戴煒棟主編英語語言學(xué)教程第6章課件-pragmatics

1英語語言學(xué)EnglishLinguistics

2ChapterSix

PragmaticsTopicsofthechapter6.1SomebasicnotionsDefinition,Pragmaticsvs.semantics,context,Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning6.2Speechacttheory6.3Principleofconversation6.4Cross-culturalpragmaticfailure(omitted)346.6.1DefinitionofPragmatics

語用學(xué)定義Thestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.56.1.2Pragmaticsvs.semantics

語用學(xué)和語義學(xué)Semanticsisthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence(withouttakingcontextintoconsideration).Pragmaticsthestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker(takingcontextintoconsideration),e.g.e.g.“TodayisMonday”,semantically,itmeansthattodayisthefirstdayoftheweek;pragmatically,youcanmeanalotbysayingthis,alldependingonthecontextandtheintentionofthespeaker(aninvitation…）.

6.1.3Context語境

Contextabasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation(time,place,manner,etc.),therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.….676.1.4SentenceMeaningvs.UtteranceMeaning句子意義和言語意義Utterancevs.SentenceSentence:abstractunitsofthelanguagesystem.Utterance:unitsoflanguageinuse.8It’scoldinhere.

9Semanticmeaning:themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaningPragmaticmeaning:themoreindeterminate,themorecloselyrelatedtocontext101.A:Areyougoingtotheseminar?B:It’sonlinguistics.2.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.3.A:我?guī)У腻X不夠，今天買不了。B:那就下次再買吧。116.2SpeechActTheory

言語行為理論JohnAustin(1911-1960),BritishphilosopherSpeechActatermderivedfromtheworkofAustinandnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichanalyzestheroleofutterancesininterpersonalcommunication.

Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”126.2.1Austin’soriginalmodelofspeechacts

奧斯丁最初的言語行為模式Constatives:

(敘述句)statementsthatservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingise.g.IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.

13Performatives:(施為句）sentencesthatareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:

name,bet,etc.14Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Iapologize.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.15Featuresofperformatives行為句的特征FirstpersonsingularSpeechactverbs/performativeverbs:ThepresenttenseIndicativemoodActivevoiceAustingaveuphisinitialdistinctionlateron,andsetupanewmodel.16Austin’snewmodelofspeechacts

奧斯丁新的言語行為模式

Accordingtothenewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:Alocutionaryact:

言內(nèi)行為theactofsayingsomethingi.e.anactofmakingameaningfulutterance(literalmeaningofanutterance);Theillocutionaryact言外行為

anactperformedinsayingsomething:insayingX,IwasdoingY(theintentionofthespeakerwhilespeaking).Insaying“Iwillcometomorrow”,Iwasmakingapromise.Theperlocutionaryact言后行為anactperformedasaresultofsayingsomething:bysayingXanddoingY,IdidZ.17e.g.“Itiscoldinhere.”

Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaningtheweatherisclodinhere;Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthespeakertoshutthewindow;Itsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearer’sshuttingthewindoworhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest.18196.2.2Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts(1969)塞爾的言語行為分類法JohnSearle(1932-)Americanphilosopher,linguist約翰·羅杰斯·塞爾Assertives/representatives(陳述)Directives(指令)Commissives(承諾)Expressives(表達(dá))Declarations(宣布)1.Assertives/representatives闡述類Statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue,e.g.Ithinkthefilmismoving.I’mcertainIhaveneverseenthemanbefore.Isolemnlyswearthathehadgotit.202.Directives指令類

Tryingtogetthehearertodosomethinge.g.Iorderyoutoleaverightnow.Openthewindow,please.Yourmoneyoryourlife!213.Commissives承諾類

Committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction,e.g.Ipromisetocome.Iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail.224.Expressives表達(dá)類

Expressingthespeaker’spsychologicalstateaboutsomethinge.g.I’msorryforbeinglate.Iapologizeforthesufferingsthatthewarhascausedtoyourpeople.

235.Declarations宣告類

Bringingaboutanimmediatechangeintheexistingstateoraffairse.g.Inowappointyouchairmanofthecommittee.Youarefired.Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.

246.3Principleofconversation

會話原則

PaulGrice(1913-1988)Americanphilosopher保羅格賴斯Cooperativeprinciple(CP)AccordingtoGrice,inmakingconversation,thereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Itgoesasfollows:(Seep.87)FourmaximsofCP（Seethesamepage)2526MaximofQuantity:數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).（為了當(dāng)前的會話）提供足夠的信息Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.不要提供超于所需信息之外的信息MaximofQuality:質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;27MaximofRelation:

關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則

Berelative.有相關(guān)性MaximofManner:方式準(zhǔn)則

Beperspicuous.說話清楚Avoidobscurityofexpression.避免表意含糊Avoidambiguity.避免歧義Bebrief.簡潔Beorderly.有條理28CPismeanttodescribewhatactuallyhappensinconversation.Peopletendtobecooperative會話中相互合作andobeyCPincommunication.However,CPisoftenviolated.ViolationofCPanditsmaximsleadstoparticularizedconversationalimplicature.會話含義

inferredbythehearerwithreferencetothecontextofcommunication.E.g.29Violationofthemaxims(Quantity數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.

A:昨天上街買了些什么?B:就買了些東西。>Idon’twanttotellyouwhatIbought.30DearSir,Mr.X’scommandofEnglishisexcellent,andhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular.Yours>Mr.Xisnotsuitableforthejob.312.

Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Aunt:HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam?Mother:Oh,notatallwell.Teachersaskedhimthingsthathappenedbeforethepoorboywasborn.>Hersonshouldnotbeblamed.32A:Yourkidbrokethewindow.B:Boysareboys.Alltheboyswouldactlikethat(Wariswar.)33Violationofthemaxims

(Quality質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則)1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.You