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THETHIRDLESSON:DETERMINER(1)

限定詞(一)

英語的限定詞包括:定冠詞(DefiniteArticle),不定冠詞(IndefiniteArticle),零冠詞(ZeroArticle)物主限定詞(PossessiveDeterminer):my,your,his,her,our,your,their,one’s,its名詞屬格(GenitiveNoun):John’s,myfriend’s指示限定詞(DemonstrativeDeterminer):this,that,these,those,such關(guān)系限定詞(RelativeDeterminer):whosewhich疑問限定詞(InterrogativeDeterminer):what,which,whose不定限定詞(IndefiniteDeterminer):no,some,any,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,other,another基數(shù)詞(CardinalNumeral)和序數(shù)詞(OrdinalNumber)倍數(shù)詞(MultiplicativeNumeral)和分?jǐn)?shù)詞(FractionalNumeral)量詞(Quantifier):alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamount/quantityof,agreat/large/goodnumberof等。

限定詞與三類名詞的搭配關(guān)系

限定詞與限定詞的搭配關(guān)系

若干限定詞用法比較(1)能與三類名詞搭配的限定詞

有些限定詞如the,some,any,no,other,whose以及my,your等物主限定詞和名詞屬格(John’s,myfriend’s)等能與三類名詞搭配。例如:thebookthebooksthemoneymybookmybooksmymoneymyfriend’sbookmyfriend’sboodsmyfriend’smoneyanybookanybooksanymoneysomebooksomebookssomemoneynobooknobooksnomoneytheotherbooktheotherbookstheothermoneywhosebookwhosebookswhosemoney(2)只能與名詞單數(shù)搭配的限定詞

有些限定詞如a(n),one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,sucha等只能與單數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:eachworkereverystudenteitherbookneithersentenceanappleonecopyanotherbookmanyabooksuchabook(3)只能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞

有些限定詞如both,two,three,anothertwo/three,many,(a)few,several,these,those,a(great)numberof等只能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:bothworkers(a)fewwordsseveralstudentsthese/thosebooksanumberofessaystwo/threevisitorsmanystudentsanothertwostudents(4)只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞

有些限定詞如a(little)bitof,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,(a)little,much,less,(the)least等只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配。

abitofwateralargeamountofmoneymuchnoise(a)littlespacelessoil(the)leastoil(5)能與單、復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞

有些限定詞如thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thenext等既可與單數(shù)名詞搭配,也可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:

thefirstrosethefirstrosesthelastmanthelastmenthenextmeetingthenextmeetings(6)能與單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞有些限定詞如this,that等能與單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:this/thatjobthis/thatwork(7)能與復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞

還有些限定詞如alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,more,most,such,other等可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:alotofbooksalotofmoneylotsofchickenslotsoffoodplentyofchairsplentyofwaterenoughcopiesenoughcoalmorearticlesmoretimemostpeoplemostworksuchmensuchbreadothermenotherbread

這一類限定詞也可以包括less和(the)least。如前所述,less和least通常只與不可數(shù)名詞搭配,但在現(xiàn)代英語的非正式語體中,間或也可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。例如:Lessandlesspeoplecanaffordtogoabroadfortheirholidays.PoliticalprogrammesonTVattracttheleastviewers.EXERCISES3.1A1.Whyisthere__trafficonthestreetsinFebruarythaninMay?A.lessB.fewerC.fewD.little2.Onaccountofthetyphoon__shipmentwillarrivethisweek.A.neitherB.allC.bothD.these3.Haveyougot__copiestogoround?A.theotherB.enoughC.alittleD.much4.There’s__waterinthebottle.A.fewB.anumberofC.plentyofD.any5.Thereis__ironinthisminethaninthatone.A.muchB.agreatdealofC.lessD.alotof6.Hewrote__essaysonVictoriannovelsinhisclass.A.thenextB.themostC.theotherD.themore7.Hehaspublished__shortstoriesinEnglish.A.agreatamountofB.anumberofC.anotherD.manya8.Wehad__rainfallslastsummer.A.toomuchB.littleC.alittleD.onlyseveral9.__carewouldhavepreventedtheaccident.A.MuchB.LittleC.AlittleD.Afew10.Thestudentsspent__theirtimeworkinginthefields.A.bothB.mostC.moreD.halfAABCCBBDCD

在名詞詞組中心詞之前如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上限定詞出現(xiàn)時(shí),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生限定詞的先后順序問題。按其不同的搭配位置,限定詞可分為:(1)中位、前位、后位限定詞

按照限定詞和限定詞之間的不同搭配位置,限定詞可分為中位限定詞(CentralDeterminer)、前位限定詞(Predeterminer)和后位限定詞(Postdeterminer)。

中位限定詞1、定冠詞和不定冠詞:a(n),the,zero;2、物主限定詞(物主代詞和’s屬格名詞):my,your,Mary’s,myfriend’s3、指示限定詞:this,that,these,those4、不定數(shù)量詞(some,few,no,any,every,each,either,neither,enough);5、疑問限定詞和關(guān)系限定詞:what(ever),which(ever),whoseb)前位限定詞包括all,both,half;double,twice,threetimes等;one-third,two-fifths等;what,such(a/an)(跨類限定詞)。

c)后位限定詞包括one,two,three等;first,second,third等;next,last,other,another等;many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several等;plentyof,alotof,lotsof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamountof;such等。(2)三類限定詞搭搭配關(guān)系

如果一個(gè)名詞詞組帶有上述三類限定詞,其搭配關(guān)系總是按照“前位——中位——后衛(wèi)”的順序排列。例如:

all

the

fourteachersall

your

threebooks前中后前中后

all

these

last

fewdays前中后后

如果只有上述兩類限定詞,其搭配關(guān)系仍按上述順序。例如:

halfhislecturethose

last

fewmonths前中中后后

several

hundredguestsall

otherstudents后后前后

suchamisfortunesome

suchalloy前中中后

有上述諸例可以看出,中位限定詞和前位限定詞之間是相互排斥的,即一個(gè)名詞中心詞之前不可并用兩個(gè)中位限定詞或兩個(gè)前位限定詞。所以,“我的那本書”不是mythatbook而是thatbookofmine,因?yàn)閙y和that同是中位限定詞,不可并列。但后位限定詞的使用卻不受此限制。例如:

his

last

twobooksthe

firsttwochapters中后后中后后two

moresheets后后

個(gè)別限定詞有跨類現(xiàn)象,如such既屬于前位限定詞,又可歸入后位限定詞。由于它只是在sucha...和suchan…這樣的搭配中屬于前位限定詞,而在與其他限定詞(some,any,no,all,few,another,other,many,one,two等)搭配時(shí),such則是后位限定詞,一律放在上述這些限定詞的后面,如somesuch,anysuch,nosuch,fewsuch,onesuch等,因此把它歸入后位限定詞。

EXERCISES3.2A

Chooseanappropriatecombinationofdeterminerstofillineachblank:1.Hediditin__timeittookme.A.theone-thirdB.halfaC.thedoubleD.one-thirdthe2.Isaw__boysatthecinema.A.thebothB.manyaC.boththeD.theseveral3.__candidatesaregirls.A.HalftheB.ThehalfC.TheirhalfD.Halfa4.__friendsusuallyspeakhighlyofhim.A.HissomeB.HismanyC.ManyhisD.SomehisDCAB5.__alloymaybeusedtoreplacecopper.A.SuchaB.SomesuchC.SuchsomeD.Severalsuch6.Areyougoingtobuy__rice?A.alltheseB.theseallC.allthisD.boththese7.__dictionaryisenoughforme.A.SuchoneB.OnesuchC.SuchaoneD.Onesucha8.__factorsshouldbeconsidered.A.TheseallB.SuchallC.AllsuchD.Somethese9.__meatistainted.A.Thatone-thirdB.One-thirdthatC.SuchaD.Fewsuch10.__caseshavebeenreported.A.SuchfewB.SuchsomeC.FewsuchD.SometheseBCBCBCTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish,usingappropriatedeterminers:1.開鑿隧道需要大量勞動(dòng)力(labor)。

1.Todigatunnelwillneedagreatamountoflabor.2.少說空話(emptytalk)多干實(shí)事(practicalwork)。2.Theremustbelessemptytalkbutmorepracticalwork.3.今天參觀展覽會(huì)的人數(shù)比昨天少。

3.Therearefewerpeopletodayattheexhibitionthanyesterday.

4.安娜(Anna)因?yàn)闆]有足夠的錢財(cái)而煩惱叢生。

4.Annahasenoughworriesbecauseshehasn’tgotenoughmoney.

5.你讀的詩(poetry)和做的練習(xí)(exercises)都比我多。

5.YouhavelearntmorepoetryanddonemoreexercisesthanIhave.

(1)many,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等

表示“多”的意思,可用many,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agood/greatmany,alargeamountof等。作為限定詞many和agood/greatmany之后須跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞:much和alargeamountof之后須跟不可數(shù)名詞。例如:

Manyanimalshavediseases.

MuchinformationisnowtransmittedthroughE-mail.Wehaveagreatmany

questionstodiscussatmeeting.Wearegoingtospendalargeamountof

moneyonchildren’seducation.

many,much,agreatmany等既可用作限定詞,也可用作不定代詞。例如:

Haveyoudonealltheseexercises?-No,Ihaven’tdoneverymuch.HasshereadanyEnglishnovelsintheoriginals?

-Yes,agreatmany.Hashespentmuchmoneyonthehouse?

-Oh,alargeamount.

many,much可以帶有how/too/so/as...as等修飾語。例如:

Iwanttoknowhowmuchmoneywillbespentontheproject.

Howmanycopiesdoyouneedforyourclass?

Ihave

(far)toomanybooksontheshelf.Wehavehad

toomuchraininthespring.It’sreallysurprisingthattheboyshouldhavesomuchstrengthathisage.Youcantakeasmanycopiesasyouneed.

(2)(a)few,(a)little

表示“少”的意思,可用(a)few,(a)little,既可用作限定詞,也可用作不定代詞。afew,alittle表示“少量”,帶有肯定含義。例如:

Let’sinviteafewfriendstocomewithus.Thereareonlyaveryfewleft.Ihadalittledifficultyinsolvingtheproblem.Giveme

alittleofthatwine.IamtryingtousethelittleFrenchIhavejustlearnt.

few/little若不與a連用則表示否定意義,相當(dāng)于notmany/much,notenough。例如:Ihaveveryfew(chocolates)left.Iunderstand

littleofhisspeech.

★要注意,quiteafew,agoodfew,notafew不表示“少”,而表示“相當(dāng)多”的含義,相當(dāng)于afairnumber(of)。例如:

Quiteafewofusaregettingworried.Youwillhavetowaitagoodfewweeks.little的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是less和lest,通常只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配,但在當(dāng)代英語中也有用less與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配的。例如:Ifonlytherewerelessholesintheroof.但這只見于非正式語體中;在正式語體中仍以用fewer為好。

(3)some,any

要表示“一些”的意思,可用some,any。some是肯定詞(AssertiveWord),常用于肯定句:any是非肯定詞(NonassertiveWord),常用于否定句或疑問句。例如:Therearesomelettersforme.Therearen'tanylettersforme.Arethereanylettersforme?Iseldomgetanysleepthesedays.

any也常用于條件分句以及帶有否定意義的句子中:Ifyouhaveanytrouble,pleaseletmeknow.Iforgottoaskforanychange(零錢).

當(dāng)說話人期待肯定回答時(shí),some也可用于疑問句,比如當(dāng)說話人期待來信時(shí),他可以問到:Aretheresomelettersforme?當(dāng)購物時(shí)向售貨員提問或者主人向客人表示款待時(shí),也可在疑問句中用some:CouldIhavesomeoftheseapples?Wouldyoulikesomechocolatecake?

當(dāng)some與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配時(shí),some相當(dāng)于acertain(“某一”)的含義;而any與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配,則相當(dāng)于every(“任何一個(gè)”)的含義。例如:

Someboyhasbrokenawindow.

Anychildcouldanswerthatquestion.

(4)all,both,every,each,either,neither,any

這一類詞,除every只能作為限定詞外,都是既可作為限定詞,也可作為不定代詞。例如:all(of)theboysboth(of)theboyseveryboy/everyoneoftheboyseachboy/either(one)oftheboyseitherboy/either(one)ofthe(two)boysneitherboy/neither(one)ofthe(two)boysanyboy/any(one)ofthe(threeormore)boys

由上述諸例可以看出,這一類的限定詞和不定代詞在用法上有以下值得注意之處:a)表示“全體”,可用all和both,但all表示三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上人或物的“全體”,而both則表示兩個(gè)人或物的“全體”。例如:

Allthefourapplicationsarebelowtheaverage.Bothhisparentsareagainsthisgoingtherealone.如果要表示“全體都不”的意思,當(dāng)“全體”為三個(gè)或更多的人或物時(shí),通常用none。例如:Noneof

thestudentsfailedtheexamination.I’llhavenoneofyourstupidideas.(我不能接受你的那些糊涂觀念。)

在上述第一例中,既可用none,也可用noone:

Noonefailedtheexamination.

★但noone只能指人,不能指物。如果要表示兩個(gè)人或物“都不”,通常要用neither:

Neitherstudent/Neither(one)ofthe(two)studentsfailedtheexamination.

b)表示全體中的“每個(gè)”,如果這個(gè)“全體”包含三個(gè)或更多的人或物,通常用every。例如:

Everystudentintheclasstookpartintheperformance.Hiseveryactionshowsthatheisaverydeterminedyoungman.

如果這個(gè)“全體”包括兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物,便可以用each。例如:

Eachsideofthestreetwascrowdedwithpeople.

在這里,不可以用every。如果說“

廣場(chǎng)的每一邊都擠滿了人“,那就既可用each也可用every:

Each/Everysi

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