2023年職稱英語(yǔ)考試?yán)砉ゎ怉級(jí)試題及答案

職稱英語(yǔ)考試?yán)砉ゎ怉級(jí)試題及答案

第一部分：詞匯選項(xiàng)（第1—15題，每題1分，共15分）

下面共有15個(gè)句子，每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)畫有底橫線，請(qǐng)從每個(gè)句子背面所給旳4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)與畫線部分意義最相近旳詞或短語(yǔ)。答案一律涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)旳位置上。

1.Theunionrepresentativeputacrossherargumentveryeffectively.

AexplainedBinvented

CconsideredDaccepted

2.Hetalkstoughbuthasatenderheart.

AheavyBstrong

CkindDwild

3.Itisnousedebatingtherelativemeritsofthispolicy.

AmakingBtaking

CdiscussingDexpecting

4.Ourstatisticsshowthatweconsumeallthatwearecapableofproducing.

AwasteBbuy

CuseDsell

5.Thefueltankshadacapacityof140liters.

AfunctionBability

CpowerDvolume

6.Ourlivesareintimatelyboundupwiththeirs.

AtenselyBnearly

CcarefullyDclosely

7.Herfaithupheldherintimesofsadness.

AsupportedBexcited

CinspiredDdirected

8.Thebookprovidesaconciseanalysisofthecountry’shistory.

AcleanBperfect

CrealDbrief

9.Itislaiddownintheregulationsthatallmembersmustcarrytheirmembershipcardsatalltimes.

AsuggestedBwarned

CstatedDconfirmed

10.Thecouncilmeetingterminatedat2o’clock.

AbeganBcontinued

CendedDresumed

11.Redflagwasplacedthereasatokenofdanger.

AsignBsubstitute

CproofDtarget

12.Howeverbadthesituationis,themajorityisunwillingtoriskchange.

AreluctantBeager

CpleasedDangry

13.IthasbeensaidthattheActsprovidedanewcourseofactionanddidnotmerelyregulateorenlargeanoldone.

AlimitBcontrol

CreplaceDoffset

14.Thesecretaryisexpectedtoexploreideasforpost-warreconstructionofthearea.

AdenyBinvestigate

CstressDcreate

15.Thesteadilyrisingcostoflaboronthewaterfronthasgreatlyincreasedthecostofshippingcargobywater.

AgraduallyBsuddenly

CexcessivelyDexceptionally

第2部分：閱讀判斷（第16—22題，每題1分，共7分）

閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文旳內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子做出判斷。假如該句提供旳是對(duì)旳信息，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把A涂黑；假如該句提供旳是錯(cuò)誤信息，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把B涂黑；假如該句旳信息文章中沒(méi)有提及，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把C涂黑。

ADolphinandanAstronomer

Onedayin1963,adolphinnamedElvarandafamousastronomer,CarlSagan,wereplayingalittlegame.Theastronomerwasvisitinganinstitutewhichwaslookingintothewaydolphinscommunicatewitheachother.Saganwasstandingontheedgeofoneofthetankswhereseveralofthesefriendly,highlyintelligentcreatureswerekept.Elvarhadjustswumupalongsidehimandhadturnedonhisback.

ThedolphinwantedSagantoscratchhisstomachagain,astheastronomerhaddonetwicebefore.ElvarlookedupatSagan,waiting.Then,afteraminuteorso,thedolphinleaptupthroughthewaterandmadeasoundjustliketheword“more”.Theastonishedastronomerwenttothedirectoroftheinstituteandtoldhimabouttheincident.‘Oh,yes.That’soneofthewordsheknows,’thedirectorsaid,showingnosurpriseatall.

Dolphinshavebiggerbraininproportiontotheirbodysizethanhumanshave,andithasbeenknownforalongtimethattheycanmakeanumberofsounds.Whatismore,thesesoundsseemtohavedifferentfunctions,suchaswarningeachotherofdanger.Soundtravelsmuchfasterandmuchfurtherinwaterthanitdoesinair.Thatiswhythepartsofthebrainthatdealwithsoundaremuchbetterdevelopedindolphinthaninhumans.Butcanitbesaidthatdolphinshavea‘language’,intherealsenseoftheword?Scientistsdon’tagreeonthis.

Alanguageisnotjustacollectionofsounds,orevenwords.Alanguagehasastructureandwhatwecallagrammar.Thestructureandgrammarofalanguagehelptogiveitmeaning.Forexample,thetwoquestions“WholovesMary?”and“WhodoesMarylove?”meanverydifferentthings.Ifyoustoptothinkaboutit,youwillseethatthisdifferencedoesn’tcomefromthewordsinthequestionbutfromthedifferenceinstructure.Thatiswhythequestion“Candolphinsspeak?”can’tbeanswereduntilwefindoutifdolphinsnotonlymakesoundsbutalsoarrangetheminagrammaticalorderwhichaffectstheirmeaning.

16Theastronomerwasnotinterestedinthewaydolphinscommunicatewitheachother.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

17ThedolphinleaptupintotheairbecauseSaganwastoonearthewater.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

18Partsofthedolphin’sbrainareparticularlywelldevelopedtohandledifferentkindsofsound.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

19Dolphinsarethemostusefulanimalstohumans.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

20Dolphinstravelfasterinwaterthananyotheranimals.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

21Somescientistsbelievethatdolphinshavealanguageoftheirown.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

22Soundscanbecalledalanguageonlywhentheyhaveastructureandagrammar.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

第3部分：概括大意與完畢句子（第23—30題，每題1分，共8分）

閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后有2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：（1）第23—26題規(guī)定從所給旳6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為第2、3、5和6段每段選擇1個(gè)對(duì)旳旳小標(biāo)題；（2）第27—30題規(guī)定從所給旳6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇4個(gè)對(duì)旳選項(xiàng)，分別完畢每個(gè)句子。請(qǐng)將答案涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)旳位置上。

TheWeightExperiment

NicolaWaltershasbeentakingpartinexperimentsinScotlandtodiscoverwhyhumansgainandlostweight.Beinglockedinasmallroomcalleda‘calorimeter’（熱量測(cè)量室)isonewaytofindout.

1Thesighsabovethetworoomsreadsimply“ChamberOne”and“ChamberTwo”.Thesearethecalorimeters:4mby2mwhite-walledroomswherehumanvolunteersarelockedupinthenameofscience.Outsidetheseroomsanothersignreads“Pleasedonotenter-workinprogress”andinfrontoftheroomsadvancedmachineryregisterseverymovethevolunteersmake.Eachday,mealsmeasuredtothelastgramarepassedthroughaholeinthewallofthecalorimetertotheresidentvolunteer.

2NicolaWaltersisoneoftwentyvolunteerswho,overthepasteightmonths,havespentvaryingperiodsinsidethecalorimeter.Tallandslim,Nicoladoesnothaveaweightproblem,butthoughtthestrictdietmighthelpwithhertrainingandfitnessprogramme.Aself-employedcommunitydanceworker,shewasabletofittheexperimentinaroundherwork.Shesawanadvertforvolunteersatherlocalgymandassheisinterestedinthewholeareaofdietandexercise,shethoughtshewouldhelpout.

3TheexperimentonNicolainvolvedherspendingonedayonafixeddietathomeandthenextintheroom.Thissequencewasrepeatedfourtimesoversixweeks.Shearrivedatthecalorimeterat8:30amoneachofthefourmorningsandfromthenoneverythingsheateordrankwascarefullymeasured.Hereverymovewasnotedtoo,herdailyexerciseroutinetimedtothelastsecond.Atregularintervals,aftereating,shefilledinformsabouthowhungryshefeltandsamplesweretakenforanalysis.

4Thescientistshelpvolunteersimposeakindoforderonthelongdaystheyfaceintheroom.“Thefirsttime,Ionlytookonevideoandabook,butitwasOKbecauseIwatchedTVtherestofthetime,”saysNicola.Andtwiceadaysheusedtheexercisebike.Shepedaled()forhalfanhour,watchedbyresearcherstomakesureshedidn’tgotoofast.

5Itseemsthatsomefoodsencourageyoutoeatmore,whileotherssatisfyyouquickly.Volunteersarealreadyshowingthathigh-fatdietsarelesslikelytomakeyoufeelfull.Believingthattheymaynowknowwhatencouragespeopletoovereat,theresearchersareabouttostarttestingahigh-proteinweight-lossdiet.VolunteersarerequiredandNicolahassignedupforfurthersessions.

AWhatdoesthecalorimeterlooklikeinside?

BWhatprogramwasdesignedfortheexperiment?

CWhatisacalorimeter?

DWhatisthefirstimpression?

EHowdothevolunteerskillthetime?

FWhydidNicolajoinintheexperiments?

23Paragraph1____________

24Paragraph1____________

25Paragraph1____________

26Paragraph1____________

27Themachineryoutsidethecalorimetersrecordseverything___________.

28NicolaWaltershadtimefortheexperiments________________.

29Volunteershavetogetpreparedforthetimeinthecalorimeter____________.

30Theexperimentsshowthathigh-fatdiets_____________.

Athevolunteersdo

Bbecauseshedoesnothaveaweightproblem

Cbecausethelifetherecanbeveryboring

Dmakepeopleovereat

Ebecauseshewasherownboss

Fafterpassingahigh-proteintest

第4部分：閱讀理解（第31—45題，每題3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題，每道題背面有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)文章旳內(nèi)容，從每題所給旳4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最佳答案，涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)旳位置上。

第一篇“Salty”RicePlantBoostsHarvests

Britishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore.

TimFlowersandTonyYeo,fromSussexUniversity’sSchoolof

Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogramme,fundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCouncil,toestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocrops,startingwithrice.

Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan100hectares(公頃)ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts(阻礙生長(zhǎng))plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropics,mangroves(紅樹林)thatcreateswamps(沼澤)andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterranean,aseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodrop,allowingseawatertoseep(滲透)in.inLatinAmerica,irrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated(蒸發(fā))bytheheat,leavingsaltdepositsbehind.

Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive.

Toovercometheseproblems,FlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecrop,butitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse.

Oncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknown,FlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagain,providingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld.

31WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutFlowersandYeoistrue?

ATheyarestudentsatSussex

BTheyarericebreeders.

CTheyarehusbandandwife

DTheyarecolleaguesataninstitutionofhigherlearning.

32FlowersandYeohavestartedaprogramme

Atofindwaystopreventwaterpollution.

Btoidentifygenesthatpromotegrowthinsaltysoil.

Ctobreedriceplantsthattastesalty.

Dtofindwaystoremoveexcessivesaltfromsoil.

33WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacauseoftheproblemdiscussedinthepassage?

ANaturalbarrierstoseawaterhavebeendestroyed.

BThewatertablehasgonedownafterdroughts.

CSealevelhasbeencontinuouslyrising.

DEvaporationofwaterleavessaltbehind.

34Theword“affect”inParagraph6couldbebestreplacedby

A“influence”

B“effect”

C“stop”

D“present”

35Theattitudeoftheauthortowardstheresearchprojectis

Apositive

Bnegative.

Csuspicious

Dindifferent.

第二篇LivingwithComputer

AftertoolongontheNet,evenaphonecallcanbeashock.Myboyfriend’sLiverpudianaccentsuddenlybecomeshardtounderstandaftertheclarityofhiswordsonscreen;asecretary’stoneseemsmorerejectingthanI’dimagineditwouldbe.Timeitselfbecomesfluid–hoursbecomeminutes,andalternatelysecondsstretchintodays.Weekends,onceahighlightofmyweek,arenowjusttwoordinarydays.

Forthelastthreeyears,sinceIstoppedworkingasaproducerforCharlieRose,Ihavedonemuchofmyworkasatele-commuter(遠(yuǎn)程交談?wù)?.IsubmitarticlesandeditthemviaE-mailandcommunicatewithcolleaguesonInternetmailinglists.MyboyfriendslivesinEngland,somuchofourrelationshipiscomputer-mediated.

IfIdesired,Icouldstayinsideforweekswithoutwantinganything.Icanorderfood,andmanagemymoney,loveandwork.Infact,attimesIhavespentaslongasthreeweeksaloneathome,goingoutonlytogetmailandbuynewspapersandgroceries.Iwatchedmostoftheblizzard(暴風(fēng)雪)of’96onTV.

Butafterawhile,lifeitselfbeginstofeelunreal.IstarttofeelasthoughI’vemergedwithmymachines,takingdatain,spittingthembackout,justanothernode(節(jié)點(diǎn))ontheNet.Othersonlinereportthesamesymptoms.Westarttostronglydisliketheoutsideformsofsocializing.It’slikeattendinganA.A.meetinginabarwitheveryoneholdingahalf-sippeddrink.WehavebecometheNetopponents’worstnightmare.

Whatfirstseemedlikealuxury,crawlingfrombedtocomputer,notworryingabouthair,andclothesandface,hasbecomeanavoidance,alackofdiscipline.Andonceyoustartreplacingrealhumancontactwithcyber-interaction(網(wǎng)上交流),comingbackoutofthecavecanbequitedifficult.

Attimes,Iturnonthetelevisionandjustleaveittochatterinthebackground,somethingthatI’dneverdonepreviously.Thevoicesoftheprogramssoothe(安慰)me,butthenI’mjarred(使感不快)bythecommercials.Ifindmyselfsuckedinbysoapoperas,orcompulsively(強(qiáng)制性地)needingtokeepupwiththelatestnewsandtheweather.“Dateline,”“Frontline,”“Nightline,”CNN,everypossibleangleofeverystoryoverandoverandover,evenwhentheyareofnopossibleusetome.Workmoversfromforegroundtobackground.

36Comparedwiththeclearwordsofherboyfriendonscreen,hisaccentis

Aobscure.

Bdistinct.

Cunreal.

Dmisleading.

37Thepassageimpliesthatthewriterandherboyfriendlivein

AEngland.

Bdifferentcountries.

Cthesamecity.

Dthesamecountry.

38Livingaloneinahouse,thewriterseemsto

Ahavetotallyforgottenherwork.

Bbeafraidofherneighbors.

CgetsomecomfortfromTVprograms.

Dhavegonecrazy.

39Welearnfromthepassagethatthewriter

AisfedupwiththeNetopponents.

Bpreferspeopletothecomputer.

Cisaddictedtothecomputer.

Ddoesnotlikehumancontact.

40Thephrase“comingbackoutofthecave”inthefifthparagraphmeans

A“comingbackhome”.

B“givingupthepresentjob”.

C“l(fā)ivingaluxuriouslife”.

D“restoringrealhumancontact”.

第三篇TheBodyClock

WhyisitthatflyingtoNewYorkfromLondonwillleaveyoufeelinglesstiredthanflyingtoLondonfromNewYork?Theanswermaybeaclearcaseofbiologynotbeingabletokeepupwithtechnology.

Deepinsidethebrainthereisa‘clock’thatgovernseveryaspectofthebody’sfunctioning:sleepandwakecycles,levelsofalertness,performance,mood,hormonelevels,digestion,bodytemperatureandsoon.Itregulatesallofthesefunctionsona24-hourbasisandiscalledthebiologicalclock.

Thebodyclockprogrammesustobesleepytwiceaday,between3-5amandagainbetween3-5pm.Afternoonteaandnapareallculturalresponsestoournaturalbiologicalsleepinessintheafternoon.

Oneofthemajorcausesofthetravellers’maladyknownasjetlagisthenon-alignmentofaperson’sinternalbodyclockwithclocksintheexternalworld.Crossingdifferenttimezonesconfusesthebiologicalclock,whichthenhastoadjusttothenewtimeandpatternsoflightandactivity.Tomakemattersmorecomplex,notallinternalbodyfunctionsadjustatthesamerate.Soyoursleep/wakemayadjusttoanewtimezoneatonerate,whileyourtemperatureadjustsatadifferentpace.Yourdigestionmaybeonadifferentschedulealtogether.

Thoughweliveina24-hourday,thenaturaltendencyofthebodyclockistoextendourdaybeyond24hours.Itiscontrarytoourbiologicalprogrammingto‘shrink’ourday.

Thatiswhytravelinginawestwarddirectionismorebody-clockfriendlythanflyingeast.NASAstudiesoflonghaulpilotsshowedthatwestwardtravelwasassociatedwithsignificantlybettersleepquantityandqualitythaneastwardflights.

Whenflyingwest,youare‘extendingyourday,thustravelinginthenaturaldirectionofyourinternalclock.Flyingeastwardwillinvolve‘shrinking’orreducingyourdayandisindirectoppositiontoyourinternalclock’snaturaltendency.

Oneofthemorecommoncomplaintsoftravelersisthattheirsleepbecomesdisrupted.Therearemanyreasonsforthis:changingtimezonesandschedules,changinglightandactivitylevels,tryingtosleepwhenyourbodyclockisprogrammedtobeawake,disruptionoftheinternalbiologicalclockandworkinglongerhours.

Itisoftensuggestedthatyouadjustyourwatchassoonasyouboardaplane,supposedlytotrytohelpyouadjusttoyourdestination’sscheduleassoonasyouarrive.Butitcantakethebodyclockseveraldaystoseveralweekstofullyadjusttoanewtimezone.

So,ourbodyclocktrulycan‘govern’us.

41Theroleofthebodyclockisto

Aenableustosleep6hoursaday.

Bhelpusadapttoa24-hourcycle.

Cregulatethebody’sfunctions.

Dinterferewiththebody’sfunctions.

42Theword“malady”inParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto

A“condition”.

B“discomfort”.

C“injury”.

D“excitement”.

43Flyinginawestwarddirectionwill

Ahelpyousleepbetter.

Bincreasethedegreeofjetlag.

Cshrinkyourday.

Dmakeyouovereat.

44WhichofthefollowinginNOTmentionedasareasonforthedisruptedsleepoftravelers?

ACrossingdifferenttimezones.

BChanginglightandactivitylevels.

CWorkinglongerhours.

DWatchingoutoftheplaneforalongtime.

45Itcanbeseenfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat

Ayoucancontrolyourownbodyclock.

Bitisnotdifficulttoadjusttoanewtimezone.

Cadjustingyourwatchcanhelpyouaavoidjetlag.

Dthereisn’tmuchyoucandotoavoidjetlag.

第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文（第46—50題，每題2分，共10分）

閱讀下面旳短文，文章中有5處空白，文章背面有6組文字，請(qǐng)根據(jù)文章旳內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。請(qǐng)將答案涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)旳位置上。

RuiningtheRuins

Acidrain(酸雨)isnowafamiliarproblemintheindustrializedcountriesinEurope.Harmfulgasesareproducedbypowerstationsandcars.Theydissolveinrainwaterandthismakesacidrain,whichdamagestrees,riversandstreams.

Acidrainisalsocapableofdissolvingsomerocks.Andbuildingsmadeofsoftrock,suchaslimestone(石灰石),areparticularlybadlyaffected.Theacidrainattackstherock,andsocarvingsandstatuesareeroded(受腐蝕)morequickly.

__________(46)AccordingtoareportintheNewScientist,acidrainisbeingblamedfortherapiddecayofancientruinsinMexico.TheoldlimestonebuildingsinplaceslikeChichenItza,TulumandPalenquearewearingawayveryquicklyindeed.ThesesitesaretheremainsofthebuildingsbuiltbytheMayasbetween250BCandAD900,andthespectacularruinsofMayancivilizationarevisitedbythousandsoftouristseveryyear.

Butthoseruinsareindangerofbeingseriouslydamagedbypollution.Atmanysitesthestonehasbeencoveredwithalayerofblacksubstance.________________(47).

Scientistsestimatethataboutonemillimeterofstoneiswornawayeverytwelveyears.________________(48)TheacidrainissaidtobecausedbypollutionfromoilwellsintheGulfofMexico.Carexhaustgasesarealsoaproblem.Localvolcaniceruptionsmaketheproblemevenworse.Nevertheless,withenoughmoneyandeffort,researcherssaythatmanyoftheproblemscouldbesolvedandtherateoferosionreduced.____________(49).

Mexico’scurrentlackoffundsisalsopartlyduetooil.Thecountryhasrichoilfieldsandafewyearsago,whenoilwasexpensive,MexicowassellinglargequantitiesofoiltotheUSAandearningalotofmoney.__________(50)However,thepriceofoilthendropped,andMexicohasbeenleftowingenormoussumsofmoneyandwithnotenoughincomefromoilsalestopaybacktheloans.Sounlessthepriceofoilrises,itisunlikelythatMexicowillbeabletoaffordtocleanupthepollutionandsaveitsMayanruinsfromdestruction.

AAtothersthepaintedsurfacesinsidetemplesareliftingandflakingoff()andthestoneisbeingeatenaway.

BThatisenoughtohavecausedsomeoftheancientcarvingstobecomeseriouslydamagedalready.

CThesemeasureswouldreducethepollution,butwouldnotstopitcompletely.

DThegovernmentwasthereforeabletoborrowhugesumsofmoneyfrombanksaroundtheworld,thinkingtheywouldhavenoproblemrepayingtheirdebts.

ETheproblem,however,isnotjustaEuropeanone.

FHowever,theMexicangovernmentdoesnothaveenoughmoneytodothework,andneedstospendwhatmoneyithasontheMexicanpeople.

第6部分：完形填空（第51—65題，每題1分，共15分）

閱讀下面旳短文，文中有15處空白，每處空白給出了4個(gè)選項(xiàng)，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文旳內(nèi)容從4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最佳答案，涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)旳位置上。

ScienceandTruth

“FINAGLE”()isnotawordthatmostpeopleassociatewithscience.Onereasonisthattheimageofthescientistisofonewhoalways__________(51)datainanimpartial()searchfortruth.Inanydebate-___________(52)intelligence,schooling,energy–thephrase“sciencesays”usuallydisarmsopposition.

Butscientistshavelongacknowledgedtheexistenceofa“finaglefactor”–atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfulchangetothedatato__________(53)desiredresults.ThelatestofthefinaglefactorinactioncomesfromStephenJayGould,aHarvardbiologist,whohas___________(54)theimportant19thcenturyworkofDr.SamuelGeorgeMorton.Mortonwasfamousinhistimeforanalyzingthebrain____________(55)oftheskullsasameasureofintelligence.Heconcludedthatwhiteshadthelargestbrains,thatthebrainsofIndiansandblacksweresmaller,and_______(56),thatwhitesconstituteasuperiorrace.

GouldwentbacktoMorton’soriginaldataandconcludedthatthe____________(57)wereanexampleofthefinagleatwork.HefoundthatMorton’s“discovery”wasmadebyleavingoutembar