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初高中英語(yǔ)銜接專(zhuān)題一:名詞考點(diǎn)集匯,講解和訓(xùn)練一、名詞的數(shù)1.單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。復(fù)數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加詞尾“-s”構(gòu)成,其重要變法如下:(1)一般情況在詞尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors,boy→boys。(2)以s,x,ch,sh,結(jié)尾的詞加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classesbox→boxes,watch→wat(yī)ches,brush→brushes。(3)以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s,例如:orange—oranges。(4)以輔音母加y結(jié)尾的詞變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities,factory→factories,country→countries,family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s,如:boy→boys,day→days。(5)以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potat(yī)oes,tomat(yī)o→tomatoes,但詞末為兩個(gè)元音字母的詞只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,尚有某些外來(lái)詞也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。(6)以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞,多數(shù)變f為v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves,half→halves。復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s(或es)的讀音方法如下表所示。復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s(或es)的讀音方法情況讀法例詞在[p][t][k][f]等清輔音后[s]cups,hats,cakes在[s][z][t][d3][F]等音后[iz]glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在[b][d][g][v]等濁輔音后[z]beds,dogs,cities,knives(7)少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→fee(cuò)t,child→children,mouse→mice?!咀⒁狻颗cman和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。例如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;man,woman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),它的單復(fù)數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定,如:menworkers,womenteachers。有個(gè)別名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同樣,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但當(dāng)fish表達(dá)不同種類(lèi)的魚(yú)時(shí),可以加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。(8)單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。(9)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保存單數(shù)形式,中間加連字符。例如an8-year-oldgirl,aten-milewalk。(10)尚有些名詞僅有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。(11)只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞有:科學(xué)名詞:physics,mathematics/maths
游戲名稱(chēng):bowls
專(zhuān)有名詞:theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls
其他名詞:news,falls2.不可數(shù)名詞“量”的表達(dá)方法在英語(yǔ)中,不可數(shù)名詞假如要表達(dá)“量的概念”,可以用以下兩種方法:(1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表達(dá)多少,例如:Therichmanhasalotofmoney.?Thereissomemilkinthebottle.
Isthereanywaterintheglass?
Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice.(2)用apieceof這類(lèi)定語(yǔ),例如:apieceofpaperapieceofwoodapieceofbreadabottleoforangeaglassofwater(milk)acupofteaacupofteaabagofricethree(cuò)bagsofrice
假如要表達(dá)“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類(lèi)概念時(shí),在容器后加復(fù)數(shù),例如:
twocupsoftea?fourpiecesofpaper
threeglassesofwater不可數(shù)名詞也可用alotof,lotsof,some,any,much等來(lái)修飾。二、名詞的所有格名詞所有格,用來(lái)表達(dá)人或物的所有,以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。1.表達(dá)有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s',例如:astudent'sroom,students'rooms,father'sshoes。2.如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加's,如:Children'sDay。3.在表達(dá)時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格、世界、國(guó)家等名詞的所有格要用's,例如:atwentyminutes'walk,tenmiles'journey,aboat'slength,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth。4.無(wú)生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu),例如:amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflowers。5.雙重所有格,例如:afriendofmyfather's?!咀⒁狻考偃鐑蓚€(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表達(dá)“分別有”,例如:John'sandMary'srooms(約翰和瑪麗各有一間,共兩間);Tom'sandMary'sbikes(兩人各自的自行車(chē))。兩個(gè)名詞并列,只有一個(gè)'s,則表達(dá)“共有”,例如:JohnandMary'sroom(約翰和瑪麗共有一間);TomandMary'smother(即Tom與Mary是兄妹)?!狙菥殹?.---Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim?I’vebee(cuò)nto__(dá)__(dá)__.A.theHenryhouse
B.theHenryfamilyC.TheHenry’shome
D.Henry’s2.InEngland,if__(dá)__isinthemiddleoftheday,thee(cuò)veningmealiscalledsupper.A.food
B.lunch
C.breakfast
D.dinner3.Youlookedforittwice,butyouhaven’tfoundit.Whynottry____(dá).A.threetimes
B.a(chǎn)thirdtime
C.thethirdtime
D.once4.Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______?Certainly.A.somebottlesofwaters
B.somebottlesofwaterC.somebottleofwater
D.somebottleofwaters5.Mikehurtoneofhis______intheaccidentyesterday.A.tooth
B.feet
C.hand
D.ear6.Thereissome__(dá)_____ontheplate.A.cakes
B.meat
C.potato
D.pears7.InEngland,thelastnameisthe
_______(dá).A.familyname
B.middle
C.givenname
D.fullname8.Theyaregoingtofly___(dá)__(dá)__toBeijing.A.Germen
B.Germany
C.Germanys
D.Germans9.The__(dá)____hastwo____(dá)___.A.boys;watches
B.boy;watch
C.boy;watches
D.boys;watch10.Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.A.tooth
B.tooths
C.teeth
D.teeths11.What’syour___(dá)____(dá)forbeinglat(yī)eagain?A.idea
B.key
C.excuse
D.news12.---It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly.---ButIthinkweshouldlet__(dá)____(dá)_gooutfirst.A.womanandchildren
B.womenandchildC.womanandchild
D.womenandchildren13.Youcansee(cuò)Mr.Smithifthereisasign“___(dá)____”onthedoorofhisshop.---Thanks.A.ENTRANCE
B.BUSINESSHOURSC.THISSIDEUP
D.NOSMOKING14.Aretheygoingtohaveapicnicon__(dá)___(dá)__(dá)?A.Children’sDay
B.Childrens’sDayC.ChildrensDay
D.ChildrenDay15.Wherearethestudents?Aretheyin______(dá)_?A.theRoom406
B.Room406
C.the406Room
D.406Room【練習(xí)答案】1.D2.B3.B4.B5.B
6.B7.A8.D9.C10.C
11.C12.D13.B14.A15.B專(zhuān)題二:形容詞、副詞考點(diǎn)集匯,講解和訓(xùn)練【名師點(diǎn)睛】1.形容詞的用法(1)形容詞在句中作定語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:Ourcountryisabeautifulcountry.(作定語(yǔ))Thefishwentbad.(作表語(yǔ))Wekeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))(2)形容詞修飾something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代詞時(shí),形容詞放在名詞后面。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Isthereanythinginterestinginthefilm.(3)用and或or連接起來(lái)的兩個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面。起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用。Everybody,manandwoman,oldandyoung,shouldattendthemeeting.Youcantakeanyboxaway,bigorsmall.(4)the+形容詞表達(dá)一類(lèi)人或物Therichshouldhelpthepoor.2.副詞的用法(1)副詞在句中可作狀語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。Hestudiesveryhard.(作狀語(yǔ))Lifehereisfullofjoy.(作定語(yǔ))Whenwillyoubeback?(作表語(yǔ))副詞按其用途和含義可分為下面五類(lèi):1)時(shí)間副詞時(shí)間副詞通常用來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作的時(shí)間。常見(jiàn)的時(shí)間副詞有:nowtoday,tomorrow,yesterday,before,late,early,never,seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always等。例如:Heoftencomestoschoollate.Whatarewegoingtodotomorrow?HeisneverbeentoBeijing.2)地點(diǎn)副詞地點(diǎn)副詞通常用來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。常見(jiàn)的地點(diǎn)副詞有:here,there,inside,outside,home,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere,down,up,off,on,in,out等。例如:Imetanoldfriendofmineonmywayhome.Hewentupstairs.Putdownyournamehere.3)方式副詞方式副詞一般都是回答“如何的?”這類(lèi)問(wèn)題的,其中絕大部分都是由一個(gè)形容詞加詞尾-ly構(gòu)成的,有少數(shù)方式副詞不帶詞尾-ly,它們與形容詞同形。常見(jiàn)的方式副詞有:anxiously,badly,bravely,calmly,carefully,proudly,rapidly,suddenly,successfully,angrily,happily,slowly,warmly,well,fast,slow,quick,hard,alone,high,straight,wide等。例如:Theoldmanwalkedhomeslowly.Pleaselistentotheteachercarefully.Thebirdsareflyinghigh.Herunsveryfast.4)限度副詞限度副詞多數(shù)用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞,有少數(shù)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞或介詞短語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的限度副詞有:much,(a)little,abit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,pretty,greatly,completely,nearly,almost,deeply,hardly,partly等。例如:Herpronunciationisverygood.Shesingsquitewell.Icanhardlyagreewithyou.5)疑問(wèn)副詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句的副詞。常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)副詞有:how,when,where,why等。例如:Howareyougettingalongwithyourstudies?Wherewereyouyesterday?Whydidyoudothat?(2)副詞在句中的位置1)多數(shù)副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)放在動(dòng)詞之后。假如動(dòng)詞帶有賓語(yǔ),則放在賓語(yǔ)之后。例如:MrSmithworksveryhard.ShespeaksEnglishwell.2)頻度副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常放在行為動(dòng)詞之前,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞和be動(dòng)詞之后。例如:Heusuallygetsupearly.I’veneverheardhimsinging.Sheisseldomill.3)限度副詞一般放在所修飾的形容詞和副詞的前面,但enough作副詞用時(shí),通常放在被修飾詞的后面。例如:Itisaratherdifficultjob.Herunsveryfast.Hedidn’tworkhardenough.4)副詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般放在被修飾的名詞之后。例如:Onmywayhome,Imetmyuncle.Thestudentstherehavealottimetodotheirownresearchwork.(3)部分常用副詞的用法1)very,much這兩個(gè)副詞都可表達(dá)“很”,但用法不同。Very用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞的原級(jí),而much用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)。例如:SheisaverynicegirlI’mfeelingmuchbetternow.Much可以修飾動(dòng)詞,而very則不能。例如:Idon’tliketheideamuch.Theydidnottalkmuch.2)too,either這兩個(gè)副詞都表達(dá)“也”,但too用于肯定句,either用于否認(rèn)句。例如:Shecandance,andIcandance,too.Ihaven’treadthebookandmybrotherhasn’teither.3)already,yetalready一般用于語(yǔ)肯定句,yet一般用于否認(rèn)句。例如:Hehasalreadyleft.Haveyouheardfromhimyet?Hehasn’tansweredyet.4)so,neitherso和neither都可用于倒裝句,但so表達(dá)肯定,neither表達(dá)否認(rèn)。例如:MybrotherlikesfootballandsodoI.Mybrotherdoesn’tlikedancingandneitherdoI.3.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)(1)Ourteacheristallerthanweare.Theboysinherclassaretallerthantheboysinyourclass.(2)most同形容詞連用而不用the,表達(dá)"極,很,非常,十分"。It'smostdangeroustobehere.在這兒太危險(xiǎn)。(3)“The+形容詞比較級(jí)...,the+形容詞比較級(jí)...”表達(dá)“越...就越...”。Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.(4)“形容詞比較級(jí)+and+形容詞比較級(jí)”,表達(dá)“越來(lái)越...”。It'sgettinghotterandhotter.(5)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表達(dá)兩者對(duì)比相同。Thisboxisasbigasmine.(6)the+形容詞,表達(dá)某種人。Healwayshelpsthepoor.(7)形容詞和副詞最高級(jí)用于三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人和物進(jìn)行比較。ShanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinChina.【演練】1.Therearemanyyoungtreeson
sidesoftheroad.A.every
B.each
C.both
D.all2.It’ssocoldtoday.Yes,it’s
thanitwasyesterday.A.morecold
B.morecolder
C.muchcolder
D.cold3.LittleTomhas
friends,soheoftenplaysalone.A.more
B.alittle
C.many
D.few4.Sheisn’tso
atmathsasyouare.A.well
B.good
C.better
D.best5.Peterwrites
ofthethree.A.better
B.best
C.good
D.well6.Heis
enoughtocarrytheheavybox.A.stronger
B.muchstronger
C.strong
D.thestrongest7.Ibought
exercise-bookswith
money.A.afew;afew
B.afew;alittle
C.alittle;afew
D.alittle;alittle8.Theboxis
heavyforthegirl
carry.A.too;to
B.to;too
C.so;that
D.no;to9.Theiceinthelakeisaboutonemeter
.It’sstrongenoughtoskateon.A.long
B.high
C.thick
D.wide10.WuLinran
fasterthantheotherboysinthesportsmeeting.A.so
B.much
C.very
D.too11.Jonelooksso____(dá)___todaybecauseshehasgotan“A”inhermat(yī)hstest.A.happyB.happilyC.angryD.angrily12.Thesmileonmyfather’sfaceshowedthathewas______withme.A.sadB.pleasedC.angryD.sorry13.Mum,couldyoubuymeadresslikethis?Certainly,wecanbuy__(dá)____(dá)onethanthis,but______this.A.a(chǎn)better;betterthanB.aworse;asgoodasC.acheaper;asgoodasD.amoreimportant;goodas14.---Thisdigitalcameraisreallycheap!The______thebetter.I’mshortofmoney,yousee.A.cheapB.cheaperC.expensiveD.moreexpensive15.IfyouwanttolearnEnglishwell,youmustuseitas____(dá)___(dá)aspossible.A.oftenB.longC.hardD.soon16.Paulhas___(dá)___friendsexceptme,andsometimeshefee(cuò)lslonely.A.manyB.someC.fewD.more17.Englishpeople_____(dá)useMr.Beforeaman’sfirstname.A.neverB.usuallyC.oftenD.sometimes18.OnemoresatellitewassentupintospaceinChinainMay.Right.Thegovernmentspoke___(dá)___that.A.highlyforB.highofC.wellofD.highlyof19.---Rememberthis,children._____(dá)_carefulyouare,__(dá)____mistakesyouwillmake.---Weknow,MissGao.A.Themore;themoreB.Thefewer;themoreC.Themore;thefewerD.Theless;theless20.Ihave_______(dá)_todotoday.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantnothingD.importantsomething【練習(xí)答案】1.C2.C3.D4.B5.B
6.C7.B8.A9.C10.B11.A12.B13.C14.B15.A16.C17.A18.D19.C20.B專(zhuān)題三:動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)集匯,講解和訓(xùn)練1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)用共有十六種時(shí)態(tài),其中常用的有8種,它們是:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完畢時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本用法1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表達(dá)頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat(yī)7everymorning.2)客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3)表達(dá)格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.【注意】此用法假如出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中,即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例:Colvedthattheearthisround..4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。Idon'twantsomuch.5)某些動(dòng)詞如come,go,move,stop,leave,arrive,be,finish,continue,start等,在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句中可用來(lái)表達(dá)將來(lái)肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Thetraincomesat3o'clock.6)在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。I'llhelpyouassoonasyouhaveproblem.TellXiaoLiaboutitifyoumeethim.(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法:表達(dá)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,通常一般過(guò)去式帶有表達(dá)動(dòng)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的詞,詞組或從句,如yesterday,thedaybeforelast,lastweek,twodaysago等,上下文清楚時(shí)可以不帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Iworkedinthatfactorylastyear.【注意】1):IusedtogofishingonSundays.2)“usedto”也可用于表達(dá)過(guò)去曾經(jīng)存在過(guò)的狀態(tài)。例如:Thisriverusedtobeclean.(3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法1)表達(dá)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如:Ishallattendthemee(cuò)tingtomorrow.2)表達(dá)將來(lái)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:Hewillgotosee(cuò)hismothereverySaturdays.3)表達(dá)將來(lái)的意愿,決心,許諾,命令等時(shí)常用will,征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn),主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí),常用shall。Iwilldomybesttocatchupwiththem.ShallIopenthedoor?4)be+going+動(dòng)詞不定式。也是一種將來(lái)時(shí)句型,表達(dá)打算,計(jì)劃,最近或?qū)?lái)要作的某事。IamgoingtoBeijingnextweek.5)be+動(dòng)詞不定式。表達(dá)有職責(zé),義務(wù),也許,約定,意圖等。Thereistobeameetingthisafternoon.Wearetomeettheguestsatthestation.6)beabout+動(dòng)詞不定式,表達(dá)立即,不久作某事。Theyareabouttoleave.(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)者說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在發(fā)生或者進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,它注重現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而不管動(dòng)作從什么時(shí)間開(kāi)始,到什么時(shí)間結(jié)束。What(yī)areyoudoingnow?Iamlookingformykey.2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(但說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)作不一定在進(jìn)行)。Thestudentsarepreparingfortheexamination.3)某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表達(dá)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,這些動(dòng)詞有arrive,come,leave,start等。TheyaregoingtoHongKongtomorrow.【注意】有些動(dòng)詞一般不可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)①表達(dá)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,特別是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,如:be,have②表達(dá)結(jié)識(shí)、知覺(jué)和情感的動(dòng)詞,如:know,think,hear,find,see,like,want,wish,prefer等。(5)現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)的用法1)現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)表達(dá)在說(shuō)話(huà)之前已經(jīng)完畢或剛完畢的動(dòng)作。Ihaveboughtat(yī)en-speedbicycle.Theyhavecleanedtheclassroom.2)現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)表達(dá)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或者尚有也許連續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)常與for和since引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。Wehavelivedheresince1976.Theyhavewaitedformorethantwohours.【注意】一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)的區(qū)別過(guò)去時(shí)表達(dá)過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響;一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。試比較:Isawthisfilmyesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了,不涉及現(xiàn)在)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)(6)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法表達(dá)過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。例如:IwaswatchingTVwhenshecametoseeme.【注意】過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,但過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)側(cè)重表達(dá)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài),強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)進(jìn)行,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表達(dá)單純的過(guò)去事實(shí),例如:Theywerebuildingahouselastmonth.(上個(gè)月正在建造,建造好與否不知)Theybuiltanewhouselastmonth.(上個(gè)月建造好了,動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完畢)(7)過(guò)去完畢時(shí)的用法過(guò)去完畢時(shí)表達(dá)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完畢的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài),過(guò)去完畢時(shí)常和by,before等詞組成的短語(yǔ)和從句連用。Wehadalreadylearnedtwothousandwordsbytheendoflastyear.Whenwearrivedatthestation,theyhadwaitedformorethantwentyminutes.(8)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表達(dá)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在地狀態(tài),過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)較多地被運(yùn)用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如:Theyweregoingtohaveameeting.ItoldhimthatIwouldseehimoffatthestat(yī)ion.2.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:積極語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為積極語(yǔ)態(tài);主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)最基本的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是:be+及物動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞2)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一定要是及物動(dòng)詞由于被動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,某些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如lookafter,thinkof,takecareof,workout,laughat等,也可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareofbyher.【注意】短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可漏掉。3)積極語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要加“to”的情況若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to的不定式,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),該不定式前要加“to”。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞,如:feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watch等。例如:Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).4)積極形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義如wash,clean,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等動(dòng)詞雖然用做積極形式卻表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義。例如:Thefoodtastesgood.3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)是:感官動(dòng)詞后不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法;一些特殊動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)不帶to,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)就要帶to;有些動(dòng)詞既可接不定式也可接動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語(yǔ),但表達(dá)的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點(diǎn)。(1)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞,形容詞或副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式,而不是作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式。動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式分為動(dòng)名詞,分詞,動(dòng)詞不定式。(2)不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.(3)不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.(4)用不定式和分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)都可以的動(dòng)詞這樣的動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞如:see(cuò),hear,look,notice,observe,feel等,使役動(dòng)詞如:have,make,leave,keep,get等。接不定式表達(dá)動(dòng)作的完整性,真實(shí)性;+doing表達(dá)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性,進(jìn)行性。Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見(jiàn)了”這個(gè)事實(shí))昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。(5)用不帶to不定式的情況使役動(dòng)詞如:let,have,make等和感官動(dòng)詞如:see,watch,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后作賓補(bǔ),省略to。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to不能省掉。(6)接動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同1)stoptodo停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事。2)forgettodo忘掉要去做某事。(未做)forgetdoing忘掉做過(guò)某事。(已做)3)remembertodo記得去做某事。(未做)rememberdoing記得做過(guò)某事。(已做)4)trytodo努力,企圖做某事。trydoing實(shí)驗(yàn),試著做某事。5)goontodo做了一件事后,接著做另一件事。goondoing繼續(xù)做本來(lái)做的事。6)meantodo打算、想meandoing意味著4.容易混淆的常用動(dòng)詞的辨析(1)say,speak,talk,tell的用法。1)say表達(dá)發(fā)言,作為及物動(dòng)詞使用,后跟賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)從句。Hesaidhewouldgothere.It'stimetoleave.Wehavetosaygoodbyetoyou.2)speak表達(dá)“發(fā)言”,一般作為不及物動(dòng)詞使用,而有時(shí)作為及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上各種語(yǔ)言作為賓語(yǔ)。DoyouspeakEnglish?MayIspeaktoMrPope,please?3)talk表達(dá)“談話(huà)”,是不及物動(dòng)詞,與to,about,with等連用,才可賓語(yǔ)。Whatareyoutalkingabout?MrJacksonistalkingwithmyfatherintheofficenow.4)tell表達(dá)“告訴,講述”是及物動(dòng)詞,可以帶雙賓語(yǔ)或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。Shetoldusaninterestingstoryyesterday.MyteachertoldmethatwewouldhaveanEnglishexamthenextmonth.(2)look,see,watch和watch的用法。1)look強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”這個(gè)動(dòng)作,是不及物動(dòng)詞,常與at連用,然后接賓語(yǔ)。Look!Thegirlisswimminginthelake.Lookatthepicturecarefully.Canyoufindsomethingunusual?2)see指“看見(jiàn)”某物,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果。Theycan'tsee(cuò)thewordsontheblackboard.DoesLilyoftengotoseeafilmonSunday?3)watch指的是“觀看”,“注視”之意。ThetwinsarewatchingTVnow.Hewillgotowatchavolleyballmat(yī)ch.4)read指“看書(shū)”、“看報(bào)”、“閱讀”之意。Don'treadinthesun.IliketoreadnewspaperswhenI(lǐng)amfree.(3)borrow,lend和keep的區(qū)別。1)borrow意思為“借入”,經(jīng)常與from連用,是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表達(dá)瞬間即能完畢的動(dòng)作。Meimeiborrowedabookfromthelibraryjustnow.MayIborrowyourdictionary?2)lend是“借出”之意,經(jīng)常與to連用,同borrow同樣,是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,只表達(dá)瞬間即能完畢的動(dòng)作。UncleWanyhaslenthiscartoMrLi.Couldyoulendusyourradio,please?3)keep是“保存”的意思,動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)。Howlongcantherecorderbekept?Thefarmerkeptthepat(yī)fortwoweeks.(4)bring,take,carry和get的用法。1)bring意思為“拿來(lái)”、“帶來(lái)”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來(lái)”。Bringmethebook,please.MayIbringJimtoseeyounextSaturday?2)take意思是“拿走”,“帶走”,把某物或某人從這里“帶來(lái)”或“拿到”某處之意。Itlookslikerain.Takearaincoatwithyou.Mothertookthelittlegirltothenextroom.3)carry是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思,指隨身攜帶,有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義,不表白來(lái)去的方向。Doyoualwayscarryahandbag?Theboxisheavy.Canyoucarryit?4)get是去某處將某物拿回來(lái)。Pleasegotomyofficetogetsomechalk.Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Whynotgetsome?(5)wear,puton和dress的區(qū)別1)wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等,強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿著”的狀態(tài)。Tomalwayswearsblackshoes.Hewearsaraincoatevenwhenitisfine.Shedoesn'tliketoweararedflowersinherhair.2)puton是“穿上”“戴上”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動(dòng)作。It'scold.You'dbetterputonyourcoat.Heputonhishat(yī)andwentoutoftheroom.3)。Shealwaysdresseswell.Getupanddressquickly.Maryisdressingherchild.(6)take,spend和use的用法。1)take指做某事用多少時(shí)間,句型是:Ittakes/took/willtake+sb.+sometime+todosth.Ittookmethreedaystofinishthework.Itwilltakeyouawhileweektthoughttheforest.IttakesonlyonehourtoflytoShanghai.2)spend指某人在某事(物)上花費(fèi)時(shí)間或錢(qián)。句型是:Someonespends+money/time+onsomething(in)doingsth.Shespentmorethan500yuanonthatcoat.Hedidn'tspendmuchtimeonhislessons.Hespentmuchtime(in)correctingstudents'exercises.Motherspentherevenings(in)washingclothes.3)use表達(dá)使用工具、手段等。Doyouknowhowtousethecomputer?Shallweuseyourcar?(7)reach,get和arrive的區(qū)別。1)reach是及物動(dòng)詞,后面要直接跟表達(dá)地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語(yǔ)。Afterthetrainhadleft,theyreachedthestationWereachedthetopofthemountainatlast.2)get是不及動(dòng)詞,常與to連用,再接名詞,后面接表達(dá)地點(diǎn)的副詞時(shí),不用to,getto常用于口語(yǔ)中。Whenthestudentsgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.Mysisterwascookingwhenmothergothome.3)arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞,表達(dá)成達(dá)一個(gè)小地方時(shí),用arriveat,到達(dá)一個(gè)大地方時(shí)用arrivein。ThesoldiersarrivedatasmallvillageTheforeignerswillarriveinShanghaitomorrow.【演練】1.Listen!Someofthegirls_____(dá)___(dá)aboutHarryPotter.Let’sjointhem.A.aretalkingB.talkC.willtalkD.talked2.Ourteacher,MissChen,________Englishontheradiothedaybeforeyesterday.A.teachesB.taughtC.willteachD.hadtaught3.Idon’tthinkI_________youinthatdressbefore.A.haveseenB.wasseeingC.sawD.see4.Susan’sparentshaveboughtalargehousewithaswimmingpool.It__(dá)____(dá)_beveryexpensive.A.mustB.canC.mustn’tD.can’t5.Coffeeisready.Howniceit___(dá)_____(dá)?。護(hù)uldyoulikesome?A.looksB.smellsC.soundsD.feels6.“Mr.Zhu,you’dbetter____(dá)___toomuchmeat.Youarealreadyoverweight,”saidthedoctor.A.nottoeatB.toeatC.noteatD.eat(yī)7.“Don’talwaysmakeMichael____(dá)__(dá)__thisorthat.Heisalreadyabigboy,dear,”Mr.Bushsaidtohiswife.A.doB.todoC.doesD.did8.Sorry,Ican’thearyouclearly.Willyouplease________yourE-mailaddress?I’llwriteitdown.A.reviewB.reciteC.reportD.repeat9.Don’t__(dá)______yourcoat,Tom!It’seasytocat(yī)chcoldinspring.A.takeawayB.takeoffC.takedownD.takeout10.You_____(dá)__(dá)goandaskMeimei.She___(dá)____knowtheanswer.A.must;canB.must;mayC.need;canD.can;may11.I’msorryyou’vemissedthetrain.It________10minutesago.A.leftB.hasleftC.hadleftD.hasbeenleft12.Iboughtanewdictionaryandit___(dá)_____(dá)me30yuan.A.paidB.spentC.tookD.cost13.---Mum,mayIgooutandplaybasketball?____(dá)___(dá)you___(dá)____yourhomeworkyet?A.Do;finishB.Are;finishingC.Did;finishingD.Have;finished14.Ihavetogonow.Pleaserememberto___(dá)__(dá)___thelightswhenyouleave.A.turnoffB.turndownC.turnupD.turnon15.AtalkonChinesehistory_____(dá)___(dá)intheschoolnextweek.A.begivenB.hasbeengivenC.willbegivenD.willgive16.Look!Howheavytherainis!You’dbetter__(dá)______.A.don’tgonowB.stayherewhenitstopsC.notleaveuntilitstopsD.nottoleaveatonce17.Youmaygofishingifyourwork__(dá)___(dá)___.A.isdoneB.willbedoneC.hasdoneD.havedone18.Cotton______(dá)_niceandsoft.A.isfeltB.isfeelingC.feelD.feels19.---Whocleanedtheblackboardyesterday,Dick?---John_____(dá)____.A.cleanedB.doesC.didD.is20.---Lindahadnothingforbreakfastthismorning,____(dá)___?No.Shegotuptoolat(yī)e.A.hadsheB.hadn’tsheC.didsheD.didn’tshe【練習(xí)答案】1.A2.B3.A4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.B10.D11.A12.D13.D14.A15.C16.C17.A18.D19.C20.C專(zhuān)題四:數(shù)詞、冠詞考點(diǎn)集匯,講解和訓(xùn)練一.冠詞的用法冠詞是虛詞,放在名詞之前,用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞指的人或事物。冠詞有兩種。A(an)叫不定冠詞,the叫定冠詞。A用在輔音之前,an用在元音之前。1.不定冠詞的用法(1)a和an均用在單數(shù)名詞之前,表達(dá)某一類(lèi)人或事物。例如:Johnisastudent.MaryisanEnglishteacher.(2)指某一類(lèi)人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。例如:Astee(cuò)lworkermakessteel.Passmeanapple,please.(3)指某人或某物,但不具體說(shuō)明何人或和物。例如:Astudentwantstoseeyou.Agirliswaitingforyououtside.(4)表達(dá)“每一”的意思,相稱(chēng)于every。例如:Takethemedicinethreetimesaday.Theygotoseetheirparentsonceaweek.2.定冠詞用法(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。例如:ThebookonthedeskisanEnglishdictionary.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.(2)指說(shuō)話(huà)人和聽(tīng)話(huà)人都熟悉的人或事物。例如:Openthedoor,please.Jackisinthelibrary.(3)上文提到過(guò)的人或事物。例如:YesterdayJohn’sfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.(4)表達(dá)世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。例如:Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(5)用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)之前。例如:ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.(6)用在某些形容詞之前,表達(dá)某一類(lèi)人或事物。例如:Thenurseiskindtothesick.Weshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.(7)用在某些專(zhuān)有名詞之前和某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。例如:theGreat(yī)Wall,theSummerpalace,inthemorning,intheopenair等。(8)用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前,表達(dá)“某某一家人”,“某某夫婦”。例如:theBrowns,thewhites等。3.不用冠詞的情況(1)某些專(zhuān)有名詞,抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前一般不用冠詞。例如:China,Canada,Japanese,glass,water,love等。(2)名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的this,that(yī),my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代詞時(shí),不用冠詞。例如:Thatismycap.Ihavesomequestions.Godownthisstreet.(3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表達(dá)一類(lèi)人或事物時(shí),不用冠詞。Theyareworkers.Wearestudents.(4)稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)前不用冠詞,表達(dá)頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞前也不加冠詞。例如:Idon’tfeelwelltoday,Mother.BushwasmadepresidentoftheU.S.(5)三餐飯的名稱(chēng)前,球類(lèi)活動(dòng),學(xué)科和節(jié)目名詞前,常不用冠詞。例如:Ihavelunchathome.Heoftenplaysfootballafterclass.WehaveEnglishandmathseveryday.(6)在某些固定詞組里,名詞之前常不用冠詞。例如:Byair,atnight,athome,gotobed,gotoschool,onfoot,frommorningtillnight等。二.數(shù)詞的用法數(shù)詞分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?;鶖?shù)詞表達(dá)數(shù)目,序數(shù)詞表達(dá)順序。1.基數(shù)詞的用法(1)基數(shù)詞在句中重要用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ),例如:ThirtyofthemarePartymembers.(主語(yǔ))---Howmanywouldyoulike?---Three,please.(作賓語(yǔ))?ThenineboysarefromTianjing.(定語(yǔ))?Sixplusfouristen.(表語(yǔ))?Wefourwillgowithyou.(同位語(yǔ))
(2)表達(dá)一個(gè)具體數(shù)字時(shí),hundred,thousand,million一律不用復(fù)數(shù);在表達(dá)一個(gè)不擬定數(shù)字時(shí)則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:Ourcountryhasapopulat(yī)ionof1,300millionpeople.Therearethreethousandstudentsinourschool.Afterthewar,thousandsofpeoplebecamehomeless.Maizeisthemostimportantfoodcropformillionsofpeopleintheworld.Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.(3)表達(dá)“……十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用來(lái)表達(dá)人的歲數(shù)或年代,例如:Heisinhisearlythirties.Hediedstillinhisforties.Thistookplaceinthe1930s.(4)表達(dá)時(shí)刻用基數(shù)詞。例如:Wegetupatsix.Theworkersbeginworkateight.(5)表達(dá)“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)幾分”,用介詞past,但須在半小時(shí)以?xún)?nèi)。例如:tenpastten,aquarterpastnine,halfpasttwelve(6)表達(dá)“幾點(diǎn)差幾分”用介詞to,但分?jǐn)?shù)須在半小時(shí)以上。例如:twentytonine,fivetoeight,aquartertoten(7)表達(dá)“幾點(diǎn)幾分”還可直接用基數(shù)詞。例如:sevenfifteen,eleventhirty,ninetwenty2.序數(shù)詞的用法(1)序數(shù)詞重要用作定語(yǔ),前面要加定冠詞,例如:Thefirsttruckiscarryingafootbaskets.
Johnlivesonthefifteenthfloor.(2)序數(shù)詞有時(shí)前面可加不定冠詞來(lái)表達(dá)“再一”,“又一”這樣的意思,例如:We'llhavetodoitasecondtime.ShallIaskhimathirdtime??WhenIsatdown,afourthmanrosetospeak.(3)由幾個(gè)序數(shù)詞和基數(shù)詞在拼寫(xiě)時(shí)不相應(yīng),很容易寫(xiě)錯(cuò),應(yīng)特別注意。它們是:one---first,twosecond,three---third,five---fifth,eight---eighth,nine---ninth,twelvetwelfth。(4)表達(dá)年,月,日時(shí),年用基數(shù)詞表達(dá),日用序數(shù)詞表達(dá)。例如:1949年十月一日讀作:October(the)first,ninetee(cuò)nsixty2023年九月十日讀作:September(the)tenth,twothousandandfour(5)表達(dá)分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí),分子用基數(shù)詞表達(dá),分母用序數(shù)詞表達(dá)。分子大于1時(shí),分母加-s。例如:threefourths,onesecond,twofifths(6)序數(shù)詞有時(shí)用縮寫(xiě)形式:
first→1st
second→2nd
third→3rd
fourth→4th
twenty-second→22nd【演練】1.ThismorningIhad________eggandabottleofmilkformybreakfast.A.anB.a(chǎn)C.theD./2.---What’sthematterwithyou?---Icaught___(dá)__(dá)___badcoldandhadtostayin________.A.a;/B.a;theC.a;aD.the;the3.---Haveyouseen_______(dá)pen?Ileftitherethismorning.Isit___(dá)_____blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a4._______(dá)sunisshiningbrightly.A.AB.AnC.TheD./5.Thereis_____(dá)__“h”inthewordhour.A.aB.theC.a(chǎn)nD./6.DidyouenjoyyourstayinXian?Yes.Ihad____(dá)___wonderfultime.A.aB.anC.theD./7.______sunisbiggerthan__(dá)___(dá)__earth.A.A;theB.A;anC.The;anD.The;the8.Thereis__(dá)__(dá)___appleandsomepearsonthetable.A.theB./C.aD.an9.Davidhas______(dá)_cat.It’sverynice.A.a(chǎn)B.anC.theD./10.I’mreading___(dá)__(dá)__novel.Itis___(dá)____(dá)interestingstory.A.a;anB.a;aC.the;theD./;an11.ItissaidthatSARShaskilledmorethan_____(dá)___peopleworldwide.A.three(cuò)hundredsB.three(cuò)hundreds’C.three(cuò)hundred’sD.threehundred12.---Howmanyworkersarethereinyourfactory?---Therearetwo______(dá)__(dá)__.A.hundredsB.hundredC.hundredofD.hundredsof13.Whichisthesmallestnumberofthefour?---_________(dá)____
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