閱讀《主旨大意》

高三英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專題之主旨大意類

2015年湖北高考英語(yǔ)考試說(shuō)明對(duì)閱讀理解的要求

要求考生讀懂書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說(shuō)明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息?？忌鷳?yīng)能：

１、理解主旨和要義；２、理解文中具體信息；３、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；４、作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理；５、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；６、理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。2011—2014年閱讀理解試題分類情況題目設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)量2011201220132014試題設(shè)計(jì)分類事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題138711主旨大意題2122詞義猜測(cè)題3212推理判斷題29105閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類主旨題標(biāo)題類title文章/段落主題subject/theme/topic寫(xiě)作目的purpose主旨題的考查類型及提問(wèn)形式

1.主題大意類常見(jiàn)的題干形式：1)Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus____.2)Thispassagechieflydealswith____________.3)Whatismainlydiscussedinthepassage?4)Themainpointofthepassageis_____?5)Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthepassage?6）Whatisthethemeofthestory?7)What’sthetopicofthearticle?8)Withwhat

topicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?２標(biāo)題類常見(jiàn)的題干形式：8)Thebest

title/headlineforthispassagemightbe_______.9)Thetext(passage)couldbe

entitled______________.10)Whatisthebest

titleforthepassage?11)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?3.寫(xiě)作目的選擇類常見(jiàn)的題干形式：12)Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?13)Theauthorwritesthispassageinorderto______.14)Thepassageis

meant

to_____尋找主題句2.尋找高頻詞3.排除干擾項(xiàng)主旨大意題解題技巧主旨大意題解題技巧【技巧一：主題句】主題句(topicsentence）

反映整個(gè)段落中心思想的句子叫主題句。主題句是全段的核心，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段，并且決定著全段的發(fā)展方向。一、1）文首找主題句2）文尾找主題句3）文中找主題句4）首尾呼應(yīng)展現(xiàn)主題句,瞻前顧后歸納大意5）首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí),對(duì)該問(wèn)題的解答就是文章主旨.二、特別關(guān)注文中出現(xiàn)的連接詞（轉(zhuǎn)折but/however，infact,actually;因果

so/therefore，或一些常見(jiàn)但在文章中間出現(xiàn)有一定目的的詞thestudyshowsthat…,forexample,總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有thus,inshort,toconclude,inconclusion),因?yàn)檫@些詞后面所闡述的往往就是主題句

。尋找主題句的方法Sample1

Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）主題句在段首

一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開(kāi)頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說(shuō)文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù),層層推理論證,最后自然得出結(jié)論,即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。Theofficehasalwaysbeenaplacetogetahead.Unfortunately,itisalsoaplacewherealotofnaturalresourcesstarttofallbehind.Takealookaroundnexttimeyou’reatwork.Seehowmanylightsareleftonwhenpeopleleave.Seehowmuchpaperisbeingwasted.Howmuchelectricityisbeingusedtoruncomputersthatarelefton?Lookathowmuchwaterisbeingwastedintherestrooms.Andhowmuchsolidwasteisbeingthrownoutintherubbishcans.Webetit’salot.(3)

當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí),通常前一部分說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的一方面，導(dǎo)向主題句；后一部分從主題句出發(fā)，繼續(xù)闡述問(wèn)題的另一方面。

而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋,支撐或發(fā)展.主旨大意題解題技巧【技巧二：尋找高頻詞】任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。P1:WhenPengLiyuan.........elegantfirstlady.Thereporterreleasedthesecret—MaKe.P2:PengLiyuanhasbeenwearingMaKe'sdesignsformorethanadecade,.....P3:Evenso,Maprefersalow-keyapproach......P4:Ma’srelationshipwithPengbegan.....P5:Thetwonaturallybecamefriends.Masays:“Thepaintingreflectsthepainter,andclothes.....(2014,遼寧模擬）41.Thepassagemainlydiscusses_________.A.thedesignerofthefirstladyPengLiyuan’sdress,MaKeB.thefriendshipbetweenPengLiyuanandherdesignerC.PengLiyuan’sclothesonherfirststatevisitD.thereactionstoPengLiyuan’sfirstvisittoMoscow主旨大意題解題技巧【技巧三：排除干擾項(xiàng)】推敲選項(xiàng)的6個(gè)小竅門(mén)：1.正確選項(xiàng)一般不出現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)信息；2.正確選項(xiàng)一般不含過(guò)分肯定或絕對(duì)意義的詞；3.正確選項(xiàng)一般含有抽象名詞或概括性詞語(yǔ)。4.概括全面、范圍一致、說(shuō)明道理的選項(xiàng)一般是正確答案。5.四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，內(nèi)容相近或完全相反的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中往往有一個(gè)是正確答案。干擾項(xiàng)具有如下五個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1.以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。2.斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個(gè)別信息或個(gè)別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。3.主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過(guò)大，超過(guò)文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。4.張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)?？忌蛔⒁獾那闆r下，會(huì)造成錯(cuò)選答案。5.無(wú)中生有，似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)好似在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。2011廣東卷

Intheanimalkingdom,weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme,…..

Frommywheelchairexperience,Iseethebestinpeople,but….…Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedon’tfeelthatway.Butthoseareandfarbetween.Moreoften,itwouldbebetterifwedon’tpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared主題句主題句30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.awheelchairExperience.

B.WeaknessandKindness.

C.WeaknessandStrength

D.ADrivingExperience

“Haveaniceday!”maybeapleasantgestureorameaninglessexpression.…“Haveaniceday.Next!”Thisversionoftheexpressionisspokenbyasalesgirlatthesupermarket….Theexpressionisoneofthosebehaviorsthathelppeoplegetalongwitheachother.…Oh,youjusthadatoothout?I’mterriblysorry,buthaveaniceday.”Theexpressioncanbepleasant.Ifastrangersays“Haveaniceday”toyou,….Althoughtheuseoftheexpressionisaninsincere,meaninglesssocialcustomattimes,thereisnothingwrongwiththesentenceexceptthatitisalittleuninteresting.Thesalesgirl,thewaitress,theteacher,andallthecountlessotherswhospeakitwithoutthinkingmaynotreallycareaboutmyday.Butinastrangeandcomfortableway,it’snicetoknowtheycareenoughtopretendtheycarewhentheyreallydon’tcareallthatmuch.Whiletheexpressionmaynotoftenbesincere,itisalwaysspoken.Thepointisthatpeoplesayitallthetimewhentheylike.主題句30.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.HaveaNiceDay—aSocialCustom

B.HaveaNiceDay—aPleasantGesture

C.HaveaNiceDay—aHeart-warmingGreeting

D.HaveaNiceDay—aPoliteEndingofaConversation

（2013）Imaginationandfantasycanplayanimportantroleinachievingthethingswefear.Childrenknowthisverywell.FredEpstein…camethroughseveraloperationsandalotofpainbymasteringhisimagination.…Thepowerofimaginationneednotbereservedforchildrenonly;weallhavethepowertouseourfantasiestoattemptthingsweneverthoughtpossible,togothroughthosethingsthatseemimpossible,andtoachievewhatweneverbelievedwecould.JustasDr.Epsteinputsit,“Ifyoucandreamit,youcandoit.”Itdoesn’tmeanthatyoushoulddressasasuperheroforyournextjobinterview.But,nexttimeyouaretestedinawaythatseemsimpossible,imaginewhatitwouldtaketoovercomeit.Becomethepersonyouneedtobecometowinoveryourchallengeanddoitinyourmindfirst.

So,letyourimaginationrunwild,anddaretodream.主題句主題句30.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Totellusaninterestingstory.B.Tohelpusmakerightdecisions.C.Toadviseustocareaboutchildren.D.Toencourageustouseourimagination.2011

Somepeoplethinkthatsuccessisonlyforthosewithtalentorthosewhogrowupintherightfamily,andothersbelievethatsuccessmostlycomesdowntoluck.I’mnotgoingtosayluck,talent,andcircumstancesdon’tcomeintoplaybecausetheydo.Somepeoplearebornintotherightfamilywhileothersarebornwithgreatintelligence,andthat’sjusttherealityofhowlifeis.31.Paragraph1mainlytalksabout________.

A.thereasonsforsuccess

B.themeaningofsuccess

C.thestandardsofsuccess

D.theimportanceofsuccess2011

However,tosucceedinlife,onefirstneedstosetagoalandthengraduallymakeitmorepractical.And,inadditiontothat,inordertogerreallygoodatsomething,oneneedstospendatleast10,000hoursstudyingandpracticing.Tobecomegreatatcertainthings,it’llrequireevenmoretime,timethatmostpeoplewon’tputin.Thisisabigreasonwhymanysuccessfulpeopleadviseyoutodoso