國際結(jié)算(雙語)第二章：國際結(jié)算中的票據(jù) chapter2 Instruments

INTERNATIONALSETTLEMENTChapter2NegotiableInstrument

Chapter2NegotiableInstrument

2.1GeneralIntroductionofNegotiableInstruments**2.2BillofExchange***2.3PromissoryNotes*2.4Cheque**

2.1GeneralIntroductionofNegotiableInstruments

1DefinitionofNegotiableInstrument

AccordingtotheUSUniformCommercialCodeof1952,negotiableinstrumentisanunconditionalwritingthatpromisesorordersthepaymentofafixedamountofmoney.InbroadsenseNegotiableinstrumentreferstoanycommercialdocumentoftitle.Itisanevidenceofsomeone’sownershipofmoneyorgoodsthatisactuallyunderhiscontrol,suchasinvoice,billoflading,insurancecertificate,warrant,certificateofdeposit,billofexchange,promissorynote,checkandetc.InnarrowsenseNegotiationinstrumentreferstothesecuritiesthatwiththepurposeofpaying.Thedrawersignsonthenegotiableinstrument,unconditionallyordersanotherpartyorhimselftopayacertainamountofmoneyatadeterminablefuturedate.2OpeningCaseabriefcaseofthethreenegotiableinstruments：thecashflowis：ABDCAinNewYorkimportsabatchofchairsfromBinParis,thetotalvalueis10,000dollars,ordernumber:95E03LC001,shipmentdate:July10th,2011,anditisstipulatedinthecontractthatpaymentshouldbeeffectedwithin30daysaftershipment;CinParisbuysdesksfromDinNewYorkwithtotalvalueof10,000dollars.MeanwhileCoffersfurnituretoBwhichcosts10,000dollars.Howtoissuethreedifferentinstrumentstoclearthecreditanddebtrelationamongthefourparties?cashflowWecanseeclearlyfromtheleftchartthatthecashflowgoesfromAtoBtoCandfinallyD.Inotherwords,Aisthepartythatwouldeffectpaymentfinally,andonthecontrast,Disthepartythatwouldreceivemoney.BillofExchangeIssuingBDrawerIssuesadrafttoAAAddresseeCPayeePay10,000dollarsDFinalholderendorsethedrafttoD

DpresentsthedrafttoA,Apays10,000dollars,DreturnsthedrafttoAExampleofDraftIssuingPromissoryNoteIssuingAPAYERBPAYEECDAissuesapromissorynotebyitself,promisestopay10,000dollarstoB,BendorsesthepromissorynotetoC

CendorsesthepromissorynotetoDDpresentsthepromissorynotetoA,Apays10,000dollars,DreturnsthenotetoAExampleofPromissoryNoteIssuingChequeIssuing(AhasanaccountinABCbank)APAYERBPAYEEDCIssuesachequeinfavorofBBendorsesthechequetoC

CendorsesthechequetoDABCBANKDpresentsthechequetoABCbank,ABCbankpays10,000dollars,DreturnsthechequetoABCbankExampleofChequeIssuing3CharacteristicsofNegotiableInstrumentscharacteristicsNegotiabilityRequisiteinFormWordsRestrictionReturnabilityRightSettingPresentmentNon-causativeNature1)RightSetting——meansalltherightsoftheinstrumentsisfollowedbytheissuingofinstrument:Therightoftheinstrumentsemergedbyissuingofinstruments,therightoftheinstrumentsistransferredbydeliveringofinstruments,therightoftheinstrumentsisexercisedbypresentingofinstruments.2)Non-causativeNature——meanswhenthecreditorexerciseshisright(askthepayerforpayment),heneedn’tindicatesthepayerthereason.Intheopeningcase,whenDpresentsthedrafttoAforpayment,itneedn’tindicateAthereason.3)Negotiability——meansthetitleofinstrumentscanbepassedfrompersontopersonbymerelydeliveryorbyendorsementanddelivery.4)WordsRestriction——meansalltherightofinstrumentsaredeterminedaccordingtothewrittenwordsoftheinstrument.Creditoranddebtorisonlybondedbythewordsoftheinstrument:creditorcannotrequiresomethingfromdebtorbeyondthewordsoftheinstrument,anddebtorcannotusesomethingbeyondthewordsoftheinstrumenttopleadtocreditor.5)

Requisiteinform——meansannegotiableinstrumentmustbeintheformofadocumentcontainingcertainrequireditems.Differentcountrieshavedifferentlawsonnegotiableinstrumentandhencedifferentrulesandregulationsontheformofanegotiableinstrument.6)Presentment——meanswhenthecreditorasksdebtortoperformliabilityoftheinstrument,itmustpresenttheinstrument.Iftheholderdoesn’tpresenttheinstrument,thedebtorhasnoliabilitytopay.7)Returnability——meanswhentheholderreceivespayment,itshouldreturnthesignedinstrumenttothepayer.Becauseofthereturnabilityoftheinstrument,itcannotbenegotiatedwithoutlimit,itsnegotiationisendeduponpaymentonduedate.4LegalSystemofNegotiableInstrumentAnglo-AmericanLawBillsofExchangeAct1882UK；1882;maincharacteristics:1、itprotectsthenegotiabilityofinstrumentbylaw.Ithasestablishedanintegratedsystemofnegotiationforinstrument;2,itprotectsthecreditandpaymentfunctionoftheinstrument;3,itprotectstheinterestsofthebankandimproveitsefficiency.UniformCommercialCodeUS;establishedin1952andrevisedin1962；Itisastandardcodewithrightsandobligationsasprincipalpart.Itcomposesauniformarticlerelatingtobillofexchange,promissorynoteandchequetoavoidtherepetitionofprovisions.ContinentalLawOthersGenevaConventionof1930Differences:

1,regardingtotheholderofbillofexchangeafterforgedendorsement,ContinentalLawconsidershecanbecomeaholderwhileAnglo-AmericanLawconsidershecannotbecomeaholder;2,thereisintegratedregulationsabouttheactofconfirmationandconsiderationinContinentalLaw,Anglo-AmericanLawonlyhasvaguerulesConventionProvidingaUniformLawforInternationalBillsofExchangeandInternationalPromissoryNotesandConventionProvidingaUniformLawforInternationalChequesInordertodiminishthedifferencebetweenAnglo-AmericanLawandContinentalLaw,afterrevisingforovertenyears,thesetwodraftconventionswereapprovedin1988.Later,theunitednationshasformallyfiledthetwoconventionstodifferentcountriesforcomment.Peoples’RepublicofChinaLawonNegotiableInstrumentsWasadoptedon10thMay1995,withthecharacteristicsofthefirstregulativelawonnegotiableinstrumentsinchina.

Wasrevisedon28thAugust,2004,showingChinesenegotiableinstrumentlawhaskeptpacewiththedevelopmentofinternationalinstrumentlaw..2.2BillofExchange

1

Definition

ofBillofExchange

BillsofExchangeAct1882:BillofExchangeis“anunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyonepersontoanother,signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressedtopayondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortothebearer.”2EssentialItemsandUnessentialItemsofBillofExchange1The“BillofExchange”wording2UnconditionalOrdertopay3DateandPlaceofIssue4Tenor5ExactAmount6NameandPlaceoftheAddressee7NameofPayee8NameandSignatureoftheDrawerSampleofdraftACCEPTED12thApril,2005

DueOn11thJuly,2005

ForBankofEurope,London(Signed)

⑤

③ExchangeforGBP5000.00,Beijing,5thApril,2005④

②

⑦At90daysaftersightpaytoCCo.orOrder⑤ThesumofGreatBritishpoundsfivethousandonly⑥ToBandofEurope,⑧ForACompanyLondonBeijing

⑧(signature)1)The“BillofExchange”wording：Theword“Exchange”or“BillofExchange”or“Draft”mustbeclearlyindicatedonthefaceofabillofexchangeinordertodistinguishitfrompromissorynoteandcheck.2)UnconditionalOrdertopay：meansthepayingorderonthedraftshouldbeunconditional,withoutanyextrarequirementterms.3)ExactAmount：Theamountofmoneyonthedraftshouldbeexactandunique,thatistosay,whenthedebtorispresentedbythedraft,itmustknowclearlyhowmuchmoneyheneedstopay.4)DateandPlaceofIssue：Thedateofissuinghasthreemainfunctions:identifyingtheduedate；identifyingthepresentingperiodofadraft.Inthecaseofsightdraft,thecreditorshouldmakepresentationwithinoneyearafterissuingdate;identifyingthecapabilityofissuer.5)NameandPlaceoftheAddressee：Addresseereferstothepartythatreceivesthepayingorder.Iftheaddresseedoesn’tsignonthedraft,itdoesn’tresponsibleforpayment.6)NameofPayee：Nameofpayeeisalsocalledtheorderofthedraft,usuallytherearethreekinds:RestrictiveOrder“paytoAonly”；”paytoAnottransferable”;“paytoA”and“nottransferable”.Demonstrativeorder“paytotheorderof”；”paytoAororder”or“paytoA”.PayabletobearerPaytobearer.7)NameandSignatureoftheDrawer：Draweristhepartyissuesthedraft.Ifthedrawerisaagentthatrepresentsacompany/corporation/bank/organization,heshouldadd“For”or“onbehalf”or“Forandonbehalfof”or“Perpro”beforethenameofthecompany/corporation/bank/organizationaswellasaddhistitleafterthesignatureofhimself.

Forexample:ForABCCo.Ltd.LondonJohnSmithManager8)Tenor：meanstimeofpayment,therearethreetypes:Billspayableatsight/ondemandpayto…….(B)BillspayableatadeterminablefuturetimeBillspayableat**days/**month(s)aftersight.b.Billspayableat**days/**month(s)afterdate.Billspayableat**days/**month(s)afterB/Ldate/shipmentdate/Stateddate.(C)Billspayableatafixedfuturedate

OnJune1stfixedpayto…比較以下文句，哪些有效，哪些無效：--PaytoJohnSmithororderthesumofonethousandUSdollar;--PaytoJohnSmithororderthesumofonethousandUSdollarwhentheship“queen”reachestheportofshanghai;--PleasepayMaryWhiteororderthesumoftwothousandUSdollar;--Paymentagainstarrivalofgoods;--About$1000;匯票上的文字不應(yīng)使用請求或協(xié)商等語句，也不得出現(xiàn)任何付款的先決條件或支付限制，記載的金額應(yīng)當肯定或可按照一定方式明確計算出來。（國際貿(mào)易中的跟單匯票不具備無條件支付命令的性質(zhì)）匯票編號付款期限匯票金額小寫出票日期、地點收款人匯票金額大寫出票依據(jù)付款人出票人3PartiestoBillofExchangedrawerpayee/Firstendorserendorsee/holderpayer/acceptorissueeconomicrelationshipAskforacceptanceorpaymentendorseendorseendorsee/holderDraw

drawerpayee(1)Drawer——Itreferstothepartythatissuesanddeliversthedraft.Itusuallyhassomeeconomicrelationshipwithboththepayeeandtheaddressee.(2)Addressee/Drawee——isthepartywhoreceivesthepayingorder.Itbecomesaacceptorwhenitacceptsthedraftandsignsonthedraft.(3)Payee——Itisthepartywhowouldreceivemoneyindicatedonthefaceofthedraft.Payeecanbepaiduponpresentationofthedraftoritcantransferthedrafttoothers.RestrictiveorderPayto****Companyonly;Payto****Company,nottransferable(orun-negotiable)Demonstrative/IndicativeorderPayto****Company;Payto****Companyororder;Paytotheorderof****Company.BearerorderPaytobearer;Payto****Companyorbearer.(4)Endorser/EndorseeEndorser：

meansthepartythatsignhisnameonthereversesideoftheinstrumentandtransfertheownershipanditsrighttoanotherparty.Endorsee：thepersontowhomtheinstrumentistransferredToanendorsee,alltheendorsersonthedraftbeforehimiscalledpriorparties,andtoanendorser,alltheendorseeafterhimarecalledsubsequentparties(5)Guarantor——Guarantordoesnotbelongtothebasicpartytoadraft,itreferstothepartywhoguaranteestheactionsofthedrawer,endorser,acceptorandacceptorforhonor.Guarantorbearsthesameliabilityasthewarrantee.(6)Acceptor——Itisthepartythatacceptsthedraft,makesacceptanceonthefaceofadraft,andpromisestopayatmaturitydate.Acceptance

meanstheacceptoragreesthepayingorderfromthedrawer.Acceptoristheprincipaldebtorofthedraft,holder,endorser,drawercanclaimpaymentfromacceptor.(7)Holder——Holderispayeeorendorseeorbearer,itisthepartythatisholdingthedraftatpresent.Itisthepartywhichholdsthedraftandasktheaddresseetopay.Holderincludesholderforvalueandholderinduecourse.Value/consideration：meanssomethingsupportsatransaction,suchasmoney,service,goodsandetc.Holderforvalueapersonwhopossessesaninstrumentforwhichvaluehasbeengivenbyhimselforbysomeotherpersonpriortohim.Inotherwords,oncevalueisgivenforabill,theholdergivingvalueandallsubsequentholdersareholdersorvalue.Holderinduecourseanindividualwhoacquiresanegotiableinstrumentingoodfaith.AccordingtoBillsofExchangeAct1882,aholderinduecourseshouldmeetthefollowingrequirements:Theendorsementofhispriorpartyisauthentic;Draftiscompleteandregularonitsface;Draftisn’texpireuponreceiving;4LegalactstoBillofExchange1)Draw/IssueItistheactionofissuingadraft,signinganddeliveringit.AccordingtotheUKBillofExchangeAct1882,issuemeans“thefirstdeliveryofabillornote,completeinformtoapersonwhotakesitasaholder”.Issuecontainstwoactions：todrawandsignthedraft,todeliverthedrafttothepayee.2)

EndorsementEndorsementisthesigningonthebackofadraft,transferringtheownershipanddeliveringtotheendorsee.Onlywhenthepayeeisdemonstrativeorder,theactofendorsementwillcomeintobeing.Ifthepayeeisrestrictiveorder,thedraftcan’tbeendorsed;Ifthedraftisbearerorder,thedraftneednottobeendorsedSpecialendorsementPaytoD/PaytoDororderForC

signedB.BlankendorsementForC

signedC.RestrictiveEndorsementPaytoDonly/PaytoDnottoorder/PaytoDnotnegotiable/PaytoDnottransferable/PaytoDforaccountof…

ForC

Signed匯票PresentationPayer/drawee/AddresseePayee/HolderForpaymentForacceptance3)

PresentationTheactionofpresentingthedrafttothepayerforacceptanceorpaymentiscalledpresentation.Therearetwotypesofpresentation:Presentationforacceptanceandpresentationforpayment.Whenthedraftisatimedraft,beforethedateofmaturity,theholderpresentsthedrafttotheaddresseeforacceptance.Theaddresseesignshisnameonthebackofthedraft,promisestopayonduedate.Whenthedraftisademanddraft/timedraft,uponthematuritydatetheholderpresentsthedrafttotheaddresseeformoney。匯票AcceptancePayer/Acceptorholder簽發(fā)承兌通知書4)

AcceptanceAcceptanceisanactionbywhichthepayerpromisestoeffectpaymentatthematuritydateofthedraft.Thepayerhasnoresponsibilityuntilitacceptsthebillinsuchawayastosignifyacceptanceofliabilitytopaythemoneystatedinthebill.A.Generalacceptance:Itmeanstheacceptorsignsonthefaceofthedraft,acceptingthedrawer’sorderwithoutrestrictivestatement,forexample:

Accepted

March5th,2011

ForAcompany,LondonsignedB.Qualifiedacceptance:Itmeanstheacceptorsignsonthefaceofthedraft,usingspecificwordingtochangetheeffectafteracceptance.a.Conditionalacceptance：Accepted

April15th,2011PayableondeliveryofBillofLadingForAcompany,Tokyo

signedb.Partialacceptance:Accepted

July18th,2011PayableforamountofUSD10,000only

ForAcompany,NewYork

signedd.Qualifiedacceptanceastotime：Accepted

Jan19th,2011Payableat6monthsafterdateForACompany,Australia

signedc.Localacceptance:：Accepted

Aug17th,2011PayableatTheHamburgBankandthereonly

ForABCBankLtd.,London

signedLegalactofBillofExchangePayment乙Payee5)

PaymentPaymentofabillisgenerallybeeffectedbytheaddresseeoracceptor.Paymentdateofsightdraftispresentingdate,paymentdateoftimedraftspecifyingpayableafter***daysaftersightiscalculatedfromtheacceptingdate.Theholderpresentsthedraftonmaturitydate,afterpaymentinduecourseismadebypayeroracceptor,theliabilityofthedraftthusbedischarged.Dishonoredbynon-acceptance（happensinusancedraft）：Whenabillisdulypresentedforacceptancebutisnotacceptedwithinreasonabletimeorspecifiedtime,thepersonpresentingitmusttreatitasdishonoredbynon-acceptanceDishonoredbynon-payment：Whenabillisdulypresentedforpaymentbutpaymentisrefusedorcannotbeobtained,thepersonpresentingitmusttreatitasdishonoredbynon-payment.6)DishonorActofdishonorisafailureorrefusalofacceptanceorpaymentofabillofexchangewhenpresented.(1)NoticeofDishonor：anoticemadebytheholdertoinformallhispriorpartiesaboutthedishonor.(2)Protest:acertificateundersealdrawnupandsignedbyaNotaryPublic(legal)orcourtorbankingassociationsorotherauthorizedpersoninthedishonorplaceforthepurposetogivingevidencethatabillofexchangehasbeenpresentedbyhimforacceptanceorforpaymentbutdishonored.7）

RightofRecourseRecoursereferstoactoftheholdertodemandforpaymentfromthedrawerandendorserincasethatthedrafthasbeendishonored.Theholdermayexecuteitsrightforrecourseonlywhenhehascompletedthefollowingprocedures:Topresentthedrafttothepayerforacceptanceorpaymentanditisdishonoredbynon-acceptanceornon-payment;Togivenoticeofdishonortoitspriorpartyinonebusinessdayafterthedateofdishonor;Topresentaprotestfornon-acceptanceornon-paymentinonebusinessdayafterthedateofdishonor.8）

Guarantee/avalActofguaranteeisperformedbyarelativepartycalledguarantor,whoengagesthatthebillwillbepaidonpresentmentifitisasightbilloracceptedonpresentmentifitisausancebill.Theguarantorwillalsoguaranteethepaymentonpresentmentifitisaacceptedusancebill.Theguarantorstandssurelyforthedebtorsuchasdrawer,endorser,oracceptorandassumeshisindebtednesstotheholder.PERAVAL/PAYMENTGUARANTEEDGivenfor____________________(guarantee)Signedby______________________(guarantor)Datedon__________________(date)(signature)5TypesofBillofExchangeBillofExchangeAccordingtothepaymenttimeSight/DemandBillTime/usanceBillAccordingtothedrawerandpayerofthedraftCommercial/Trader’sBillBanker’sBillAccordingtowhetherthebillisaccompaniedwithshippingdocuments,DocumentaryBillCleanBillAccordingtotheBillsofExchangeAct1882InlandBillForeignBill

2.3PromissoryNotes

1DefinitionofPromissoryNoteAccordingtoBillsofExchangeAct1882Article83,Apromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyonepersontoanothersignedbythemaker,engagingtopay,ondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetime,asumcertaininmoney,to,ortotheorderof,aspecifiedpersonortobearer.2EssentialItemsofPromissoryNoteBasedonBillofExchangeAct1882andGenevaConventionof1930,itcanbeconcludedthattheessentialitemsofpromissorynoteincludes:“PromissoryNote”wording;Anunconditionalpromisetopay;

Nameofthepayee;Signatureofthemaker;

Placeanddateofissue;Tenor;Asumcertaininmoney;Placeofpaymentandetc.國際結(jié)算的支付工具—本票“PromissoryNote”wordingAnunconditionalpromisetopayAsumcertaininmoney;NameofthepayeePlaceanddateofissuePlaceanddateofissueSignatureofthemaker圖片來源：Tenor3MainTypesofPromissoryNotePromissoryNoteAccordingtothemakerofthenoteTrader’sNoteBanker’sNoteAccordingtothemakerofthepaymenttimeSightnoteTimenoteInternationalmoneyorderCentralbanker’snoteNegotiablecertificatesofdeposit4DifferencesbetweenBillofExchangeandPromissoryNoteBillsofExchangePromissoryNote(1)Anordertopay.(1)Apromisetopay.(2)Athreepartyinstrument.(2)Atwopartyinstrument.(3)Whenpayableafterdate/sight,abillneedtobeaccepted.(3)Neverneedtobeaccepted.(4)Beforeacceptance,thedrawerisprimarilyliableforpayment,butafteracceptancetheacceptorbecomesprimarilyliableforpayment.(4)Themakerisalwaysthepartyprimarilyliableforpayment.(5)Canbedrawninaset.(5)Onecopy.(6)Foreignbillsneedprotestingondishonortoretaintheliabilityofpriorparties.(6)Protestisneverneeded.2.4Cheque1DefinitionofChequeChequeisalsocalledcheck,accordingtoBillsofexchangeAct1882,itis“anbillofexchangedrawnonabankerpayableondemand”Itisanunconditionalorderinwriting,signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthebankertowhomitisaddressedtopayondemandasumcertaininmoneyto,ortotheorderof,aspecifiedpersonortobearer.2EssentialItemsofChequeAccordingtodifferentstipulationsindifferentnegotiablelaw,essentialitemsofchequeincludes:“Cheque”wording;Anunconditionalordertopay;Nameandaddressofpayingbank;

Nameandsignatureofthedrawer;

Dateandplaceofissue;Specifyingthetenorisatsight.Ifnotsoindicated,itisdeemedtobeatsight;Asumcertaininmoney;

Nameofpayeeorthenominatedperson.3CrossingofCheques1）

TypesofCrossingGeneralcrossing:meansnonameofthecollectingbankisspecifiesonthechequeandthechequecanbecollectedthroughanybank.Itincludes:Nonameofabankisindicated,theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:B.Adding“banker”betweenthetwoparallels,theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:C.Adding”&Co.”betweenthetwoparallels,theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:D.Adding“Notnegotiable”betweenthetwoparallels,whichmeans“Donottransferthecheque”,ifthechequeistransferred,therightoftransfereecannotexceedsofitspriorparty.Theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:E.Adding“AccountPayee”betweenthetwoparallels,it’sinstructionsforthecollectingbank,requiringittocollectonlyforthepayee’saccount.Theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:Specialcrossing:Specialcrossingoftencontainsthenameofabankwhichmeansthefundscanonlybecollectedthroughthenamebank.Theformofspecialcrossingisasfollows:2）

MakerofCrossingThemakerofcrossingcanbethedrawer,thepayee,ortheholder.Achequemaybecrossedgenerallyorspeciallybythedrawerwhenhefirstissuesit;Whereachequeisuncrossed,theholdermaycrossitgenerallyorspecially;Whereachequeiscrossedgenerally,theholdermaycrossitspecially.4TypesofCheque（1）OpenChequeandCrossedChequeOpenchequeisthechequewithoutthetwoparallelsontheface,itcanbeusedforcashwithdrawalandaccounttransfer;Crossedchequeisthechequewiththetwoparallelsontheface,itcanbeusedonlyforaccounttransfer（2）CertifiedChequeandUncertifiedChequeCertifiedchequeisonethatiscertifiedbythedraweebank.Onceachequeiscertifiedbythedraweebank,allotherobligorsonthechequewouldbedischargedfromtheliabilityofpayment.

Uncertifiedchequeisthecounterexampleofcertifiedcheque.(3)Chequepayabletoorderandchequepayabletoorderchequepayabletobearer:Whenthepayeeofachequeisthebearer.Itcanbetransferredagainstdelivery.chequepayabletoorder:Whenthepayeeofachequeisanominatedperson.(4)Banker’schequeandPersonalChequeBanker’scheque:Whenthedrawerofthecheque;PersonalCheque:Whenthedrawerofthechequeisaperson.5DifferencesbetweenBillofExchangeandChequeChequesBillsofExchange(1)Thedraweemustbeabank,thedraweristhecustomerwhoopensacheckingaccountwiththedrawee.(1)Nospecificrequirement.(2)Achequeispayableondemand.(2)Abillispayableondemandoratadeterminablefuturedate.(3)Thedrawerisprimarilyliableforthecheque;Inthecaseofcertifiedcheque,thecertifyingbankbecomestheprincipalobligorandallotherpartiesaredischargedofliability.(3)Inthecaseofasightbillorusancebillbeforeacceptance,thedraweristheprincipalobligor;Inthecaseofanacceptedbill,theacceptoristheprincipalobligor.(4)Apaymentinstrument.(4)Bothapaymentinstrumentandacreditinstrument.(5)Achequecanbecanceledbeforepayment.(5)Afteracceptance,thepaymentisirrevocable.國際結(jié)算第二章國際結(jié)算中的票據(jù)第二章國際結(jié)算中的票據(jù)第一節(jié)票據(jù)概述第二節(jié)匯票第三節(jié)本票第四節(jié)支票第一節(jié)票據(jù)概述一、票據(jù)（Bills）的概念從廣義上講，票據(jù)是指商業(yè)上的權(quán)利單據(jù)，是某人的，不在其實際占有下的金錢或商品的所有權(quán)的證據(jù)，它可以指所有商業(yè)上作為物權(quán)憑證的各種單據(jù)（DocumentsofTitle）和金融票據(jù)（FinancialDocuments），包括股票、債券、匯票、本票、提單、倉單等；從狹義上講，票據(jù)是指金融票據(jù)，即依據(jù)票據(jù)法簽發(fā)和流通的，以無條件支付一定金額為目的的有價證券，包括匯票、本票和支票。二、票據(jù)的特性票據(jù)的特性流通性（Negotiability）要式性（RequisiteinForm）文義性（WordsRestriction）返還性（Returnability）提示性（Presentment）無因性（Non-causativeNature）（一）流通性（Negotiability）流通轉(zhuǎn)讓性是票據(jù)的基本特性。各國票據(jù)法都規(guī)定票據(jù)僅憑交付或經(jīng)適當背書后交付給受讓人即可合法完成轉(zhuǎn)讓手續(xù)，不需通知票據(jù)上的債務(wù)人。區(qū)別：流通轉(zhuǎn)讓（Negotiation）簡稱流通,又稱議付、議讓等，是指不受其他權(quán)益約束的轉(zhuǎn)讓之權(quán)。票據(jù)在流通轉(zhuǎn)讓的手續(xù)上，勿需通知原債務(wù)人、僅憑交付或背書后交付即可。在權(quán)利讓渡方面，只要受讓人善意地支付了對價，就可以獲得充分完整的票據(jù)權(quán)利。讓與（Assignment）也可稱過戶轉(zhuǎn)讓或簡稱過戶，是指一般債權(quán)的讓與或過戶，如股票、債券之類的憑證，就可以讓與的方式轉(zhuǎn)讓。特點：1在讓與的手續(xù)上必須以書面形式通知原債務(wù)人，使其了解讓與的事實；2受讓人的權(quán)利要受到轉(zhuǎn)讓人權(quán)利缺陷的影響。交付轉(zhuǎn)讓（Transfer）有時稱交付（Delivery）,是指物權(quán)憑證（如提單、保險單、倉單等）的轉(zhuǎn)讓?？梢詢H憑交付或加上適當背書而轉(zhuǎn)讓。其與過戶轉(zhuǎn)讓的區(qū)別在于轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)時不需對原債務(wù)人另作通知。（二）無因性（Non-causativeNature）票據(jù)是一種不要過問原因的證券，這里所說的原因是指產(chǎn)生票據(jù)上的權(quán)利與義務(wù)關(guān)系的原因。票據(jù)的原因是票據(jù)的基本關(guān)系，包括兩個方面的內(nèi)容：一是指出票人與付款人之間的資金關(guān)系。二是指出票人與付款人，以及票據(jù)的背書人與被背書人之間的對價的關(guān)系。但票據(jù)的轉(zhuǎn)讓不受票據(jù)原因的影響，也就是說，票據(jù)受讓人無需調(diào)查這些原因，對取得票據(jù)的原因也不負證明責任，只要票據(jù)記載合格，就有取得票據(jù)文義載明的權(quán)利，票據(jù)的這種無因性才使得票據(jù)可以流通。（三）要式性（RequisiteinForm）所謂要式，是指票據(jù)的文字記載必須符合法定的形式要求。票據(jù)法規(guī)定的必要項目，票據(jù)上面必須齊全，各項必要項目還必須符合規(guī)定，否則就不能產(chǎn)生票據(jù)的效力。各國法律對于票據(jù)所必須具備的形式條件都做了具體的規(guī)定，當