新編英語詞匯學(xué)答案

PAGEPAGE25KeystotheExercisesChapterOne1.lexicology:lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsthatsystematicallystudiesthevocabularyinagivenlanguage.Lexicologydealswithnotonlysimplewordsinalltheiraspectsbutalsowordequivalents,themeaningfulunitsoflanguage.

lexicalsemantics:Lexicalsemantics,asabranchofsemantics,isthestudyofmeaningsofwordsandhowthesemeaningsareorganized.

dictionarymeaning:thewordmeaningsstoredinourmindscanbedefined,muchthesameastheyappearedinthedictionary,whichareviewedasinherentinwords,thustheyarecalled“inherentmeanings”or“dictionarymeanings”

encyclopedicmeaning:encyclopedicmeaningisthemeaningsderivedfromnon-linguisticworldknowledgeorencyclopedicknowledge.

cognitivesemantics:cognitivesemanticsisgenerallyconcernedwiththecognitiveaspectsofmeaningandbelievesthatconceptualcontentorconceptualstructureisreflectedinlinguisticmeanings.Inotherwords,wecanresearchourmindintermsofexternallinguisticmeanings.

lexicon:lexiconisastockofindividualwords,organizedinacertainmanner.

grammar:grammarisasetofrulesorregularitiesappliedtoformcomplexexpressionsviasimplerones.

contentwords:contentwordsofasentencecontributetothemaincontentofthissentence,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs.Thisclassisopensincenewwordsareconsistentlyaddedtothestock.

functionwords:functionwordsdeterminethemajorstructureofasentence,whichthusserveasscaffoldingsformeaningsthatarelexicallyspecified.Functionwordsincludedeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,conventionallyasapartofgrammar.Functionwordsareclosed,thenumberofwhichisrelativelysmallandfixedinnumber.

lexicalrelations:lexicalrelationsisconcernedwith“relationswithinwords”,namely,homonymyandpolysemy,whicharetreatedasthecoreoflexicologyatalltimesamainlybecausetheyaresourcesforlexicalambiguity.2.Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsthatsystematicallystudiesthevocabularyinagivenlanguage.Lexicologydealswithnotonlysimplewordsinalltheiraspectsbutalsowordequivalents,themeaningfulunitsoflanguage.Whereasthestudyoflexicologyincludeswordsofdifferentlevelseitherinformorinmeaning,lexicologyisthereforecannotbeseparatedfromanumberofdisciplines,suchas,phonetics,morphology,semantics,phraseology,lexicography,stylistics,grammar(seeP.4).3.Thevocabularyofalanguageisnotmerelyaninventoryofunconnected,isolatedelements.Ithasastructure,thatis,therearevarioustypesofrelationsandconnectionsbetweenwords.Thereasons(seeP.5)areasfollows:First,linguisticelementsaregenerallyorganizedintotwoassociativerelations:syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations.Second,Englishwordsareusuallyorganizedintolexicalfieldsorsemanticfields.Moreover,therearealargenumberofvarietiesinEnglishvocabularysystem.4.Lexicalsemanticsparticularlycentersonwordmeaning,whichisthusviewedasasubsetoflexicology.Inlexicalsemantics,themeaningofwordsisthemajortopic,andthemeaningsofmorphemesandmulti-wordunitsarealsoofmuchconcern.Cognitivesemanticsisgenerallyconcernedwiththecognitiveaspectsofmeaningandbelievesthatconceptualcontentorconceptualstructureisreflectedinlinguisticmeanings.Generallyspeaking,cognitivesemanticsdevelopsnewwaystothestudyofwordmeaning,whichisparticularlyreflectedinthefollowingaspects.First,cognitivesemanticistsholdthatmeaningisencyclopedicinnature.Second,cognitivesemanticistsproposethatmeaningsofawordformaradialcategorywhichexhibittypicalityeffects.Third,wordmeaningvariesaccordingtothecontextofuse.Thereisthereforenocleardistinctionbetweenknowledgeofwordmeaning(semantics)andthatofcontextualuse(pragmatics).(seeP.5-8)5.Wordmeaningvariesaccordingtothecontextofuse.Thereisthereforenocleardistinctionbetweenknowledgeofwordmeaning(semantics)andthatofcontextualuse(pragmatics).(seeP.8)6.Mark“true”or“false”forthefollowingstatementsandexplainwhy.

1)Lexicologyismerelythestudyofcontentwords.(F)2)Whereaswordequivalentsareanecessarypartforlexicology,alltypesofphrasesfallwithintherangeoflexicology.(F)3)Thereisnoprincipledclear-cutbetweenthelexiconofalanguageanditsgrammar.(T)4)Lexicalsemanticsisthestudyofwordmeaningandthusisasubfieldoflexicology.(T)7.Omitted.ChapterTwo1.MultipleChoices1)a2)c3)c4)a5)a,bc,d,e6)d2.OldEnglish,usedbetween450and1150,isacollectivetermforfourdialectssharingsomecommonfeatures,Northumbrian,Mercian,WestSaxonandKentish.Itischaracterizedbydifferentspelling,pronunciation,lexiconandgrammarfromModernEnglish.Intermsofthespelling,manywordsinOldEnglishmayappearstrangetomodernreadersbecausesomeofthelettersarenolongerinuseinModernEnglish,suchas“e”(insoee),“?”(ingel?ste),“D”(inDonne)and“t”(intingea).Anothereye-catchingdifferenceisthatfewwordsseemtohavespellingssimilartotheirmoderncounterparts.Forexample,fewwordsintheline“sunuBeanstanessoeegel?ste”(line524,Beowulf)areidentifiabletonon-specialistmodernreaders.PronunciationofOldEnglishwordscommonlydiffersfromtheirModernEnglishequivalentstoo.Inparticular,longvowelsinOldEnglishhaveundergoneconsiderablechanges.Forexample,theOldEnglishwordstān([:])isthesamewordasModernEnglishstone,butthevowelisdifferent.Similarcorrespondencecanbefoundinhālig—holy,gān—go,bān—bone,etc.ThevocabularyofOldEnglishisalmostpurelyGermanic,butwhentheNormanConquestbroughtFrenchintoEnglandasthelanguageofhigherclass,muchoftheOldEnglishvocabularydiedout.Thosethatsurvivearebasicelementsofourvocabularysuchasmann–man,wif–wife,cild–child,hūs–house,mete–meat,strang–strong,etan–eat,etc.OldEnglishisfundamentallydifferentfromModernEnglishinitsgrammar.Morespecifically,OldEnglishisaninflectionallanguage.Forexample,nounsandadjectivesareinflectedforfourcasesinthesingularandfourintheplural,althoughtheformsarenotalwaysdistinctive,andadjectivesevenhaveseparateformsforthethreegendersofmasculine,feminineandneutral.Inaddition,verbsaredistinctivelyinflectedforthedifferentperson,numbers,tenses,andmoods.3.Conventionally,nativeelementsoftheEnglishlanguagearewordsofAnglo-Saxonstock.Thoughsmallinnumber,theyarequiteimportantinuseduetotheirspecialsemanticandgrammaticalrolesincommunication.Nativeelementsarecharacterizedbythefollowingfeatures:a.All-nationalcharacter.Nativeelementsaresharedbyallthenativespeakers,whetherheisakingunderthecrown,afishermanontheseaoravagrantinthestreet.b.Mono-syllabicity.MostofthenativeelementsinModemEnglishhaveonlyonesyllable.e.g.sun,cow,go,run,etc.c.Productivity.Mostofthenativeelementsaremonosyllabicorrootwords.Theyaresemanticallybasic.Thus,theyareproductiveinthesensethatclustersofwordsarederivedorcompoundedfromthem.Forexample,thewordhand,hasbroughtsuchderivativesandcompoundsas:handy,handle,handkerchief,handiwork,handicraft,handful,handbook,handbarrow,handcuff,etc.d.Collocationalextensiveness.Nativeelementshaveawiderangeofcollocation.Manynativewordsenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idioms,phrasesandproverbialsayings.Forexample,thewordheelentersthefollowingunits:Achilles’heel(avulnerablepoint),heeloverheadorheadoverheels(upsidedown),coolone’sheels(bekeptwaiting),showacleanpairofheels,taketoone’sheels(runaway),turnonone’sheels(turnsharplyround),etc.e.Semanticpolysemy.Nativewordsarehighlypolysemousbecausetheyhavegonethroughsemanticchangesduetotheirfrequentuseindailylife.Forexample,theverbtellconveysthefollowingmeanings:makeknown,express,explain;utter,confideinorder;distinguish;count;reveal;scold,etc.f.High-frequencyvalue.Nativeelementsformthebulkofthemostfrequentelementsusedinanystyleofspeech.Everywriterusesconsiderablymorenativewordsthanborrowedones.Corpusinvestigationsshowthatabout90percentofthewordsinShakespeare’sworksand94percentofwordsinKingJamesBiblearenativewords.g.Stylisticneutrality.Mostnativewordsarestylisticallyneutralandareequallyfittobeusedinalecture,apoem,orwhenspeakingtoachild.Thiscanbeobservedbyasimplecomparison,forexamplebegin(neutral)mence(formal).4.Omitted.5.BorrowingsfromChinese:e.g.sampan,ginseng,chopsuey,chowchow,chopsticks.

BorrowingsfromItalian:e.g.volcano,balcony,bust,cornice,colonnade.

BorrowingsfromSpanish:e.g.indigo,vanilla,cigar,armada,cargo.

BorrowingsfromPortuguese:e.g.banana,pimento,buffalo,caste,cobra.

BorrowingsfromHebrew:e.g.amen,alleluia,hallelujah,Jehovah,jubilee.

BorrowingsfromPersian:e.g.jasmine,lemon,lilac,orange,spinach.6.LookatthefollowinglexicalgroupandexplainthroughwhatlanguagestheycameintoEnglish.

1)ScandinavianElement

2)FrenchElement

3)GermanElement

4)LatinElement

5)ItalianElement

6)RussianElement

7)GreekElement

8)ChineseElementChapterThree1.Thedistinctionsbetweentypeandtokencanberoughlydescribedasdifferencesbetweenageneralsortofthinganditsparticularconcreteinstances.AccordingtotheEnglishspellingconventionofplacingaspacebetweeneachword,wemaycounteverysequenceoflettersbetweentwospacesorbetweenaspaceandapunctuationmarkasdifferentwordtokens.Therefore,thegivenpassagecontains75wordtokens.Butonly39wordtypesareidentifiedbecausesomeofthesewordtokensrepresentthesamewordtype.Forexample,andandtherepeatsixandninetimesrespectivelywhiletwoinflectingwordtokenscreepingandcreepsofthesamewordtypecreepappearinthepassage.Thetypeandtokendistinctionisnecessarytobedrawninlexicography,incountingwordfrequency,inconcordances,instudyofcollocations,andinsemantictheory.2.Alexemeisanabstractunitthatbelongstoagrammaticalcategory.Itspropertiesaremostusuallycharacteristicsofsyntacticclassificationorofmeaning.Lexemeisusuallycontrastedwithwordform.Awordformistheactualinstantiationofalexemewithparticulargrammaticalbehavior,whichcanbeanalyzedintoletters(e.g.r-o-s-eandr-o-s-e-s)andmeaningfulcomponents(forexample,rosesiscomposedofroseandpluralinflection-s).Accordingtotheabovedistinction,allwordsin(a)exceptbreakingandpunishingandallwordsin(b)arelexemes,andthereforeneedtobelistedinadictionaryofmodernEnglish.Morespecifically,breakingandbreakaretwowordformsofthesamelexemeBREAKbecausetheybelongtothesamegrammaticalcategoryandrefertothesameaction.Theinflectionalmorpheme-ingonlyrepresentsdifferentgrammaticalbehaviorsofBREAKindifferentgrammaticalcontexts.Similarly,punishingandpunisharetwowordformsofthesamelexemePUNISH.Bycontrast,break,breakableandbreakage,forexample,aredifferentlexemesbecausetheybelongtodifferentgrammaticalcategorieswithdistinctmeaning,thatis,breakisaverbreferringtoanaction,breakable,anadjectivereferringtoastatewhilebreakage,anounreferringtoanabstractthing.3.Omitted4.Omitted5.Idiomsaresemanticallyidiosyncraticexpressionssuchastopullone’sleg,tokickthebucket,tocookone’sgoose,toshowthewhitefeather,etc.,whosemeaningscannotbededucedfromthemeaningsofthecomponents.Idiomsresistsubstitution,interruptionandre-orderingoftheirparts.Forexample,topullone’slegandtokickthebucketcanneverbereproducedwithdragsubstitutingpullorbailtakingtheplaceofbucket.Meanwhile,somealternationsliketopullone’sbiglegortokickthesmallbucketarealsoresistedsinceinterruptionsoftheidiomsarenotallowed.Incontrast,collocationsaresequencesofwordswhichhabituallyco-occurorgotogether,buttheyarefullyanalyzableinmeaning,suchasheavysmoker,strongtea,fineweather,lightdrizzle,highwinds.Collocationsareeasytodistinguishfromidioms.Differentfromthe“physicallyintact”requirementofidioms,therearealwayspossibilitiesforcollocationstobereshapedaslongasthecontextualrequirementissatisfied.Forexample,heavysmokercanbeanalogicallyreshapedasheavydrinkerandheavydrug-userbecausebothdrinkeranddrug-usermeetthehighlyrestrictedcontextualrequirement,i.e.,thenotionof“consumption”.Insomecases,elementsofcollocationscanbefairlyfreelymodified.Forexample,footthebillinI’mexpectedtofootthebillcanbereplacedbyfoottheelectricitybillorfootallthe50bloodyelectricitybills.6.(1)Theabovewordscanbeanalyzedasfollows:special-ize;un-sympath-etic;individual-ist-ic;bull-’s-eye;knicker-bock-er-s.Therefore,specializeiscomposedoftwomorphemes,unsympathetic,individualisticandbull’s-eyeofthreemorphemes,whileknickerbockersoffourmorphemes.

(2)Boundmorpheme:-ize,un-,-etic,-ist,-ic,-’s,-er,-s

Freemorpheme:special,sympathy,individual,bull,eye,knicker,bock

Inflectionalmorpheme:-’s,-s

Derivationalmorpheme:-ize,un-,-etic,-ist,-ic,-er

Root:special,sympathy,individual,

Affix:-ize,un-,-etic,-ist,-ic,-’s,-er,-s

Lexicalmorpheme:special,sympathy,individual,bull,eye,knicker,bock

Grammaticalmorpheme:-’s,-s7.Omitted.ChapterFour1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.wordformation:themakingofwordsmorpheme:theminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunctionthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedfreemorpheme:amorphemethatcanstandalonewithoutanothermorphemeboundmorpheme:amorphemethatcannotstandalonebutonlyfunctionsaspartofawordmorph:actualphoneticororthographicrealizationofamorphemeallomorph:amemberofasetofmorphswhichrepresentthesamemorpheme,whicharephonologicalororthographicvariantsofasinglemorphemeroot:thecentralelementofmeaninginaword;partofawordthatisleftwhenalltheaffixeshavebeenremovedstem:thebasicelementorelementsofawordtowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeaddedprefix:themorphemethatprecedestherootsuffix:themorphemethatfollowstherootderivation:awayofwordformationbyaddingaffixesthatarenotinflectionaltootherwordsormorphemesclipping:aprocessofwordformationbywhichlargerwordsareabbreviatedtobecomenewly-wordssharingacommonfunctionwithwordstheyarefromblending:aword-formationwayofcombiningpartsoftwoormorewordsbackformation:areversalprocessofsuffixationthroughwhichanewwordisformedbyremovinganimagedsuffixfromanalreadyexistingformacronym:aprocessofwordformationbytakingthefirstlettersofaseriesofwordsthatarepronouncedasasingleword2.Explainthemeaningsoftheprefixesandsuffixesinthefollowingwords.in-oppositenot/withoutde-oppositemis-wronglymal-badlysuper-overover-excessivesub-undermini-toolittlecounter-oppositeanti-againstco-togetherpro-fortrans-acrosspre-beforeex-formerneo-new-ersomeonewhodoessomethingorisdoingsth.-hoodusedtorefertoaperiodoftimeorastate-fulfullofsth.-istsomeonewhostudiesaparticularsubject,playsaparticularinstrument,ordoesaparticulartypeofwork-ismapoliticalbelieforreligionbasedonaparticularortheideasandbeliefsofaparticularperson-likeusedafteranountosaythatsth.issimilartoortypicalofthenoun-ishtypicaloforlikeaparticulartypeofperson-iansomeoneorsomethingof,from,orconnectedwithaparticularthing,place,orperson-wardtowardsaparticulardirectionorplace-wisesth.goesinaparticulardirectionorisinaparticularposition3.Changethefollowingwordsintotheirnegativeforms.abnormalincompleteincorrectdishonestimpatientingratitudeunimportantnon-smokerunfairinsanedisloyalasymmetrydisfavourinconsiderabledisorderinhumandisobeyimpoliteunscientificunsuccessful4.InEnglish,dozensofsuffixescanchangeawordintoitscorrespondingnounform.Giveatleasttenexamplesofnounsuffixes.Addingnounsuffixesmayresultinashiftofstresssuchas′realtore′alityand′situatetositu′ation.Canthisphoneticfeaturebewidelyappliedtoallnounsuffixes?Findsomeexamplestosupportyouridea.Example:-er,-ee,-age,-cy,-ence,-ency/ancy,-ics,-ian,-ing,-ion,-ism,-izaiton,-logy,etc.No,itcannot.Itisjustoneoftherulesindicatingwhetherthereisashiftofstresswhenderivationistriggered.Therearelotsofexamplestosubvertthishypothesissuchascom′pare→com′parisonandreal→′realism.5.Givethefullformsandmeaningsofthefollowinginitialismandacronyms.NATANorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationWWWWorldWideWebSOSSaveOurSouls/SaveOurShipTOEFLTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageBRICSBrazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfricaUNtheUnitedNationGMTGreenwichMeanTimeNSCNationalSecurityCouncilAMantemeridiemVIPveryimportantpersonIBMInternationalBusinessMachinesUNESCOUnitedNationEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganizationasapassoonaspossibledinkdoubleincomenokidsFAQfrequentlyaskedquestionsVATvalueaddedtaxlaserlightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiationradarradiodetectingandranging6.Explainwordformationofthefollowingblends.brunch=breakfast+lunchmotel=motor+hoteltalkathon=talkative+marathonmingy=mean+stingycomsat=communication+satellitestagflation=stagnation+inflationhi-fi=high+fidelityheliport=helicopter+portsmog=smoke+fogchunnel=channel+tunnelguesstimate=guess+estimatebreathalyser=breath+analyzerchortle=chuckle+snort7.InEnglish,manywordscanbeeitheranounoraverb.Considerthefollowingwordsandanswerthequestion.(i)Inconversions,somethingisoftenalteredinpronunciationevenifnotinspelling:thestressdifferenceiscausedintheprocessofconversion.Whenverbsoftwosyllablesareconvertedintonouns,thestressisusuallyshiftedfromthesecondtothefirstsyllable.However,therearealsomanyexampleswhichdonotdifferinstressintheconversionsfromnounstoverbsasdebateandcontact.(ii)survey;addict;abstract(iii)verb→nountoguessaguesstodumpadumptospyaspytorecordarecordnoun→verbthewatertowaterthebottletobottlethehammertohammerthefiletofile8.disrespectfulnessThiswordcontainsastemandthreeaffixes,respect,dis-,-ful,and–ness.Addingtheseaffixestothestemrespectresultsinthechangeofthemeaningandthewordclassofrespect.dis-means“not”whenitisaddedbeforeaword.–fulcantransformthewordclassfromnountoverb.–nesscanbeusedtocauseclasswordtransformation,thatis,fromadjectivetonoun.Therefore,theworddisrespectfulnessmeansnorespectinthewaysomeonespeaksorbehavestowesternizationalisticityThiswordcontainsarootandsomanyaffixes,west,-ern,-ize,-tion,-al,-ist,-ic,-icity,andpro-.Inthefollowingarethemeaningsofaffixes:-ernusedtomakethedirectionalnounstransformintotheirrelevantadjectives-izeusedtomakesth.havemoreofaparticularqualityintheformationofaverb-tionusedtoindicatetheact,state,orresultofdoingsthintheformationofanoun,usuallyaddedafteraverb-alof;relatedto-istrelatingtoorshowingaparticularpoliticalorreligiousbelief-ic[inadjectives]of,like,orrelatedtoaparticularthing-icityreplacing~icattheendofadjectivestoformnounsreferringtothestate,quality,orbehaviordescribedbytheadjectivepro-for;supportingsth.Therefore,theword“prowesternizationalisticity”means“thestateinwhichthebeliefofbringingcustoms,businessmethods,etc.thataretypicalofEuropeandtheUStoothercountriesisapprovedof”.antidisestablishmentarianismThiswordcontainsastemandmanyaffixes,establish,anti-,dis-,-ment,-ary,-an,and–ism.Thefollowingarethemeaningsofaffixes:anti-againstdis-not-mentusedtoformanounfromaverbtoshowactions,thepeoplewhodothem,ortheirresults-aryof;relatedto;belongingto-an[inadjectivesandnouns]someoneorsomethingof,from,orconnectedwithaparticularthing,place,orperson-ismapoliticalbelieforreligionbasedonaparticularprincipleortheideasandbeliefsofaparticularpersonTherefore,theword“antidisestablishmentarianism”means“thebeliefwhichopposestheofficialdecisionthataparticularchurchisnolongertheofficialchurchofyourcountry”.ChapterFive1.Definethefollowingterms.1)Referencereferstotherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld,i.e.,betweenwordsandthethings,persons,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.2)Senseisdefinedintermsoftherelationshiporsenserelationsinsidethelanguage,orinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.3)Polysemycanbedefinedas“havingorcharacterizedbymanymeanings;theexistenceofseveralmeaningsforasinglewordorphrase”.4)Grammaticalmeaningcanberegardedasthemeaningofalinguisticitemthatdependsonitsroleinasentence.Itisabstractcomparedwiththeitem’soriginallexicalmeaning.Itdenoteslarge,abstractdomainssuchastimeormodality,orabstractgrammaticalrelationssuchas“subjectoftheverb”.5)Lexicalmeaningisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisregardedasbeingidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.2.Thewordsineachofthesepairshavesimilardenotations.Identifythewordwithnegativeconnotationineachpair.1)skinny2)unproven3)cheap4)miserly5)gamble3.Fillintheblankswithadjectivesantonymoustothosegiveninbrackets.1)(light):adarkbluedress;aheavybox2)(old):ayoungman;anewhouse3)(hard):aneasytask;asoftbed4)(soft):adeepvoice;ahardcushion5)(fresh):stalebread;witheredflower6)(clever):asillylittleboy;astupidstudent7)(wild):domesticbirds;culturedflowers8)(straight):acurlyline;aslopingroof9)(rough):asmoothsurface;acivilizedperson10)(lose):togetabook;towinabattle4.Studythefollowingpassagesandexplaintherhetoricuseofhomonyms.1)Intheman’sreply,“meat”isatypicalcaseofhomonymy.Homonymsreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandpolysemantsistheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Herethebutchercleverlyemployedthestructureoftheidiomtohisadvantagetogiveahumorouswaythebadqualityofthesausage.Itimpliesthatitisdifficulttoearnmoneywithmoremeatinsausage.2)Theword“swallow”ispolysemous.Itcaneithermeanabirdoranactionofeatingquicklywithoutevenchewing.Duetosuchafact,thissentencemaymean:oneswallowofhotfood(oralcohol)doesnotmakeyousohotasyoufeelinsummer,buttheveryswallowofitdoesmakeyoufeelwarmonacoldwinterday.3)“Week”and“weak”havethesamepronunciationandarehomophonesinthesentence.Theuseof“week”isapun.ItcanmeaneitherthesixdaysapartfromSunday,orlackingstrengthorpower,duetoitsphonologicalsimilaritywith“weak”.4)Both“rose”and“blue”areusedaspunsduetotheirphonologicalsimilarity.“Rose”canbeeitherthepasttenseoftheverb“rise”orthenoun“rose”,apinkcolor.While,bothblew,thepasttenseof“blow”and“blue”meaningacolorarepronouncedthesame.5.Findsynonymsforthewordsintheleft-handlistbychoosingthemostsuitablewordfromtheright-handlist.avaricious:greedycourteously:politelyemancipate:setfreecustomary:usualwidth:breadthadversary:opponentinnocent:sinlessobstacle:obstruction6.Ineachofthefollowingcontexts,twowordsaregivenfortheblank.Inonecasebothwordsareinterchangeableandintheother,onlyonecanbeused.a.I’mafraidtheywill(refuse)ouroffer.b.We(reject,refuse)goodsthatdonotmeettherequiredstandard.a.Our(target,goal)isaprofitof$50,000forthecomingyear.b.Montcrieffscoredafabulous(goal)inthesecondhalf.a.Hisapproachtohisstudiesisrather(shallow,superficial).b.Thewaterisvery(shallow)—Let’spaddle.a.Couldyou(fetch,bring)memyglasses?Theyareonthetable.b.Cometoourpartybutdon’tforgetto(bring)abottle.a.I’mgoingtobelate—I’llhaveto(hurry,rush).b.Thehostagesdecidedtotryto(rush)theterroriststomakehimdrophisgun.ChapterSix1.Manyfamiliarwordshavedifferentmeaningswhentheyareusedindifferentcontexts.Thisisjustifiedbythefollowingillustratingexamples.Studythesentencescarefullyandtrytodefinethewordsinboldtypeineachcontextwiththehelpofadictionaryifnecessary.1)a.Rrmaltermsforadifficultsituationd.somethingcraved,especiallyanintravenousinjectionofanarcoticdrug2)a.sectionofaspace-rocketwithaseparateengine,jettisonedwhenitsfuelisusedupb.platformorarea(usu.inatheatre)onwhichplaysareperformedtoanaudiencec.point,periodorstepinthedevelopmentd.carryout3)a.conversationbetweenpeopleorpartieswithdifferentopinionsb.adiscussionintendedtoproduceanagreementc.thelinesspokenbycharactersindramaorfiction2.Placetheappropriatewordfromthelistineachoftheblanksbelow.Donotuseanywordmorethanonce.adroit,articulate,transactions,exasperated,deadlines,dedicated,reliance,formulate3.Studythesentencescarefullyandchoosetherightmeaningofthewordsitalicized.1)B2)A3)A4)B5)A4.FindpossiblesubordinatesofthebasiccategoriesEAT,DRINK,FLOWER,CAR,indictionaries.EAT:chew,swallow,…DRINK:guzzle,sip,…FLOWER:rose,dandelion,