｄucｔioｎｔomｏｖefrｅｅlybetweｅnmembers.⑤EcｏnｏｍicUnioｎinvolｖeｓｔhefｒeefｌowofpｒoductsandfａｃtorｓoｆproductioｎbｅtｗeｅnmeｍbercountrｉeｓandadopｔｉoｎofcoｍmｏneｘｔernａlｔｒadeｐoｌicy,bｕtiｔalsoreｑuｉrｅｓａｃｏmmoncｕｒreｎｃy,hａrmoｎiｚationoｆmeｍbｅrｓ’taxｒatesandacommoｎｍoｎetaｒｙpoliｃｙ,fiscalpolｉcy．13.Ｓｔatｉｃeffeｃtｓofｒｅgｉoｎalecｏｎoｍicinｔegration：Theeffeｃtsthatｏｃｃuｒdiｒｅctlyｏｎｔhefｏrmationｏfthｅｉnｔegｒaｔiｏｎproject.①Tｒadecreation:Econｏmicinteｇraｔｉoｎcrｅatesｔradethatwoｕldnｏｔhaveexiｓteｄotｈerｗise.②Tradｅdｉversiｏn:Econoｍegｒａt(yī)iondiｖertsｔrade,ａwａyｆｒoｍamoreｅｆｆicienｔnonmeｍbeｒsuｐpｌierｔoａlｅsｓefｆｉcienｔmeｍbersｕｐpliｅｒ．③Ａdmｉnｉｓｔrａt(yī)ivesaving:Ecoｎｏｍicintegrａt(yī)iｏncaｎｌeadtoadminｉｓtraｔｉｖesａvingbyeｌiminaｔingtheneｅdfoｒgovｅrｎｍentofficialｓtoｍonitorthegoodsaｎｄｓeｒvｉｃesthatcroｓstheｂorders.④Collecｔｉｖeteｒmsoｆtrａdeimproving：Ifaｂlｏcofcountriesiｍpｏseｓｔhetａｒiff,tｈｅfalｌindｅmanｄｆｏｒｔheimpｏｒteｄgoｏdｓwiｌlｂeｓｕbstantial.⑤Ｇreaｔｅrbargainｉｎgｐowerintｒadeｎegotiaｔiongrｅatｅrｔhanｔheywouldｈavｅｈadneｇoｔiａt(yī)edontｈｅirｏwn.１4．Ｄynaｍiｃefｆｅcｔsofreｇioｎａlｅｃoｎomiciｎtegｒaｔｉon:①I(mǎi)nｃreaseｃomｐeｔitｉonaｎdecoｎoｍｉesofｓcaｌｅ.(Marｋetsiｚeｉｎcｒeaseｓloｗerdegreeoｆmonopｏly;Soｍeinｄｕstｒｉｅsｒｅｑuiｒelaｒgesｃａｄuｃｔiｏn;Inｔernalecoｎｏmｉeｓofscale(greaterｐroduction);Ｅxterｎaleｃoｎomｉｅsoｆscａleresｕｌｔedfromｃｈeａpeｒ;capｉtａl,moｒeｈighlyｓkillｅｄｌaｂoｒ，ｏrsupｅriorteｃhnolｏgy)②Stiｍｕlategｒeaterinvｅstmeｎtinthｅmｅmberｃountｒies.ｅ．g.maｓsiveU．S.iｎvestmentoccuｒrｅｄiｎtｈeEC1５．ｍainｄiffeｒencesbetwｅe(cuò)nＧATTaｎdWＴＯ:①Naｔｕre:GATT—adｈocandｐrovisｉonａl(neｖerｒatiｆiedinmeｍberｓ’parliａｍentandｃoｎｔainｅdnｏｐroｖiｓionｓforthecreａｔiｏnofanｏｒganizatiｏn)。ＷTO—perｍanent,hassoｕndlｅgａｌbasiｓ(mｅmbeｒｓhaveratｉfiedtｈeWTOagｒｅｅmeｎts②Scoｐe:GＡTT—ｇoｏdsonｌy。WTO—goｏds,servicesandｔrade－ｒelaｔｅdaspｅctｓｏfinｔellectuaｌpropeｒtｙriｇhｔs.③Aｐproａch：GＡTT—sｅleｃtivebasis（ｐｌuriｌatｅｒaｌ）。ＷTO—asiｎgｌeundｅrtａｋｉｎｇ(multｉlａt(yī)eraｌ）④Disｐutesettlement:WTO:SｐecｉficｔimeliｍitｓfasteｒthantheGATＴ。Ｈaspeｒｍanentappｅｌlaｔebodyｔorevｉeｗfindｉｎgsｂydispｕteseｔtlemｅntpanel.【關(guān)系:①thｅWTＯreｐlaceｄGＡTTａsaｎｉnternatiｏnalorgａnizａｔion,bｕttheGAＴＴstｉllexistsastheＷTO’suｍbrｅllaｔreadｙfｏrtrａdeｉnｇoｏdｓ,ｕpdａt(yī)edasareｓｕltoftｈeＵruguayRoundnｅgoｔiationｓ.】16.ＦＯB＝Fｒeeonboard（ｎamedpｏrtoｆshiｐmｅnt)InFＯＢ,ｔhesｅllerisrｅquiｒedtodelivｅrgooｄsonbｏarｄavessｅlthatiｓtｏbedesｉgnatedbyｔhebuｙeｒaｔaｐaｒｔｉｃularporｔ.Theselｌer’sobliｇationunderＦOB:1）prｏvｉdｉnｇthegoods2）obtainingｅxpoｒtlｉｃensｅａｎｄothｅrdocｕmentｓ３)ｃarryingｏutallcuｓtomsｆｏrｍaｌiｔｉesfｏreｘｐｏrt4)ｄelｉvｅringtｈegoodｓonboａrdaｎｄｎotiｆyｔｈｅｂｕyeｒNotesfoｒ4):a.thevesseｌdesignａｔedbybｕyeｒb.ａt(yī)tｈｅpaｒticulａrpoｒｔc．wｉｔhinthｅstipulatedｔｉmeperiod５）ｂeaｒiｎgalｌrisｋsｏflosｓofordａmagｅtoｔheｇoodｓunｔiltｈｅｔimｅtheｙ’ｖepassｅdthｅship’sraiｌ6）prｏvidiｎgtheｃoｍｍｅrｃｉaldocuｍeｎts,ｏriｔｓequiｖalentelectronｉcｍesｓaｇetobuｙerThebuyeｒ’obｌigatiｏnunderFOB:1)ｏbtainiｎgｉmpｏrｔliｃeｎseｏrotｈerofficialauthorｉzation２)ｃaｒryｉngoｕtａllｉｍｐｏrtcustｏｍｓfｏrｍalities3)ｐrepariｎgcaｒrｉagｅfｒomthｅnaｍeｄporｔofsｈｉpmentNoｔesｆor3):a．ｐaｙｉngtｈｅfreiｇｈtb.ｉｎformingthｅsｅlleroftheｎａｍｅandｔhedateofarｒivaloｆthesｈip4)bearｉngａllrisｋsofｌosｓoforｄaｍａgｅtｏtheｇoodsｆｒoｍthetimetｈey’ｖeｐassｅdtheship’ｓｒail5）taｋｉｎgdeliveryｏftｈegoodｓ,maｋｉｎgpaymenttotheｓelleｒＶariaｔｉonsofＦＯBTerｍｓ變體FOBＬｉnｅｒTerms：FOＢ班輪條件FＯBＵnｄerTａcklｅ:FOＢ吊鉤下交貨ＦOBStowｅd:FOB理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)FOBＴｒｉmmeｄ:FＯＢ平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)FOBStowedandTｒimmed:FOB理艙費(fèi)和平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)１7.ＣFR:ＣOSTANDFＲEIGHT(namedporｔｏfdｅsｔination)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（……指定目的港)UndｅrthｅCＦRterm,thｅｓellｅrmustpaythｅｃostｓａndｆreigｈｔnecessaryｔobringthegｏoｄstoｔhｅnamedpｏrtｏｆｄestｉｎatioｎ.Shipｍentａｄｖice(轉(zhuǎn)船告知)AshipｐiｎgａｄvｉcｅconｔainｓＤｉffeｒenｃewithＦOB：Tｈeseｌleｒiｎsteadofthebuｙerisｒesponｓｉblｅfｏｒｍakｉngarｒａｎｇeｍentofthesｈip(chａrterinｇaｓhiｐｏrbookingaspacｅ)Ｔheselｌer‘sobｌigatioｎ：１)Beｒesｐｏnｓｉbleｆorｂoｏkｉｎgtheshｉpｐiｎgｓｐａｃe，dｅlivｅrｔhｅgoodｓonboarｄｔhｅｖessｅlatｔheｐortofshipmentｏｎtｈeｄateorwｉｔhiｎthepｅｒiodstｉｐulated.2)Ｇiｖethebuｙertheshｉｐpiｎｇadviceaｔonceaｆtｅｒｓhipｍent,soｔhatｔhebuｙercaｎarrａngeforinｓｕrａnｃe3)bearaｌｌrｉｓkｓoflossｏfordaｍagｅｔｏtheｇｏodsunｔilsucｈtｉｍeasｔheyhａvepasｓｅdtheshiｐ’sｒaｉlａt(yī)theportｏfshｉｐmｅnt．４）cleaｒtheｇoｏdsforｅxpｏｒｔanｄproｖideexportlicｅｎｓeorotherｏfficialａuｔｈorizaｔiｏnfortheexpｏｒtationｏftheｇooｄs.Thebuyer’ｓｏblｉgａｔiｏns：1)bｅａｒallrｉsksoｒdａmagetothegoodsfromthetimｅtheyhavepaｓｓedthesｈｉp’sraiｌattheportofshｉpmｅｎｔ.2)arraｎgeｆorinsｕｒａｎceａｎdpayｔheinｓｕrancepｒｅmiｕm．3)acｃeptｔhedｏcuｍｅntswhentenderｅdbyｔhesｅller，iftheyareｉnconformitｙｗithｔheｃｏntｒaｃtofsalｅ，aｎdpaythepricｅaｓｐrovidedintｈｅcｏnｔｒａct.4)acｃeptｄeliｖｅryofｇｏodsｗhenｔheyhaｖeｂeeｎdｅｌivereｄaｔthｅｎａmedportofdestinａt(yī)ionaｎdｂearalｌchaｒgeｓａｓｗellａsthecostofcarｒyingoutthecustｏmsformaｌiｔiespayableuponiｍpoｒtationｏｆthegoodsaｎｄ,wheｒeneceｓｓary,ｆortｈeirtrａnsitthroughａnothercounｔｒy.ＳｐecialissuesunｄerCFRＳhｉppingaｄｖice(裝船告知）：Aｓhippｉngadvｉcｅｃontａiｎsthｅvesｓｅlnａｍe,thevoyagｅnumber,thesailingdaｔeａnｄtｈedateoｆloadｉng．Ｔhｅpuｒpose:１)toinfｏrmtheｂｕyerｏｒitｓａｇenttomakepｒeparatｉonfortaｋiｎgdeliｖeｒｙoｆgoods2)toinfoｒmｔheｂuｙerｔoｅffeｃttheｉnsurａncｅＴhevariatｉoｎsofCFRＣFＲＬinerTeｒms(ＣFR班輪條件）ＣＦRＬanｄeｄ(CFR卸至碼頭)CFＲＥｘTackle（ＣFR吊鉤下交貨）CFRＥxＳhｉｐ’sHｏld（CFR艙底交貨）1８．CIF(ｎameｄpoｒtoｆｄeｓtinaｔioｎ）COST,INSＵRANCＥＡNＤFREＩGHＴtｈesｅｌlermustpａyｔhecｏstsａndfreiｇhtnecesｓaｒyｔobriｎｇthegoｏdstoanaｍedportofdestinaｔｉon，ａｎｄｍｕstalsoｐrocureｍａrｉneinsuｒａncｅagａｉnsｔthebｕyer’sｒisｋｏｆｌossofordamａgeｔotheｇoodsdｕringｔheｃarrｉａge.CｏｍparｅdwithCＦRCＩFisthesａｍｅaｓCFReｘｃｅptthatｔhesellerisresponsibleｆｏｒeｆfｅｃtingiｎsuraｎｃe，ｐayingｔｈｅpremium(保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)）.(tｈeinsuranｃereｑuirｅdundeｒaCIFcontractｈａstocovermiｎimuｍcondiｔionｓ）Ｉngeneｒal,CIFinｖｏｌvｅstheexporｔeｒｉnthｒeecontｒacｔs:Contrａｃtofsale;Ｃontractofｉｎsuｒａｎce;Contraｃtoftransｐoｒtation.Thｅseller’sｏbｌiｇaｔionｓｕnｄerCIＦ１)pｒｏvｉdinｇtheｇｏoｄs2)cｌeaｒｉｎgthegoｏｄsfｏrexｐort３)ｏbｔainiｎgexｐortliceｎｓeｏrothｅrｏfｆiｃialauｔhorizaｔionｆoｒtｈｅe(cuò)xｐorｔationofｔｈegoods4）ｃharteringashiｐｏrbｏokiｎgａｓpace5)deliveringthｅgoｏdsｏnbｏarｄthｅvessｅlattheportofshipmentｏnthedateｏrwithinthepｅｒiodstiｐulatedandｎｏtifyingtｈebuyer6)beaｒｉngａllｒiｓkｓｏflosｓofordaｍagｅtothｅgooｄsｕntｉlsuchtimeastheyｈavｅpassｅｄtheｓhip’ｓｒａilatthｅｐortｏfshipｍeｎt7)arｒaｎgiｎgfｏraninsuranceandpａｙingtｈecosｔｓoffrｅｉghtanｄinsuranｃｅ8）ProvｉdｉｎgtｈｅbｕyｅｒwｉthｒelativedｏcumentsincluｄiｎｇtheinsurａncｅpolicyBuyｅr’soblｉgatioｎｓunｄerＣIF１)ｂearｉngalrisｋsｏfｌossofordａmagetｏthｅgoodｓｆrｏｍｔhetimeｔheｙhavｅpａssedthｅship’srａilaｔthepoｒｔofshipmｅnt2）aｃceｐtinｇｔheｄocumｅntsｗhｅntendeｒedbytheseller,iｆｔheyarｅinｃonｆormｉｔyｗiththecontrａctoｆｓａle,andｐaｙtｈｅｐｒiceaspｒovideｄinｔheｃontrａct３）ｔａｋｉｎgdeliveryoftheｇoodｓｗhenthｅyｈaｖeｂeeｎdelivｅrｅdaｔthenaｍeｄporｔofdeｓtinationaｎdbearingallｃｈargesofunloadinggｏodｓ4)cｌｅａringthｅｇoｏdsfｏriｍport５)cａrryｉngoutcuｓｔoｍsformalitiesｆｏrｉmportatioｎofｇoｏdｓVａｒｉationsofCIFCIＦＬｉnｅrTermｓ:CIＦLanｄｅd:CＩFEｘ-Shｉp’sＨｏlｄ：TheusｅｏfCIFＣIＦisprｅferreｄｂｙｂｕyｅr１)itmeanstheyhａｖelittｌｅｔｏdowｉtｈｔhegoｏdsuｎｔｉlthｅgｏoｄsarriｖeａt(yī)ｔｈeｐorｔｏfｄesｔinatioｎintｈeircountrｙ.2)italloｗｓbuyｅrstocompaｒeｐrｉcesfrｏｍｓｕppliersaｒoundｔhｅwｏｒｌｄwitｈｏuthaｖiｎgtｏtakeiｎtoｃoｎｓｉdｅraｔiondifferinｇｆrｅightratｅs,sinceｔhesellerpaｙｓｔhefreigｈtａnｄiｎsurancｅ.Seller“l(fā)ikｅ”CIFtoo:undertｈeｐresｓｕreｆroｍtheirgoｖernmeｎt，sｅlｌerｉsreｑuirｅdｔｏｕsedomeｓticcａｒriersandｉnsurers.19.比較ＦＯB、CFR、ＣＩF(區(qū)別與共同點(diǎn))①coｍmonaliｔｉes：a．Underａllthethrｅe(cuò)terms,ｔheplａｃeofdeｌiveryorplacｅｏftraｎｓferringｒisksistheｓａｍe,thａt(yī)ｉs，whentheｇooｄspasｓｔheship＇ｓrailattheportofshｉpmｅnt；b.Uｎderaｌlthethrｅe(cuò)tｅrｍs,tｈesellerisｒesponｓibleforcarrｙiｎgｏutexｐoｒtｃlearaｎcewhileｔhebuyｅriｓresponsibleforcaｒｒyiｎｇoutｉmpｏrｔｃlearanｃｅ．②Ｄifferｅｎces：a.UndeｒＦＯＢ，thｅbuyｅｒislｉaｂlefoｒbotｈcｏntｒaｃtingcarriａgｅaｎdtａｋingoｕtmarineiｎsurance；b.ＵndｅrCFR，thesellerislｉａｂleforcontｒａcｔingcarｒiａgeｗhilｅthebｕyeriｓliａblefｏrtａｋiｎgｏutmａrineinsｕraｎcｅ;c.ｔｈeｓeｌleｒisliableｆorbｏthcontｒacｔｉnｇｃarｒiageandtakingouｔmarineiｎsuranｃe.2０.為什么CＦR中,賣(mài)方及時(shí)發(fā)出裝船告知是重要的?AｓｕndeｒCFR,ｔhｅbｕyｅｒmuｓttakｅrisksfoｒaperioｄofcａrｒiagedｕringwhichthebｕyerhasnomeansoｆcoｎtrollｉngoｒliｍiｔiｎｇtｈoserｉsｋｓ．Ｔｈｅcarrｉeｒused，thecosｔsincurredforｃarｒｉaｇeandthetimingｏｆｔhecarrｉａgｅarｅaｌlundeｒｔheseller'scontｒol.Theshippingａｄviｃeｓｅntpｌaysanimportａntrole,whicｈisｔｏinformtｈｅbｕyｅｒtｏtaｋeｏutinsurａnceｐromptly.If,hｏwｅveｒ，thｅｓｅｌlｅrfaｉlstodotｈｉｓ,itｗillhaveｔｏbeartｈerisksofloｓsofordａmagetoｔｈｅgoｏdsｉncｕrredｉntransit.２1.FＣA=ｆrｅe(cuò)carriｅｒ(namedplaｃe)Ｓｅlｌer’ｓＯｂligａｔｉonｓ:１．Reｓponsibilｉties【A.DelivertｈegoｏdsＢ.CｌeaｒthegoｏdsforeｘpｏrtC.DｅｌivertｈｅgoodstothecarriernａmedbytｈebｕyｅrD.NotｉfyｔhebuｙeriｍmediatｅｌyE.Ｄｅlｉvertheｄｏcｕmentsoｆeqｕivalｅntｅlｅcｔronicｄatａ】2.ExpensesExｐenｓesbｅforethegoodｓhaｖeｂeendelｉveredｔoｔhecａrrier.3．RｉsksUｐonｄeliveｒytothｅcａｒｒier.Iｆdeliveｒyoccurｓaｔthｅｓelｌer’spｒｅmiｓes,theselｌerisresponsibleforloaｄing.Ifdeliveryｏcｃuｒsａt(yī)ａｎｙｏtherplａcｅ，tｈeseｌｌｅrisｎotｒｅsponsｉblefoｒunloａdiｎg.2２．CPT(cａｒrｉａｇeｐａｉdto…nameｄplａceoｆdeｓtｉｎａt(yī)ion）ＣPT=FCA+F(國(guó)外運(yùn)費(fèi))23.ＣIP(caｒrｉagｅanｄinsｕrａｎｃepaidto…namedplacｅｏfdestinatｉoｎ）ＣIP=CＰT+I(國(guó)外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)）24.methｏdsofexｐressingqualityｏfcommｏdityiｎthｅconｔraｃt：salｅasｓeeｎ。Sａlebyｓample(coｕnterｓａmｐｌｅ,ｓeaｌed~，reｆeｒｅnce~）。Sale2５．ｑuantity：①thesystｅmｓofweｉgｈtｓanｄmeaｓureｓ(metricsystem,interｎａt(yī)ionalsyｓtｅｍｏｆuｎits，Britｉｓｈsｙstｅm,Americansystem)②ｑuanｔｉtyuniｔs(metｒicaｌｕnｉts，ｉncluｄｉngweｉght，ｌengtｈ,ａrea;numｂersinｃｌｕdingsomecustomaryunｉtssｕchａsdoｚen,gｒoss.)③methｏｄsofｒcalculaｔｉｎgweｉght(ｎetweight,grｏssｗeｉghｔ,ｃoｎｄitｉonedweiｇht，thｅorｅｔiｃalweiｇht)26.modｅｓoftrａnsｐｏｒｔ①OceaｎTraｎsｐort(Advaｎtage:eaｓypassage;ｌarｇeｃapacitｙ；ｌoｗcost///Ｄｉsａdvaｎｔaｇe:ｓlｏw；vulnerableｔobａｄwｅaｔher;lesｓpｕncｔuａl)TyｐesoｆSｈippiｎgSｅrｖicｅs:1)LiｎeｒTｒansporｔ(班輪運(yùn)送)Ａpasｓeｎgerorcargovesｓｅlthatoperａt(yī)ｅsoverareｇulａrrouｔeaｃｃordｉngｔoanadｖertisedtimｅ－ｔaｂle.【Featuｒeｓ:ｆixedroute,ｐｏｒｔs,ｓｃｈeｄulｅaｎｄｒelatｉvelyｆixeｄfｒeighｔ.?lｏadｉｎｇanｄunlｏadｉngchａｒgesinｃｌudｅdiｎfreight.?sｉmpｌeprｏceｄｕreｓandidｅａｌｆoｒcargooｆsmaｌlquanｔity．】２）ChａrterTｒansｐort租船運(yùn)送.Ｔhepｒacticeofpayinｇｍoneyｔoaｓｈippinｇcompanyｔouseｔheirｂoaｔs.【Muchchｅapertｈantｈaｔｏfthelinｅr.Shｉpperｓmaycｈoosedｉrｅcｔｒｏｕte．Ｗidelyusedｉntｒａnspｏrｔingbuｌkcａrｇoes.】【ｖoyagecｈarｔer.Thecｈarteｒorhiｒｉnｇoｆaｖesｓeｌandcrewfｏrasiｎglevoyagｅ.Tｉmecｈarter:Thｅcharterｏｆaｓhipfoｒadｅfｉnitｅｐeｒｉodoｆｔｉme.】②RaｉlＴｒansport（Aｄvanｔagｅs：Ｌarｇecapacitｙ(sｅcｏndtooｃｅantrａnｓport);Relativｅlyhighsｐeed;Ecoｎｏmｉｃaｌ;Ｒelativｅlypunｃtuａl;Lesspｒonｅtoiｎterｒuptionsｂｙpoorwｅathｅr///Diｓadvａnｔages:Ｃonfinｅdｔorａｉｌroad;Ｌｅssflexｉblｅ)③AirTranｓpoｒt:(Advａnｔagｅs:Ｈighｓpeeｄ;Goodｑuａliｔy;Lowｒisk;Cｏmｐｅｔｉtiveｉnsurancｅprｅmiｕm;／/／Dｉsadvanｔages:Higｈcoｓt;Lowcapaciｔy;Vｕlnerabletodisruption;Ｓpａrselyｌocateｄｆacｉlities;）【Ｆourcategoriｅs:Sｃheｄuledaｉrlｉnes班機(jī)運(yùn)送Ｃhａrterｅｄcａrrierｓ包機(jī)運(yùn)送Cｏnsoｌidａｔedcoｎｓignｍｅｎtsbyfreightforwardｅrｓ集中托運(yùn)Airexpreｓsseｒvice/dｅsktodeｓｋseｒｖice航空速遞(1)Scheduledaiｒlineｓ:ｏperａｔinｇonasｃheｄulｅdservice,ｏｖerafixedａirlｉneanｄbeｔweenfixedａirpｏｒtｓ,suitablｅfoｒcoｎｖeｙingfresh,emergeｎtａndseaｓonａlgooｄｓ.（２)Ｃhａrteredcａrriers:tｈeｈiｒeofanaｉrcraｆtbyashｉppｅｒorｓｅvｅrａlｓhippeｒstoｄeｌｉvercaｒgoes,idealfｏrcarryinｇcargoｅsoflaｒgｅqｕａntitiesｏｒcarryｉnｇcargoesoｆdifｆｅreｎｔshippersｔothesameｄesｔinａt(yī)ioｎ．(3）Consolidａt(yī)edconsigｎｍents:thｅairfreightforwarderuｓuallyａssembleｓanｕmｂerofｉndividualshipｍenｔsintoonecｏｎsiｇnmeｎtaｎddisｐａt(yī)chesthｅmｏｎonｅａｉrｗaybiｌｌ.Aｃonsolidａt(yī)edｓhｉpmentmａdeｕpｂyseveralshipmｅｎｔsｃａｎbedｉspatcｈｅdtｏonecommｏndestinatｉon.Mａnyshipｐeｒｓpｒeferｔhiskindoｆshipmentａstｈeｆreｉｇｈｔrateｉｓ７%-１0%lowｅrｔhaｎthatoｆａscｈｅduledairｌine.(4)Aiｒｅｘpressｓeｒvice:theexpressservｉceprovideｄbyairfreighｔfoｒwaｒdｅrsｓｐecializinｇintｈisｌineｏfbusinesｓbｅtweeｎconsiｇnors,airporｔsanｄｕsers，ｓuiｔablｅｆｏｒurgeｎｔｌyｎeedeｄartｉcｌesanｄimｐｏrtantdocuments】④Internａt(yī)ｉonaｌＴraｎｓｐort:Onecoｎtｒａct,onetrａnspｏrtdocumｅｎt,oｎeoperaｔor,oｎefreigｈtｒate;Usｅofｃoｎtａineｒs【Ａdvａntａges:Highｅfficiency;Goｏｄqualｉty；Coｓtａndｔimesaving;Ｅconomyａndsimplicityoｆｄｏcumeｎtaｔion27.BillofLading（B/L)定義Abilloｆlaｄingisashｉppiｎｇdｏcumenｔtｈａｔservｅsasareceｉptoｆｔhｅgoods;adｏｃumentoｆtitle；thｅe(cuò)ｖｉdenceofthｅｃoｎtractＴypes：①Shiｐｐｅd(onbｏａrd)B／L，ＲｅｃeivedｆorshipmenｔB/Ｌ②ClｅaｎB/L，ＵｎclｅanB／L③SｔｒaigｈtＢ/L,BｌankB／L,OrｄerB/L④DirectB/L，TｒaｎsｓhipmentＢ／Ｌ,TｈｒｏugｈB／L⑤LｉnｅｒB/Ｌ,ConｔainerＢ／L,ComｂineｄＢ/L⑥LｏnｇformB/L,ShortｆｏrmＢ／L⑦others:ＯnｄecｋＢ/L,StaleＢ/L，Ante－dａｔｅｄＢ/L,ＡdvancedB/LRuleｓ:tｈeHａgueRｕles,ｔｈeHague-VｉsbｙRｕlｅｓ19６８，ｔhｅHamｂurgＲuｌes２８.otｈｅrshｉｐｐinｇdocuments:seawａｙbill,aｉrwaybill，mｕｌtimodaltransporｔdocuｍent２９.insuｒaｎｃe:1.Perilsａndrisks:(１)PerilsoftheseaNaturａlcａlaｍｉｔiｅs:bａdweather,lｉghteningeｔc.Fortuitoｕsａcciｄents:ｂｅiｎgstrandeｄ,ｓinkｉｎg,eｔｃ.(2)Ｅxtraneoｕｓrisｋs:Ｇenerａlextraneousrisｋs:tｈｅｆt,breakageetｃ.Specialextrａneousriskｓ:miｌｉtaryafｆairｓ，wａrｅｔc.2.ＯｃeａnaveragｅandchａrgｅｓＡverage(lｏsｓ）:①Ａｃtuaｌtｏtａlｌoｓｓ②Coｎstｒuctiveｔotallｏss③Ｐａｒticulaｒaveraｇｅ④Generalaveｒaｇe:Exｔraordinａry;Voｌuｎtaｒiｌｙandｒｅasonablｙmａｄe;Iｎtimeofpｅrｉl;Bｅsucceｓsfuｌ.⑤Ｓueanｄlaborexｐｅnsｅsandsalvagecｈａrges⑥Extrａｎeｏｕｓlosｓes30.pａymeｎt:biｌlｏfexchａnｇｅ,ｐromissｏrynote,cheqｕe3１．BｉｌlofＥｘchaｎgｅ:1.定義:awrｉｔtenorderｂythedｒaweｒtotｈedｒaweｅｔｏpaymonｅｙtｏthepａyeｅ.2．內(nèi)容：(１）Ｔheｗordsoｆ“BiｌlofＥｘcｈanｇe”or“Dｒaft”(2）Anuｎｃｏnditｉonaｌoｒｄerｉnwriting(3)Ａsumcｅrtainiｎmoney；（４）TheTimeｏfpａymｅnｔ;(5）Theｎamｅofｔｈeｄraweｅ；(6）Thenamｅofthepａｙｅｅ;（7）Tｈeｄateaｎdplacｅofissuanceofdrａft；（８)Tｈeｎameandsignａt(yī)ureoｆthedrａwｅｒ;3．Usage過(guò)程:①I(mǎi)ｓsuaｎce:Tｈeaｃｔｏｆtｈｅdrawerissuｉngadrａfttotｈedraｗｅe(cuò)②Prｅｓｅｎtaｔｉoｎ：ademａndｔｏpayoraccｅpttｈedrａｆtｍａdetoｔhedrawｅe(cuò)③Acceｐtancｅ:aｎagreｅmｅntｇenｅralｌｙoｎｔｈepartoftｈｅｄraweetopaｙthｅbｉlｌ.Anａcｃepteｄbｉｌlsｈａlｌbｅrｅturnｅdtｏthepreｓentingｐarty④paymenｔ⑤Endｏrｓeｍent:Tｈeactoｆthetｒansfｅrorinｔｒａnｓfｅrｒｉngaｄraｆttothetranｓｆereebｙｍakingasiｇnaｔｕreontheｂaｃｋｏfthedraft⑥Ｄishonｏraｎdrecourse:theｐayerrefuｓeｓorfaｉlstopayｏraccepｔthｅbiｌlwｈeｎtｈehoｌdermakespresｅnｔｍeｎttohim.⑦proｔest４．分類(lèi):①trａdeｄrafts,banker’ｓdrafｔｓ②Ｓightｄraft，timedraft③ｔｒａdeacｃeptaｎｃedｒaftｓ,bａnkeｒ’sacceｐｔancedｒaｆｔ④Cｌeandｒaft,dｏｃumentarｙdraｆt32.ｌeｔtｅｒofcredit１.定義:ＡnＬ/Ciｓthewritｔeｎprｏmiseoｆaｂａnkｔhａt(yī)acｔsatthｅreｑuｅｓtaｎｄonthｅinstｒｕctionｓoｆtｈｅapplicantandundｅrtａkｅsｔopaｙtｈeｂenefｉciａrytheamouｎtspecifｉedinthecredit，proｖidedthatthetｅrmｓａｎdｃｏnｄｉtioｎsofthecｒedｉtareobｓerｖeｄｂytheｂｅnefiｃiary.2.內(nèi)容:①Nameａｎdａdｄrｅsｓoftheｉｓsｕingｂank②Ｔypｅoftheｃredｉｔ③Nａmeaｎdａddｒｅｓsofthebｅneｆｉciａry④Amounｔofｔｈｅcｒeditandｉtsｃurrencｙ⑤Eｘpirｙdａｔeｏｆthecreｄiｔandiｔｓpｌacetoｂeexpｉｒed⑥Ｎａmｅandadｄressｏfthｅａpｐlｉcａnｔ⑦L／Cｎumberａｎdｄateofiｓsｕe⑧Drawｅrandｄrａweｅaswelｌastenoｒofｔhedraｆt3..過(guò)程:(１)Agreeｍeｎttosｅttｌｅｍentｂyalettｅｒofcreｄiｔ(2)Ａpplicatiｏｎｆorｉssuiｎgalｅｔteroｆcreｄit(3)Ｏpenｉngalｅtterofcrｅｄit(4)Notｉficａt(yī)iｏn，tｒaｎsmissiｏｎorｃonfiｒmatiｏｎofaleｔterofcr