大學(xué)英語(yǔ)《說(shuō)明文寫(xiě)作》教程

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說(shuō)明文寫(xiě)作一、概述二、寫(xiě)作方法及例子三、圖表作文一、概述

說(shuō)明文是描述某一事物、事由或過(guò)程的文章。它用于說(shuō)明客觀事物的特點(diǎn)和性能，或介紹某種操作的程序，或解釋某些抽象概念，或闡明某種科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象等，完全是就事論事的描述，所以也稱技術(shù)性的描寫(xiě)文。詞典、教材、論文、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、甚至廣告等都屬這類文體。二、寫(xiě)作方法及例子1、下定義（definition）像詞典那樣直接地給字或詞下定義，也包括進(jìn)一步通過(guò)舉例、對(duì)比、比喻邏輯推理等寫(xiě)作方法解釋事物，使讀者對(duì)事物的特點(diǎn)有更全面的了解。例：

Ambitionmeansthegoalinourlife.Tohaveone’sambitiondoesnotnecessarilymeantobecomeoneofthechiefstateleaders.Thisisnottherealsenseoftheword.Trueambitionencouragesusalwaystolookforwardandnottolosehopeinfaceoffailure.Ambitiondiffersfrompersontopersonandeveryonehashisownambition.Yetnoteveryoneofuscansucceedinwhatwedesiretodo.2、舉例子（Illustration）。例：

Americansvaluemanuallabor.Theyhavegreatrespectforcraftsmanship.ManyAmericansprefercrafthobbies.Forexample,somebuildsmallboatsintheirleisuretime.Othersmakenewfurnitureorrefinishantiquefurniture.Othersenjoygardeningorpainting.Manylow-incomeAmericanfamilieshavebeautifulfurnitureorpaintingsorpotteryorboats.Theymakethesethingsandtheyareproudoftheirmanualskill.Infactsomepeoplearereallyveryhandy.3、分類（Classification）。把事物分作若干類型并說(shuō)明或描述各事物的特點(diǎn)和差異。例：

Allmatterisinoneofthethreestates.Itmaybeinthestateofagas,aliquidorasolid.

Asolidhasdefiniteshapeanddefinitevolume.Aliquidhasdefinitevolume,butithasnodefiniteshape.Itmayflowortaketheshapeofitscontainer.Agaschangesnotonlyinshapebutalsoinvolume,foritexpandsandcontractseasily.4、比較（Comparison）和對(duì)照（Contrast）比較和對(duì)照在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中應(yīng)用非常廣泛。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，比較時(shí)指對(duì)人或事件之間相同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析；對(duì)比是對(duì)人或事物之間的不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較。不過(guò)在很多情況下，這兩種方法不能截然分開(kāi)。例：

Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.

Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.5、因果分析（CauseandEffect）。指分析某一事物或現(xiàn)象的前因后果。有的文章以分析原因?yàn)橹?，有的文章以說(shuō)明造成的結(jié)果為主，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，不存在單獨(dú)表示原因或結(jié)果的文章。例：

Climateaffectsthecultureofacountry.Menmustlearntolivewithinthelimitationsoftheirenvironment,andclimateisanimportantpartofthephysicalenvironment.Lifeinatropicalcountryislessstrenuousandmorecasualthanitisinatemperateone.Menworkshorterhoursandlessvigorouslyinahotclimate.Theycnnotplayhardeither.Theytireeasily.Theycanrelaxbyreading,bysippingcooldrinks,orbylisteningtosoothingmusic.Theymusttrytoconservetheirenergy.ThewisestoneslearntorespectthedemandsofNature.6、敘述過(guò)程（ProcessAnalysis）。例：如何做漢堡包

Makinghamburgersisreallyverysimple.Allyouneedisapoundofmincedbeef,whichyoumixwiththeotherthings–saltandpepper,ateaspoonofmustard（芥末）,andaneggaswell.Youbreaktheegginabowl,andmixallthethingstogetherwithafork.Whenitissmoothandwell-mixed,makeroundhamburgersfromthemixture,androlltheminsomeflour.Thenyouneedafryingpanandsomeoil.Frythehamburgersonbothsidesforabout15minutes,untiltheyarereallybrown.Whentheyareready,getsomesoftbreadrollsandcuttheminhalf.Putthehamburgersinsidethemandeatthemassoonaspossible.(實(shí)際上，人們寫(xiě)作說(shuō)明文的時(shí)候，一般常采用綜合法，在一篇文章中同時(shí)交叉使用兩種或兩種以上的方法，使文章表達(dá)得更完整、更有力。)三、圖表作文1、定義2、特點(diǎn)及要求3、技巧4、兩種類型5、例文6、寫(xiě)作練習(xí)1、定義

圖表作文是采用統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表(table)，坐標(biāo)曲線(graph)或圓形餅圖(piechart)等資料數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)闡述論題的作文。也是科技文獻(xiàn)中常用的一種表達(dá)手段。2、特點(diǎn)及要求

圖表作文利用圖象，表格和曲線圖作為作文提示，并以此為依據(jù)要求考生用簡(jiǎn)潔生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言，把圖表中給定的信息完整而又準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái)。圖表作文不但要求作者具有一定的英文寫(xiě)作能力，而且要求具有較強(qiáng)的觀察力，分析力和充分的想象力。3、技巧

無(wú)需一條不漏地將數(shù)據(jù)資料加以描述，而是選擇有典型性和代表性的重點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)，同時(shí)要注意文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，詳略得當(dāng)。4、兩種類型Type1:要求客觀陳述圖表信息內(nèi)容的作文側(cè)重對(duì)比分析和說(shuō)明資料數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系上。最后分析和查找出規(guī)律，歸納得出結(jié)論。Type2:要求深入分析原因內(nèi)容的作文先闡述圖表數(shù)據(jù)所反映的問(wèn)題。進(jìn)而篩選出有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)資料進(jìn)行深入的分析討論，分析原因。最后找出解決問(wèn)題的方法。5、例文Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonChangesinPeople’sDiet.Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:(1)statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears;(2)givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;(3)drawyourownconclusions.YearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruitandvegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%Sample:

Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeople’sdietovertheperiodfrom1986to1990.Theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedby4%,whiletheconsumptionofhighqualityfood,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreasedsteadily.Therearechieflytworeasons,Ithink,forthechanges.Intheolddays,peoplecouldnotoftenaffordmeatandmilkwhosepricewasonlywithinreachofwell-to-dofamilies.Butnow,withtheimprovementoflivingstandard,mostpeoplehaveenoughmoneytobuythem.Andpeopleoftodayalsopaymoreattentiontonutrition.Theywanttoeatnotonlymorebutalsobetter.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructurewhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.

Inshort,withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandard,changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreat.Shiningpoints:overtheperiodfrom1986to1990,suchasmilkandmeat,well-to-do,paymoreattentionto,notonlymorebutalsobetter,dogoodto,moreobviousandgreat,評(píng)論：Score:14主題鮮明，論點(diǎn)明確，切中題意，內(nèi)容豐富，思想表達(dá)清楚，連貫。6、寫(xiě)作練習(xí)ABoominAdultEducation

Fromthegraph，weknowthestatisticsoftheadulteducationparticipationandtheincreasingnumberoftheparticipantsinXcity．In1985therewereonlyeightythousandpeopletakingpartintheadulteducation，butin2000thenumberhasgrowntotwomillionfourhundredthousandpeople．Obviouslytherearemoreandmorepeoplewhohopetogetadvanceddegreesandgainmoreknowledgeaftertheybegantowork．

Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthegreatchange，andthefollowingarethetypicalones．Foronething，it'sduringtheworkthatpeoplebegintorealizewha