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PartIReadingComprehensionDirections:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Passage1Thegreatbulkofexpertopinionisthatowingagununderminesratherthanincreasessafety:thefunctionofdiscouragingburglarsorothercriminalsismorethanoffsetbyotherfactors.Firstcomethesuicides:in1986,18,153peopleshotthemselvestodeath.Nooneonknowshowmanymighthavelivediftheyhadbeenunabletopickupagunandhowmanymighthavemerelychosenothermeanstoendtheirlives.Butsurelythepresenceofaloadedguninabureaudrawermusthavetemptedmany,particularteens,toyieldtoablackdepressionthatmighthaveliftedhadthemeanstocarryoutthedarkwishnotbeensoreadilyavailable.Thencometheaccidentalshootings,manybyfoolishguyswhoneverbothertolearnhowtohandletheirweapons.Moreheartbreakingarethefrequentincidentsofchildrenpickinguptheirparents’gunsandfindingoutinthemostdisastrouswaythattheyarenottoys;forexample,aneight-year-oldboywhoshothissix-year-oldsisterdeadlastweekinFairfax.Thentherearethequarrelsbetweenspouses,betweenparentsandtheirchildren,betweenneighborsandfriendsthatsuddenlyturnfatalbecauseoneorbothcanpickupagun.Policecommonlyestimatethatifahouseholdguniseverusedatall,itissixtimesaslikelytobefiredatamemberofthefamilyorafriendasatanintruder.(Itisevenmorelikely,saysDr.CarlBell,aChicagopsychiatrist,thatthegunwillbestolen;gunareprimetargetsforburglarsbecausetheycanbeeasilyandprofitablysoldtoothercriminals.)Andfinally,intherelativelyrareshoot-outsbetweenhouseholdersandburglarsthatdooccur,itmighteasilybetheburglarwhoprovesmoreskilledinhandlinghisgunsandthehouseholderwhowindsupinmorgue(停尸房).Addingalltypesofdeathstogether,MercyandHouk,researchersfromtheAtlanta-basedCentersforDiseaseControl,pointoutthat“duringthelasttwoyears,thenumberofpeoplewhodiedofinjuriesinflictedbyfirearmsintheUnitedStatesexceededthenumberofcasualtiesduringtheentire8.5-yearVietNamconflict.”MercyandHoukjudgedthat“injuryfromfirearmsisapublic-healthproblemwhosetollisunacceptable.”AnothergroupofresearcherspresentedevidencethatlaxU.S.gunlawsmightbetoblame.Theteam,headedbyemergencyroomsurgeonJohnHenrySloan,studiedapairofcitiesjust140milesapart:SeattleandVancouver.Thetwocitieshadsimilarunemploymentrates,householdincomes,law-enforcementpoliciesandevenfavoriteTVshows.Twodifferences:inCanada,handgunownershipistightlyrestricted;inWashingtonState,gunsaremoreeasilypurchased.Andbetween1980and1986Seattlehad388homicides,vs.204Vancouver.1.Accordingtomostexperts,possessingagun________.A)cannotguaranteeyoursafetyB)doesmorethanassureyousafetyC)leadstomoresuicidesD)canonlyfrightenthieves2.“Tocarryoutthedarkwish”inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmeans_________.A)killingoneselfB)shootingothersC)yieldingtodepressionD)pickingupagun3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A)ManychildrenbecomethevictimsofplayinggunsB)AhouseholdgunismorelikelytoaimatafamiliarpersonC)AccidentalshootingsoftenhappenwhenpeoplearequarrellingD)Agunathomeisverylikelytobetakenawaybyburglars4.Theword“l(fā)ax”inthefirstsentenceofthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A)differentB)unrestrictedC)funnyD)notstrict5.Theauthorcitesthetwocitiesasanexampletodemonstratethat________.A)whatmattersistocarryoutthegunlawsB)allstatesmusthavethesamegunlawsC)gunownershipmustbestrictlyrestrictedD)gunlawshavelittleeffectPassage2EversinceDarwin’stheoryofevolution,biologistshaveassumedthatenvironmentsteemingwithcomplexformsoflifeservedasthenurseriesofevolution.ButtworecentpapersinSciencemagazinehaveturnedthatnotiononitshead.Lastmonthsomebiologistsreportedthatintheoceanitistherelativelybarrenareasthatserveas“evolutionarycrucibles(熔爐),”notregionswithgreatdiversityofspecies.OtherresearchersannouncedthissummerthattheArctic,nottherainforest,spawnedmanyplantsandanimalsthatlatermigratedtoNorthAmerica.SaysJohnSepkoskioftheUniversityofChicago,“Harshenvironmentsmaybeproducingthemajorchangesinthehistoryoflife.”These“changes”donotresultmerelyinalongertailorabiggerclawforanexistingspeciesbut,rather,indramaticleapsuptheevolutionaryladder—arareinnovationthatcomesalongonceinamillionyears.IntheArctic,reportsLeoHickeyofYaleUniversity,theinnovationsrantoformsneverbeforeseenonearth.Bydatingfossilsfrommanygeologiclayers,heconcludedthatlargegrazinganimalsfirstappearedintheArcticandmigratedtotemperateplacesacoupleofmillionyearsorsolater.Amongplants,speciesofredwoodandbirchoriginatedinpolarregionssome18millionsyearsbeforetheyshowedupinthesouth.Examiningfossilsasoldas570millionyears,Chicago’sSepkoskifoundthatshell-less,soft-bodiedcreaturesweresuddenlyreplacedbytrilobites(三葉蟲),thenbythemoreadvancedclam-likeanimals.Thesechanges,henotes,“firstbecomecommonnearshore.”Thatsurprisedhim—anenvironmentwithasfewspeciesasexistinthenearshore,andwithsuchapoorrecordofproducingnewspecies,seemsanunlikelyplaceforbiologicalinnovation.ButwhenJablonskidatedfossilsof100millionyearsago,hefoundthatduringthisera,too,thenearshorespawnedbiologicalbreakthroughs—moresophisticatedseacreaturesthatmoveandfindfoodinoceansedimentsinsteadofpassivelyfilteringwhateverfloatsby.Thefindingsaretoonewtoapplytohumanevolution,butatfirstglancetheyseemtofitthefacts.Anthropologistsbelievethatourancestorsbecamefullyhumanonlyaftertheylefttheirsecurelifeinthetreesfortheharshworldofsavanna(plainwithouttrees).There,thedemandingconditionstriggeredthatmosthumanoftraits,thelargebrain,andthemostprofoundevolutionarystepofallwastaken.6.TworecentpapersinSciencemagazineclaimtohavefoundevidencewhichcontradictsthetraditionalnotionthat_______.A)relativelyharshenvironmentsarethenurseriesofevolutionB)evolutionoccurredinregionswithbiologicaldiversityC)newformsoflifecomeintobeinginnear-shoreareasD)speciesofbirchandredwoodoriginatedinthesouth7.AccordingtoLeoHickeyofYaleUniversity,whichofthefollowingmayhavespawnedmoreadvancedspeciesoflandanimals?A)ThebarrenoceanfloorB)TheArcticC)TherainforestD)TemperateZones8.Theword“innovations”inthesecondparagraphmeans________.A)NewtheoryB)NewphenomenonC)ChangesD)Newinventions9.Howwouldanthropologiststakethenewfindings?A)TheywouldlookatthemdubiouslyB)TheywouldeagerlyapplythemtothestudyofhumanevolutionC)Theywouldchallengethem,thoughatfirstglancetheytendtolookatthemfavorablyD)Theywouldmostprobablythinkthenewfindingsfitwellintotheirtheory10.Whichofthefollowingmaybeanappropriatetitleofthepassage?A)Darwin’sTheoryModifiedB)HowAnimalsEvolveC)EvolutioninHardPlacesD)WhereDidLargeSeaAnimalsOriginatePassage3Aclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologist,JohnCalhoun.Ineachexperiment,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationswereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Attheendoftheexperiments,Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,and,withouttheirmothers’care,thepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,motherratsdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseased,pathological(病理學(xué)旳).Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmaleshadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding.Non-dominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely,avoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernon-dominantmaleswerehyperactive,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.Inlargeurbanareas,suchasNewYorkCity,London,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividuals,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun'sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanyease,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.11.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation____.A)whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstressB)byremovingyoungratsC)sothattherewasaconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosureD)Alloftheabovearecorrect12.WhichofthefollowinginferencescanNOTbemadefromthefirstparagraph?A)Calhoun’sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.B)Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.C)Stressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowding.D)Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.13.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A)Dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspace.B)Dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherrats.C)Dominantmalesattackedweakerrats.D)Thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditions.14.Theauthorimpliesthatthebehaviorofthedominantmaleratsissometimesparallelwiththatof_____.A)cruel,powerfulpeopleB)peoplewhoabandontheirchildrenC)hyperactivepeopleD)peoplewhowouldliketokeeptothemselves.15.Themainpointofthispassageisthat_______.A)althoughratsareaffectedbyovercrowding,peoplearenotB)overcrowdingmaybeanimportantcauseofsocialpathologyC)thesocialbehaviorofratsisseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingD)Calhoun'sexperimentshaveinfluencedmanypeoplePassage4Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArcticbecausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasamuchthickericesheet.ButtheweatherexpertsarenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegreesofwarming:inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenextfiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydisappearing.Theevidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghastakenplace.Thisfitsthetheorythatcarbondioxidewarmtheearth.However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhaveexceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis:whichnaturalcausehasmosteffectontheweather?Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.astronomersatoneresearchstationhavestudiedthehotspotsand“cold”spots(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.asthesunrotated,every27.5days,itpresentshotteror“colder”facestotheearth,anddifferentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableeffectonthedistributionoftheearth’satmosphericpressure,andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.Thesunisalsovariableoveralongterm:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,thelatesttrendbeingdownward.Scientistsarenowfindingmutualrelationsbetweenmodelsofsolar-weatherinteractionsandtheactualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,includingthelastIceAge.TheproblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyistoassumeadelayofthousandsofyearswhilethesolareffectsovercometheinertiaoftheearth’sclimate.Ifthisisright,thewarmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulcounter-balancetothesun’sdiminishingheat.16.Expertsusedtobe