英語修辭手法

RhetoricalDevicesRhetoricalDeviceWhatisrhetoricaldevice?literalorfigurativeLiteral原意Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally.Figurative比喻義Wordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader’sorlistener’smindareusedfiguratively.（fig.）Acolorfulgardenacolorfullifethewordcolorfulisusedinitsliteralsensetodescribethemanydifferentcolorsoftheflowers.thewordisusedinitsfigurativesensebecauselifedoesnothaveanycolor.Therearesyntacticdevices,lexicaldevices,phoneticdevices.句法詞匯音韻RhetoricalDevicesTherearequiteanumberofrhetoricaldevices.Eachdevicehasitsownformandcharacteristics,anditsownwayofachievingeffect.Sometimestwoormoredevicescanbeusedtogetherforgreaterimpact.MajorTypesofrhetoricaldevicesSimile明喻Metaphor暗喻Transferredepithet（轉(zhuǎn)類形容/移就）Oxymoron矛盾形容法[??ks?'m?:r?n]Metonymy轉(zhuǎn)喻，借代Synecdoche提喻 [s??nekd?ki]Personification擬人Antithesis對照，對立，對比[?n?t?θ?s?s]Parallelism排比,平行Pun雙關(guān)

Chiasmus交錯法[ka???zm?s]Irony反語Hyperbole夸張Euphemism委婉Analogy類比Parody仿擬Paradox似非而是的雋語Alliteration頭韻Consonance輔音韻Assonance半諧音Onomatopoeia擬聲Rhetoricalquestion反問SimileItisarhetoricaldevicewhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Asimileshouldmeetthefollowingfourbasicdemands:

Ithasthecomparativewordssuchas“l(fā)ike”,“as”,or“asif”,“and”,etc.Thereshouldbetwothingsinvolvedincomparison------thetenor(本體)andthevehicle(喻體);Thetwothingsmustbesubstantiallydifferent;Thetwothingsshouldbesimilarinatleastonequality.SimileTheworldislikeastage.Jimwasascunningasafox.Wordsinadictionaryarelikeobjectsinamuseum;Theyareinterestingbutmerelyondisplay.Whenwordsareusedincommunication,theycometolifeandgotoworkforus.Asimileisdifferentfromanordinary,literalcomparison.JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.×MetaphorItislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Metaphorrequiresgreaterabilityonthepartofthereadertoperceivethehiddenassociation,theinsightintopersons,thingsorideasthatisimplied.MetaphorAccordingtothestructure,metaphorscandividedintotwocategories:visiblemetaphorsandinvisiblemetaphorsVisiblemetaphor:boththetenor(本體)andvehicle(喻體)arepresentinthesentence.Youaremysunshine.Theworldisastage.HeisnoHamletinpolitics.similarity:kindandindecisiveincharacter.Mybooksarewater,thoseofthegreatgeniusesiswine.Everybodydrinkswater.(MarkTwain)（CP.）Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.MetaphorTheinvisiblemetaphorrefertoeitherofthefollowingtwotypes:Thetenorispresent,butthevehicleisnot.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.FrancisBacon-----OnReadingThevehicle“food”doesnotappearliterally,butitissuggestedbytheverbs“tasted,swallowed,chewedanddigested”書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化MetaphorThevehicleispresent,butthetenorisnot.Butwhilewecannotclosethegulfbetweenus,wecantrytobridgeitsothatwemaybeabletotalkacrossit.thehintedtenor:differenceAfigureofspeechinwhichtheadjectiveoradverbistransferredfromthenounitlogicallybelongswith,toanotheronewhichfitsitgrammaticallybutnotlogically

Wespentsleeplessnightsonaproject.Thewordsleeplessisatransferredepithet,fornightscannotsleep.Wereallymeantosaywedidnotsleepformanynightswhileworkingontheproject.

Transferredepithetoxymoronacondensedparadoxatthelevelofaphrase1) acleverfool2) avictoriousdefeat3) opensecret4) bittersweetmemory5) awonderfullousypoem6) truelie7) busyidleness8) soundofsilence9) livingdead10)AmournfuloptimistMetonymyisarhetoricaldevicethathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanothercloselyassociatedwithit.Eg.Thepenismightierthanthesword.pen-----language;sword-----forceMetonymyThekettleisboiling. kettle----waterHetooktothebottle.bottle-----liquor,wine,alcohol(Hetooktodrinking.)Weawaitwordfromthecrown.Crown----kingHerheartruledherhead.Useyourbrains.heart-----feelingsoremotions;head,brain-----wisdom,intelligence,reasonMetonymycanbederivedfromthefollowingsources:1.bodypartasanameforthesense,behaviororabilityHehasagoodearformusic.Ear---theabilitytoappreciateorenjoyHehasasharptongue.Sharptongue---usingbitingorseverewordsinspeechMetonymy2.Nameofapersonasanameforhis/herworksorstyleWillyouplaymesomeChopin????'p?n,-'p??]n.肖邦(波蘭作曲家,鋼琴家,1810-1849)Chopin----Chopin’smusicDoyoulikeDickens?Dickens----Dickens’novelorstyle3.Nameofaclearsignofanobject(person)asanamefortheobject(person)Thosebignoses,blueseyesandyellowhairtaughtthemEnglish.Bignoses…---theforeignerswhopossessthesefeaturesMetonymy4.NameofaplaceasnameforsomethingproducedorsomeeventthathappenedthereHemethiswaterloo.Waterloo---decisivelydefeated(Napoleon)5.Instrumentorcontainerasanameforthemethod,positionorsubstanceThehallapplauded.Hall---audienceinthehallMetonymy6.TrademarkorbrandasanamefortheproductsHewasdrivingaFord.Ford----Fordcar7.Locationasanameforthegovernment,institutionorenterprisesMetonymyDowningStreetThewhiteHouseCapitolHillThePentagonKremlinWallStreetHollywoodMetonymyTheBritishgovernmentorcabinetThepresidentorExecutivebranchoftheU.S.governmentTheLegislativebranchoftheU.S.governmentTheU.S.militaryestablishmentThegovernmentofRussiaU.S.financialcirclesAmericanfilm-makingindustryJohnBullUncleSam

IvanJohnDoeMetonymyEngland,ortheEnglishpeopleTheUnitedStatesofAmerica,orAmericanpeopleTheRussianpeopleAnordinarypersonSynecdocheisarhetoricaldevicebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorviceversa.substitutionofpartforwholeorviceversa1.thepartforthewholeTheywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.hands-----worker,laborer,helperHepaidtheworkers$5perhead.head-----personTheycountedfiftysailsintheharbour.Sails-----shipsSynecdoche2.ThewholeforthepartAustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.Australia-----Australianteam;Canada-----Canadianteam(nameofcountryforgroupofpeopleofthatcountry)Thepoorcreaturecouldnolongerendurehersufferings.SynecdocheHerheartruledherhead.Useyourbrains.Wehaddinnerattendollarsahead.Yetthereweresomestoutheartwhoattemptedresistance.(firm)

SynecdocheHerheartruledherhead.Useyourbrains.Wehaddinnerattendollarsahead.Yetthereweresomestoutheartwhoattemptedresistance.SynecdocheMetonymy:Heart---emotion;Heard–reasoningBrains---reasoning,intelligence,wisdomSynecdoche:head---personSynecdoche:Heart---personPersonification（擬人）Whencuriosityknocks,imaginationanswers.Thistimefatewassmilingtohim.VernalbreezesgreentheThameswithakiss.(LordByron)Antithesis（對偶）Afigureofspeechinwhichsharplycontrastingideasarejuxtaposed(并列)inabalancedorparallelphraseorgrammaticalstructureTomakeantithesis,theelementsshouldbeantonymsordirectoppositesinmeaningbutsimilarinform,butsometimesitalsoinvolveswordorder,forwordorder,onmanyoccasions,determinesthemeaning.Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.(opposite)Manproposes,Goddisposes.

(antonym)謀事在人，成事在天Andso,myfellowAmericans:Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou-----askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.(wordorder)-------JohnF.Kennedy(InauguralAddress)That’sonesmallstepforman;onegiantleapformankind.（NeilArmstrong,Apollo11MoonLandingSpeech）Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.Smallsorrowsspeak;greatsorrowsaresilent.Anopenfoemayproveacurse;Butapretendedfriendisworse.Parallelism(parallelstructure)istherepetitionofsyntacticallysimilarconstructionsofcoordinatesentencesorphrases.ParallelismParallelwordsorphrases:Galileostudied,thought,andexperimented.(verb)Theyoungactorwastall,dark,andhandsome.(adj.)Lateforthedance,Ruthdressedhastilyandcarelessly.(adv.)Theywaitedfourhoursattheairport,readingandsleeping.(pre.p)ParallelismTobeornottobe:thatisthequestion.(Inf.)Shakespeare生存還是毀滅，這是一個值得考慮的問題。Thepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies,flashesaway.(nounphrase)(ChurchillinSpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.R)往昔與它的罪惡、蠢行、悲劇一閃而過。ParallelismAgoodreadercanreadbetweenthelines,behindthelinesandbeyondthelines.I,John,takethee,Mary,tobemyweddedwife,tohaveandtoholdfromthisdayforward,forbetterforworse,forricherforpoorer,insicknessorinhealth,toloveandtocherish,tilldeathusdopart…andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.(AbrahamLincoln:”GettysburgAddress”)ParallelismParallelclauses:Itisnotwhatmeneatbutwhattheydigestthatmakesthemstrong;notwhatwegainbutwhatwesavethatmakesusrich;notwhatwereadbutwhatwerememberthatmakesuslearned;notwhatwepreachbutwhatwepracticethatmakesusChristians.(-----FrancisBacon)ParallelismPun雙關(guān)Aplayonwords,sometimesondifferentsensesofthesamewordandsometimesonthesimilarsenseorsoundofdifferentwordsRiddlesWhatmonthdosoldiershate?

March

Whichcanmovefaster,heatofcold?heat,becausewecancatchacoldWhowillbeyourrealfriend,apoorfriendorarichone?

Apoorone,becauseafriendinneedisafriendindeed.

Whoisclosertoyou,yourmomoryourdad?Momiscloser,becausedadisfather(farther)Adevicethatconsistsoftwobalancedstatements,thesecondofwhichreversetheorderofthewordsinthefirst,withorwithoutarepetitionofwords.Weeattolive,notlivetoeat.Politicsiswarcarriedoutwithoutbloodshed,whilewarispoliticscarriedoutwithbloodshed.毛澤東:政治是不流血的戰(zhàn)爭,戰(zhàn)爭是流血的政治。ChiasmusLovemakestimepass,timemakeslovepass.Youcangivewithoutloving,butyoucannotlovewithoutgiving.Toletafoolkissyouisstupid.To____________isworse.Toletafoolkissyouisstupid.Toletakissfoolyouisworse.Thesecretoflifeisnottodowhatyoulikebutto__________.likewhatyoudoManyamanoweshissuccesstohisfirstwifeandhissecondwifetohissuccess.Analogy（類比）Ifyouwishtokeepaclearheadatapartyandtoavoidahangover（宿醉）nextmorning,don’tmixbeerwithsherry,orginwithwhisky.IfyouwishtokeepaclearandcleanEnglishstyle,don’tmixpoeticdeviceswithbusinessjargon（行話、用語）,orcolloquialismswithformalEnglish.Marriageresemblesapairofshears（剪刀）,sojoinedthattheycannotbeseparated,oftenmovinginoppositedirections,yetalwayspunishinganyonewhocomesbetweenthem.Parody（仿擬）Irecommendyoutotakecareoftheminutes,forhourswilltakecareofthemselves. (Cf.Takecareofthepennies,thepoundswilltakecareofthemselves.)WhenWednesdaycomes,canSaturdaybefarbehind? (cf.Whenwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?）Tolieornottolie–Thedoctor’sdilemma.(cf.Tobeornottobe,that’sthequestion.)Aparadoxisarhetoricaldeviceconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.似非而是的雋語,看似矛盾而實際卻可能正確的說法ParadoxFailureisthemotherofsuccess.Morehaste,lessspeed.Nonewsisgoodnews.TheChildisfatheroftheman.(Wordsworth)Everyonewasonceachild,andhischaracterhasdevelopedfromhischaracterasachild從小看大；三歲看老。.ParadoxEverybody’sbusinessis_______.Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.（三個和尚沒水吃。）Themoreyougive,themoreyouhave.ParadoxEuphemism（委婉語）substitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforharshorunpleasantoneI’mnotrunningacharity,youknow.thedepartedpresidentTheLionWillLieDownWiththeLambLion,lamb,lie:alliterationAlliterationisarhetoricaldevice,inwhichthesameconsonantsoundisrepeatedatintervalsintheinitialpositionorwords.It’saplayingonsimilarinitialsoundsinwords.AlliterationExamples:Pennywise,poundfoolish小事精明，大事糊涂。P