會計(jì)英語(西方會計(jì)學(xué))2

Chapter2AccountingCycleAccountingEnglishPart1:IntroductionAccounting

Cycle會計(jì)循環(huán)AnalyzeeachtransactionandeventfromsourcedocumentsRecordrelevanttransactionsandeventsinajournalPostjournalinformationtoledgeraccountsPrepareandanalyzethetrialbalanceIntroduction：

Webegintheaccountingprocessbyanalyzingsourcedocuments.Forexample,youusuallyreceiveareceiptwhenyoupaycashforsomething.Thinkaboutthelasttimeyouwenttoafastfoodrestaurant.Whenyoureceivedyourorderyouweregivenareceipt,asourcedocument.Ifyouwantedacompanytoreimburseyouforthemealbecauseyouweretravelingoncompanybusiness,youmustpresentevidenceofyourexpenditure.Thisevidencetakestheformofasourcedocument,thereceipt.Onceweidentifyabusinesstransaction,werecorditinajournal.Ajournalisarrangedinchronologicalorder.Transactionsarerecordedbydateofoccurrence.Attheendoftheaccountingperiod,usuallyamonth,transactionsinthejournalarepostedtoaledgeraccount.Postingisthesystematicprocessoftransferringinformationfromthejournaltotheledger.Theledgergroupstransactionsbytheaccountsimpacted.Forexample,wewillhavealedgeraccountforcash.Alltransactionsthatresultinincreasesordecreasesinthecashaccountwillbepostedtothecashledgeraccount.Oncealltransactionshavebeenposted,weprepareatrialbalance.Thepurposeofthetrialbalanceistomakesurethatallinformationhasbeentransferredproperly.Thetrialbalanceisalistingofallaccountbalances.SalesTicketsBankStatementsPurchaseOrdersChecks1.SourceDocumentsBillsfromSuppliersEmployeeEarnings

RecordsAnaccountisarecordofincreasesanddecreasesinaspecificasset,liability,equity,revenue,orexpenseitem.2.TheAccountanditsAnalysisThegeneralledgerisarecordcontainingallaccountsusedbythecompany.Assets

AccountsAssets

AccountsAsset

Accounts=+Liability

AccountsLiability

AccountsLiability

AccountsEquity

AccountsEquity

AccountsEquity

AccountsOwner,CapitalOwner,WithdrawalsLandEquipmentBuildingsCashNotesReceivableSuppliesPrepaidAccountsAccountsReceivableAsset

Accounts3.AccountsAccruedLiabilitiesUnearnedRevenueNotesPayableAccountsPayableLiability

AccountsEquity

AccountsRevenuesOwner’sEquityOwner’sWithdrawalsExpensesOwner’sCapitalLiabilitiesEquityAssets=+4.AccountingEquation5.LedgerandChartofAccountsTheledgerisacollectionofallaccountsforan

informationsystem.Acompany’ssizeanddiversity

ofoperationsaffectthenumberofaccountsneeded.Thechartofaccountsisalistofallaccountsandincludesan

identifyingnumberforeachaccount.6.DebitsandCreditsAT-accountrepresentsaledgeraccountandisatoolusedtounderstandtheeffectsofoneormoretransactions.LiabilitiesEquityAssets=+7.Double-EntryAccountingDebitCreditDebitCreditDebitCreditASSETS

+

-LIABILITIES

-+EQUITIES

-+RevenuesExpensesOwner’sCapitalOwner'sWithdrawals_+_DebitCreditOwner’sCapital

-+DebitCreditOwner'sWithdrawals

+

-DebitCreditExpenses

+

-DebitCredit

Revenues

-+EquityAnaccountbalanceisthedifferencebetweentheincreasesanddecreasesinanaccount.NoticetheT-Account.

8.JOURNALIZING&POSTINGTRANSACTIONSStep1:Analyzetransactionsandsourcedocuments.LiabilitiesEquityAssets=+Step2:Applydouble-entryaccountingStep4:PostentrytoledgerStep3:RecordjournalentryTransactionDateTitlesofAffectedAccounts9.BalanceColumnAccountT-accountsareusefulillustrations,butbalancecolumnledgeraccounts

areusedinpractice.1Identifythedebitaccountinledger.10.PostingJournalEntries2Enterthedate.3Entertheamountanddescription.4Enterthejournalreference.5Computethebalance.Entertheledgerreference.611.AnalyzingTransactionsAnalysis:Doubleentry:101301Posting:Analysis:Doubleentry:126101Posting:Analysis:Doubleentry:167101Posting:Analysis:Doubleentry:126201Posting:Analysis:Doubleentry:403101Posting:AfterprocessingitsremainingtransactionsforDecember,FastForward’sTrialBalanceisprepared.Thetrialbalancelistsallaccountbalancesinthegeneralledger.Ifthebooksareinbalance,thetotaldebitswillequalthetotalcredits.12.PreparingaTrialBalancePreparingatrailbalanceinvolvesthreesteps:Listeachaccounttitleanditsamount(fromledger)inthetrialbalance.Ifanaccounthasazerobalance,listitwithazerointhenormalbalancecolumn(oromititentirely).Computethetotalofdebitbalancesandthetotalofcreditbalances.Verify(prove)totaldebitbalancesequaltotalcreditbalances.13.SearchingforandCorrectingErrorsIfthetrialbalancedoesnotbalance,theerror(s)mustbefoundandcorrected.Makesurethetrialbalancecolumnsarecorrectlyadded.Makesureaccountbalancesarecorrectlyenteredfromtheledger.Seeifdebitorcreditaccountsaremistakenlyplacedonthetrialbalance.Re-computeeachaccountbalanceintheledger.Verifythateachjournalentryispostedcorrectly.Verifythateachoriginaljournalentryhasequaldebitsandcredits.14.UsingaTrialBalancetoPrepareFinancialStatementsIncomeStatementStatementofCashFlowsStatementofOwner’sEquityBeginningBalanceSheetEndingBalanceSheetPeriodofTimePointin

TimePointin

Time15.IncomeStatementSTATEMENTOFOWNER'SEQUITYC.Taylor,Capital12/1/09-$

NetincomeforDecember3,470

Plus:InvestmentsbyOwner30,000

33,470

Less:OwnerWithdrawals200

.C.Taylor,Capital,12/31/0933,270$

StatementofOwner'sEquityFortheMonthEndedDecember31,2009

FASTFORWARDConnectionsBalanceSheetConnections16.PresentationIssuesDollarsignsarenotusedinjournalsandledgers.Dollarsignsappearinfinancialstatementsandotherreportssuchastrialbalances.Theusualpracticeistoputdollarsignsbesideonlythefirstandlastnumbersinacolumn.Whenamountareenteredinthejournal,ledger,ortrialbalance,commasareoptionaltoindicatethousands,millions,andsoforth.Commasarealwaysusedinfinancialstatements.Companiescommonlyroundamountsinreportstothenearestdollar,oreventoahigherlevel.17.DebttoAssetsRatioTotalDebtTotalAssetsEvaluatesthelevelofdebtrisk.Ahigherratioindicatesthatthereisagreaterprobabilitythatacompanywillnotbeabletopayit’sdebtinthefuture.Part2:Dialogue日記賬：A:It’stimetogetoffwork.Areyoucomingwithme?B:No,Ihavetofinishthegeneral.A:Butyousaidthatyesterday.B:Thejournalshouldbekepteveryday.A:Oh,Isee.Andwhatarethese?B:Sourcedocument.Thejournaliskeptaccordingtothesourcedocument.A:Doyouneedtokeepeverythingonthejournal?B:Yes,ofcourse.Thejournalmustbeverydetailed.A:Ok,I’dliketolearnmoreaboutthejournalswhenyouhavetime.B:Noproblem.Part3:KnowledgeExpansion英文數(shù)字表達(dá)100百hundred1,000千thousand

10,000萬tenthousand

100,000十萬hundredthousand

1,000,000百萬million

10,000,000千萬tenmillion

100,000,000億hundredmillion1,000,000,000十億billion

10,000,000,000百億tenbillion

100,000,000,000千億hundredbillion1,000,000,000,000兆trillion英文數(shù)字表達(dá)1,700seventeen-hundred80,000eightythousand300,000threehundredthousand75,600,000seventy-fivemillionsixhundredthousand(seventy-five-point-sixmillion)6,000,300,000,000six-trillionthree-hundredmillion讀英文中百分比和小數(shù)點(diǎn)的秘訣——小于1的數(shù)字可以直接念“point”加后面的字0.68pointsixty-eight0.6%pointsixpercent82%eightytwopercent400%fourhundredpercent讀分?jǐn)?shù)和比率的秘訣——分子以數(shù)目表示，分母以序數(shù)表示；分子若大于1，分母則加”S”；

比例的表達(dá)：outof或in，若單純強(qiáng)調(diào)“幾比幾”，則常用“to”。5/8fiveeighths2/9twoninths2/3twothirds3:5threeinfive9:10nineoutoften10:3tentothree1,000:1athousandtoone讀小數(shù)的秘訣(1)小數(shù)點(diǎn)前面的數(shù)字照一般基數(shù)的念法，最后的數(shù)字要分開念。36.47thirty-sixpointfourseven(2)小數(shù)點(diǎn)前面的整數(shù)為0時(shí)，可念成zero或naught，也可省略不念

0.83zero/naughtpointeightthreepointeightthree(3)小數(shù)后面出現(xiàn)0時(shí)，可以念成“zero”或“oh”。

4.02fourpointzero/ohtwo(4)循環(huán)小數(shù)的念法1/3=0.3333333…zeropointthreerepeating(5)將小數(shù)點(diǎn)四舍五入要用動詞round

4.2675→4.268:toroundfourpointtwosixsevenfivetothreedecimalplaces百分比、千分比(1)百分比percent4.8%fourpointeightpoint(2)千分比perthousand

1‰oneperthousand讀寫倍數(shù)的秘訣(1)兩倍twice(2)三倍以上的倍數(shù)數(shù)字+times(3)A是B的幾倍A+be動詞+倍數(shù)+as+adj.+as+B或A+be動詞+倍數(shù)+the+n.+of+BMike’shouseisthreetimesasbigasMary’s.Mike’shouseisthreetimesthesizeofMary’s.(4)倍數(shù)的增減變化變成幾倍doubletriplequadruplequintuplesextuple

變成2倍變成3倍變成4倍變成5倍變成6倍(5)舉例練習(xí)①3~4月的銷售增長到兩倍SalesdoubledfromMarchtoApril.②4~5月的銷售減少了百分之十SalesdecreasedbytenpercentbetweenApriltoMay.③這幢房子增值了三倍Thehousehast