智能建筑外文翻譯

附件9：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目:Increasinganindividual’squalityoflifeviatheirintelligenthome文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源：文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：院（部）：信息與電氣工程學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)：電氣工程與自動(dòng)化班級(jí)：姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：指導(dǎo)教師：翻譯日期：2008.4.10外文文獻(xiàn)：Increasinganindividual’squalityoflifeviatheirintelligenthomeThehypothesisofthisprojectis:cananindividual’squalityoflifebeincreasedbyintegrating“intelligenttechnology”intotheirhomeenvironment.Thishypothesisisverybroad,andhencetheresearcherswillinvestigateitwithregardtovarious,potentiallyover-lapping,sub-sectionsofthepopulation.Inparticular,theprojectwillfocusonsub-sectionswithhealth-careneeds,becauseitisbelievedthatthesesub-sectionswillreceivethegreatestbenefitfromthisenhancedapproachtohousing.Tworesearchquestionsflowfromthishypothesis:whatarethehealth-careissuesthatcouldbeimprovedvia“intelligenthousing”,andwhatarethetechnologicalissuesneedingtobesolvedtoallow“intelligenthousing”tobeconstructed?Whileasmallnumberofinitiativesexist,outsideCanada,whichclaimtoinvestigatethisarea,nonehastheglobalvisionofthisarea.Worktendstobeinsmallareaswithonlyalimitedideaofhowtheindividualpiecescontributetowardsagreatergoal.Thisprojecthasaverystrongsenseofwhatitistryingtoattempt,andbelievesthatwithoutthisglobaldirectiontheotherinitiativeswillfailtoaddressthelargeimportantissuesdescribedwithinvariouspartsofthisproposal,andthatwiththecorrectglobaldirectionthesumofthepartswillproducemuchgreaterrewardsthantheindividualcomponents.Thisnewfieldhasmanyparallelswiththefieldofbusinessprocessengineering,wheremanyproductsfailduetoonlyconsideringasub-setoftheissues,typicallythetechnologysubset.Successfulprojectsandimplementationsonlystartedflowwhenpeoplestartedtorealizethataholisticapproachwasessential.Thisholisticrequirementalsoappliestothefieldof“smarthousing”;ifwegenuinelywantittohavebenefittothecommunityratherthanjusttechnologicalinterest.Havingsaidthis,muchoftheworkoutlinedbelowisextremelyimportantandcontainsagreatdealofnoveltywithintheirindividualtopics.Health-CareandSupportivehousing：Todate,therehasbeenlittlecoordinatedresearchonhow“smarthouse”technologiescanassistfrailseniorsinremainingathome,and/orreducethecostsexperiencedbytheirinformalcaregivers.Thus,thepurposeoftheproposedresearchistodeterminetheusefulnessofavarietyofresidentialtechnologiesinhelpingseniorsmaintaintheirindependenceandinhelpingcaregiverssustaintheircaringactivities.Theoveralldesignoftheresearchistofocusontwogroupsofseniors.Thefirstisseniorswhoarebeingdischargedfromanacutecaresettingwiththepotentialforreducedabilitytoremainindependent.Anexampleisseniorswhohavehadhipreplacementsurgery.Thisgroupmaybenefitfromtechnologiesthatwouldhelpthembecomeadaptedtotheirreducedmobility.Thesecondisseniorswhohaveachronichealthproblemsuchasdementiaandwhoarereceivingassistancefromaninformalcaregiverlivingatadistance.Informalcaregiverslivingatadistancefromthecared-forseniorareathighriskofcaregiverburnout.Monitoringthecared-forseniorforhealthandsafetyisoneoftheimportanttasksdonebysuchcaregivers.Devicessuchasfloorsensors(todeterminewhethertheseniorhasfallen)andaccesscontrolstoensuresafetyfromintrudersortoindicateelopementbyaseniorwithdementiacouldreducecaregivertimespentcommutingtomonitorthesenior.Forbothsamples,trialswouldconsistofextendedperiodsofresidencewithinthe‘smarthouse’.Samplesofseniorsbeingdischargedfromacutecarewouldberecruitedfromacutecarehospitals.Samplesofseniorsbeingcaredforbyinformalcaregiversatadistancecouldberecruitedthroughdementiadiagnosisclinicsorthroughrequestfromcaregiversforrespite.Limitedamountsofclinicalandhealthserviceresearchhasbeenconducteduponseniors(withcomplexhealthproblems)incontrolledenvironmentssuchasthatrepresentedbythe“smarthouse”.Forexample,itisknownthatnightvisionoftheagedispoorbutthereisverylittleinformationregardingtheoptimumleveloflightingafterwakeningorfornightactivities.Fallingisamajorissueforolderpersons;anditresultsininjuries,disabilitiesandadditionalhealthcarecosts.Forthosewithdementingillnesses,safetyisthekeyissueduringperformanceoftheactivitiesofdailyliving(ADL).ItisvitalforustobeabletomonitorwherepatientswouldfallduringADL.Patientsandcaregiversactivitieswouldbemonitoredanddatawillbecollectedinthefollowingconditions.Projectswouldconcentrateonsub-populations,withaviewtocollectingscientificdataabouttheirconditionsandtheimpactoftechnologyupontheirlifestyles.Forexample:-Personswithstablechronicdisabilityfollowingastrokeandtheircaregivers:toresearchoptimummodels,typesandlocationofvarioussensorsforsuchpatients(thesepatientsmayhaveneglect,hemiplegia,aphasiaandjudgmentproblems);toresearchpatternofmovementsduringtheambulation,useofwheelchairsorcanesonvarioustypeoffloormaterial;toresearchcaregiverssupportthroughe-healthtechnology;tomonitorfrequenciesandlocationofthefalls;toevaluatethevalueofsmartappliancesforstrokepatientsandcaregivers;toevaluateinformationandcommunicationtechnologysetupforTele-homecare;toevaluatetechnologyinterfaceforTele-homecarestaffandclients;toevaluatethemosteffectivewayoflightingthevariouspartofthehouse;tomodifyordevelopnewtechnologytoenhancecomfortandconvenienceofstrokepatientsandcaregivers;toevaluatethevalueofsurveillancesystemsinassistingcaregivers.-PersonswithAlzheimer’sdiseaseandtheircaregivers:toevaluatetheeffectofsmarthouse(unfamiliarenvironment)ontheirabilitytoconductself-carewithandwithoutprompting;toevaluatetheirabilitytouseunfamiliarequipmentinthesmarthouse;toevaluateandmonitorpersonswithAlzheimer’sdiseasemovementpattern;toevaluateandmonitorfallsorwandering;toevaluatethetypeandmodelofsensorstomonitorpatients;toevaluatetheeffectofwallcolorforpatientsandcaregivers;toevaluatethevalueofproperlighting.Technology-UbiquitousComputing：Theubiquitouscomputinginfrastructureisviewedasthebackboneofthe“intelligence”withinthehouse.Incommonwithallubiquitouscomputingsystems,theprimarycomponentswiththissystemwillbe:thearrayofsensors,thecommunicationinfrastructureandthesoftwarecontrol(baseduponsoftwareagents)infrastructure.Again,itisconsideredessentialthatthistopicisinvestigatedholistically.Sensordesign:Thefocusofresearchherewillbedevelopmentof(micro)-sensorsandsensorarraysusingsmartmaterials,e.g.piezoelectricmaterials,magnetostrictivematerialsandshapememoryalloys(SMAs).Inparticular,SMAsareaclassofsmartmaterialsthatareattractivecandidatesforsensingandactuatingapplicationsprimarilybecauseoftheirextraordinarilyhighworkoutput/volumeratiocomparedtoothersmartmaterials.SMAsundergoasolid-solidphasetransformationwhensubjectedtoanappropriateregimeofmechanicalandthermalload,resultinginamacroscopicchangeindimensionsandshape;thischangeisrecoverablebyreversingthethermomechanicalloadingandisknownasaone-wayshapememoryeffect.Duetothismaterialfeature,SMAscanbeusedasbothasensorandanactuator.AveryrecentdevelopmentisanefforttoincorporateSMAsinmicro-electromechanicalsystems(MEMS)sothatthesematerialscanbeusedasintegralpartsofmicro-sensorsandactuators.MEMSareanareaofactivitywheresomeofthetechnologyismatureenoughforpossiblecommercialapplicationstoemerge.Someexamplesaremicro-chemicalanalyzers,humidityandpressuresensors,MEMSforflowcontrol,syntheticjetactuatorsandopticalMEMS(forthenextgenerationinternet).IncorporatingSMAsinMEMSisarelativelyneweffortintheresearchcommunity;tothebestofourknowledge,onlyonegroup(Prof.GregCarman,MechanicalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles)hassuccessfullydemonstratedthedynamicpropertiesofSMA-basedMEMS.Here,thefocuswillbetoharnessthesensingandactuationcapabilitiesofsmartmaterialstodesignandfabricateusefulandeconomicallyviablemicro-sensorsandactuators.Communications:Constructionanduseofan“intelligenthouse”offersextensiveopportunitiestoanalyzeandverifytheoperationofwirelessandwiredhome-basedcommunicationservices.Whilesomeofthesearealreadywidelyexplored,manyoftheissueshavereceivedlittleornoattention.Itisproposedtoinvestigatethefollowingissues:Measurementofchannelstatisticsinaresidentialenvironment:knowledgeoftheindoorwirelesschannelstatisticsiscriticalforenablingthedesignofefficienttransmittersandreceivers,aswellasdeterminingappropriatelevelsofsignalpower,datatransferrates,modulationtechniques,anderrorcontrolcodesforthewirelesslinks.Interference,channeldistortion,andspectrallimitationsthatarisesasaresultofequipmentforthedisabled(wheelchairs,IVstands,monitoringequipment,etc.)isofparticularinterest.Design,analysis,andverificationofenhancedantennasforindoorwirelesscommunications.Indoorwirelesscommunicationspresenttheneedforcompactandruggedantennas.Newantennadesigns,optimizedfordesireddatarates,frequencyofoperation,andspatialrequirements,couldbeconsidered.Verificationandanalysisofoperationofindoorwirelessnetworks:wirelessnetworkingstandardsforhomeautomationhaverecentlybeencommercialized.Integrationofoneormoreofthesesystemsintothesmarthousewouldprovidetheopportunitytoverifytheoperationofthesesystems,examinetheirlimitations,anddeterminewhetherthestandardsareover-designedtomeettypicalrequirements.Determinationofeffectivecommunicationswiringplansfor“smarthomes.”:thereexistperformance/costtradeoffsregardingwiredandwirelessinfrastructure.Measurementandanalysisofvariouswirelessnetworkconfigurationswillallowfordeterminationofappropriatenetworkdesigns.Considerationofcoordinatingindoorcommunicationsystemswithlarger-scalecommunicationsystems:indoorwirelessnetworksarelocaltothevicinityoftheresidence.Thereexistbroader-scalenetworks,suchasthecellulartelephonenetwork,fixedwirelessnetworks,andsatellite-basedcommunicationnetworks.Theviabilityandusefulnessofcompatibilitybetweentheseservicesforthepurposesofhealth-caremonitoring,thetrackingofdementiapatients,etcneedstobeconsidered.SoftwareAgentsandtheirEngineering:Anembedded-agentcanbeconsideredtheequivalentofsupplyingafriendlyexpertwithaproduct.Embedded-agentsforIntelligentBuildingsposeanumberofchallengesbothatthelevelofthedesignmethodologyaswellastheresultingdetailedimplementation.Projectsinthisareawillinclude：Architecturesforlarge-scaleagentsystemsforhumaninhabitedenvironment:successfuldeploymentofagenttechnologyinresidential/extendedcareenvironmentsrequiresthedesignofnewarchitecturesforthesesystems.Asuitablearchitectureshouldbesimpleandflexibletoprovideefficientagentoperationinrealtime.Atthesametime,itshouldbehierarchicalandrigidtoallowenforcementofrulesandrestrictionsensuringsafetyoftheinhabitantsofthebuildingsystem.Thesecontradictoryrequirementshavetoberesolvedbydesigninganewarchitecturethatwillbesharedbyallagentsinthesystem.RobustDecisionandControlStructuresforLearningAgents:toachievelife-longlearningabilities,theagentsneedtobeequippedwithpowerfulmechanismsforlearningandadaptation.Isolateduseofsometraditionallearningsystemsisnotpossibleduetohigh-expectedlifespanoftheseagents.Weintendtodevelophybridlearningsystemscombiningseverallearningandrepresentationtechniquesinanemergentfashion.Suchsystemswillapplydifferentapproachesbasedontheirownmaturityandontheamountofchangenecessarytoadapttoanewsituationorlearnnewbehaviors.Tocopewithhighlevelsofnon-determinism(fromsuchsourcesasinteractionwithunpredictablehumanusers),robustbehaviorswillbedesignedandimplementedcapableofdealingwithdifferenttypesofuncertainty(babilisticandfuzzyuncertainty)usingadvancedtechniquesforsensoryanddatafusion,andinferencemechanismsbasedontechniquesofcomputationalintelligence.Automaticmodelingofreal-worldobjects,includingindividualhouseholders:Theproblemshereare:“thelocatingandextracting”ofinformationessentialforrepresentationofpersonalityandhabitsofanindividual;developmentofsystemsthat“followandadoptto”individual’smoodandbehavior.Thesolutions,basedondataminingandevolutionarytechniques,willutilize:(1)clusteringmethods,classificationtressandassociationdiscoverytechniquesfortheclassificationandpartitionofimportantrelationshipsamongdifferentattributesforvariousfeaturesbelongingtoanindividual,thisisanessentialelementinfindingbehavioralpatternsofanindividual;and(2)neuro-fuzzyandrule-basedsystemswithlearningandadaptationcapabilitiesusedtodevelopmodelsofanindividual’scharacteristics,thisisessentialforestimationandpredictionofpotentialactivitiesandforwardplanning.Investigationofframeworkcharacteristicsforubiquitouscomputing:Considerdistributedandinternet-basedsystems,whichperhapshavethemostincommonwithubiquitouscomputing,hereagain,thelargestimpactisnotfromspecificsoftwareengineeringprocesses,butisfromavailablesoftwareframeworksor‘toolkits’,whichallowtherapidconstructionanddeploymentofmanyofthesystemsintheseareas.Hence,itisproposedthattheconstructionoftheubiquitouscomputinginfrastructureforthe“smarthouse”shouldalsobeutilizedasasoftwareengineeringstudy.Researcherswouldstartbyvisitingthefewgenuineubiquitouscomputingsystemsinexistencetoday,totrytobuildupaninitialpictureofthefunctionalityoftheframework.(ThisapproachhasobviouslyparallelswiththeapproachofGamma,Helm,JohnsonandVlissidesdeployedfortheirgroundbreakingworkon“designpatterns”.Unfortunately,incomparisontotheirwork,thesamplesizeherewillbeextremelysmall,andhence,additionalworkwillberequiredtoproducereliableanswers.)Thisinitialframeworkwillsubsequentlybeusedasthebasisofthesmarthouse’ssoftwaresystem.Undoubtedly,thisinitialframeworkwillsubstantiallyevolveduringtheconstructionofthesystem,astherequirementsofubiquitouscomputingenvironmentunfold.Itisbelievedthatsuchcloseinvolvementintheconstructionofasystemisanecessarycomponentinproducingatrulyusefulandreliableartifact.Bytheendoftheconstructionphase,itisexpectedtoproduceastableframework,whichcandemonstratethatalargenumberofessentialcharacteristics(orpatterns)havebeenfoundforubiquitouscomputing.ValidationandVerification(V&V)issuesforubiquitouscomputing:itishopedthatthehousewillprovideatest-bedforinvestigatingvalidationandverification(V&V)issuesforubiquitouscomputing.Thehousewillbeusedasanassessmentvehicletodeterminewhich,ifany,V&Vtechniques,toolsorapproachesareusefulwithinthisenvironment.Further,itisplannedtomakethistrialfacilityavailabletoresearchersworldwidetoincreasetheuseofthisvehicle.Inthelong-term,itisexpectedthatthefacilitiesofferedbythisinfrastructurewillevolveintoaninternationallyrecognized“benchmarking”siteforV&Vactivitiesinubiquitouscomputing.Othertechnologicalareas：Theprojectalsoplanstoinvestigateanumberofadditionalareas,suchaslightingsystems,securitysystems,heating,ventilationandairconditioning,etc.Forexample,withregardtoenergyefficiency,theprojectcurrentlyanticipatesundertakingtwostudies:TheDeterminationoftheeffectivenessofinsulatingshutters:Exteriorinsulatingshuttersovertimearenoteffectivebecauseofsealingproblems.Interiorshuttersaresuperiorandcouldbeusedtohelpreduceheatlosses.However,theirmovementandpositioningneedsappropriatecontroltopreventwindowbreakageduetothermalshock.Theinitiationofanopeningorclosingcyclewouldbebasedonmeasuredexteriorlightlevels;currentinternalheatinglevels;currentandexpecteduseofthehousebythecurrentinhabitants,etc.Acomparisonofenergygenerationalternatives:Theenergyusepatternscaneasilybemonitoredbyinstrumentingeachappliance.Naturalgasandelectricityarenaturalchoicesforthemainenergysupply.TheconversionofthechemicalenergyinthefueltoheatspaceandwarmwatercanbedonebyconventionalmeansorbyuseofatotalenergysystemsuchasaVolvoPentasystem.Withthissystem,thefuelisusedtopowerasmallinternalcombustionengine,whichinturndrivesageneratorforelectricalenergyproduction.Wasteheatfromthecoolantandtheexhaustareusedtoheatwaterfordomesticuseandspaceheating.Excesselectricityisfedbackintothepowergridorstoredinbatteries.Atafuturedate,itisplannedtosubstituteafuelcellforthetotalenergysystemallowingforadirectcomparisonoftheperformanceoftwoadvancedsystems.中文譯文：智能家居能提高個(gè)人的生活品質(zhì)假設(shè)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是：個(gè)人的生活質(zhì)量能否因?yàn)樵诩彝キh(huán)境中運(yùn)用了智能技術(shù)而得到提高呢？這種假設(shè)是很廣泛的，因此，研究人員將通過(guò)調(diào)查各種各樣的、有潛在研磨意識(shí)的、分節(jié)的人群來(lái)證明這個(gè)假設(shè)。特別的是，該項(xiàng)目將著重于調(diào)查衛(wèi)生保健方面的需求，因?yàn)槲覀兿嘈胚@部分的實(shí)施可使房屋獲得最大利益。從這個(gè)假說(shuō)可以得出兩個(gè)研究問(wèn)題：什么樣的醫(yī)療保健問(wèn)題可以改進(jìn)"智能屋"，如果讓"智能屋"得以興建，什么技術(shù)問(wèn)題尚需解決？在加拿大的境外存在著少數(shù)的倡議，他們的目的是調(diào)查這方面的知識(shí)，但是并沒(méi)有對(duì)這方面的工作有一個(gè)全球視野。通常，小地方的研究工作會(huì)涉及到怎樣通過(guò)個(gè)別件實(shí)現(xiàn)更大目標(biāo)這樣一些主意。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目著重研究“試圖做什么”，并認(rèn)為如果沒(méi)有這個(gè)全球方向，其他措施不能解決這項(xiàng)建議，并表示，有了正確的走向世界的方向，零件將產(chǎn)生比個(gè)人組成部分更大的回報(bào)。這新的領(lǐng)域跟外地的業(yè)務(wù)流程工程有許多相似之處，那里有很多產(chǎn)品失敗，其原因是只考慮了一個(gè)小組設(shè)置的問(wèn)題，通常是技術(shù)方面。當(dāng)人們開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到有一個(gè)全面的方法是至關(guān)重要的時(shí)候，成功的項(xiàng)目和措施才開(kāi)始流通。如果我們真的希望它可以造福于社會(huì)，而并非只是創(chuàng)造技術(shù)利息，這種全面的規(guī)定也將適用于外地的"小巧房屋"。話(huà)雖如此，下面敘述的許多工作都是非常重要的，其個(gè)別題目還包含大量的新生事物。醫(yī)療保健和輔助房屋：截至目前為止，有很少的協(xié)調(diào)研究是關(guān)于“智能屋”是否可以降低體弱的老人留在家里的成本，而并非由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的非正式照顧者照顧。因此，其提出的研究得目的，是確定各種住宅技術(shù)對(duì)幫助老年人保持其獨(dú)立生活和幫助看護(hù)延續(xù)自己的愛(ài)心活動(dòng)是否有用。整體設(shè)計(jì)的研究是通過(guò)兩個(gè)組別的老人來(lái)進(jìn)行的。第一組是老年人他們脫離了急性護(hù)理的環(huán)境后保持獨(dú)立性的能力降低。其中一個(gè)例子是老人髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)。這組可能受益于技術(shù)，并將有助于他們更好適應(yīng)流動(dòng)性的降低。第二組是老人有慢性健康問(wèn)題，如老年癡呆癥，并正接受一個(gè)生活在一定距離之外的非正式的照顧者的援助。生活在離需要照顧的老人有一定距離的非正規(guī)照顧者正處于高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)期的照顧倦怠。照顧者監(jiān)測(cè)需要照顧的老人的健康和安全是其中一項(xiàng)重要的任務(wù)。設(shè)備，如地板傳感器（以確定是否老人跌倒）和訪(fǎng)問(wèn)控制器（在入侵時(shí)確保安全或顯示老人是否外出）。利用這些設(shè)備可以減少照顧著照顧老人所花的時(shí)間。用“智能家”將得出兩個(gè)樣本。由急性護(hù)理醫(yī)院照顧的上面例子中的老人出院。例子中的通過(guò)一定距離之外的非正式照顧者照顧的老人將通過(guò)診所的診斷出院或者要求休息的照顧者回來(lái)照顧。數(shù)量有限的、針對(duì)老人的復(fù)雜的健康問(wèn)題的臨床及健康服務(wù)研究工作在受控制的環(huán)境（如聰明屋中的環(huán)境）中完成。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，據(jù)了解，針對(duì)高年齡人的夜視差，但有極少人認(rèn)為覺(jué)醒或夜間活動(dòng)課可以達(dá)到最低水平。對(duì)老年人來(lái)說(shuō)它造成傷害，殘疾的和額外的衛(wèi)生保健成本是重大的問(wèn)題。對(duì)于那些有疾病的人，在日常生活活動(dòng)中安全是至關(guān)重要的。對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，能夠掌握病人在哪個(gè)階段下降時(shí)至關(guān)重要的?；颊吆涂醋o(hù)者的活動(dòng)會(huì)受到監(jiān)察，并在具備下列條件的情況下收集數(shù)據(jù)。項(xiàng)目將集中于亞群，并期望在他們的條件和生活作風(fēng)的技術(shù)的影響后搜集科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。例如：有著穩(wěn)定的慢性殘疾的人宜遵循以下照料：研究專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)為這類(lèi)病人（這些病人可能有忽視，偏癱，失語(yǔ)和判斷方面的問(wèn)題）的最好的類(lèi)型和位置的各種傳感器;研究在不同類(lèi)型的地板材料上使用輪椅或拐杖的變動(dòng);通過(guò)電子保健技術(shù)研究照顧者的支持;監(jiān)測(cè)下降的頻率和位置，以評(píng)估針對(duì)中風(fēng)患者和看護(hù)者的智能家電的價(jià)值;評(píng)價(jià)建立用于遠(yuǎn)程居家服務(wù)信息和通信技術(shù)；最有效的評(píng)價(jià)面向遠(yuǎn)程家居服務(wù)的工作人員和客戶(hù)評(píng)價(jià)的技術(shù)接口的辦法是使房子的各部分照明均勻;修改、開(kāi)發(fā)新技術(shù)以提高中風(fēng)患者和看護(hù)者的舒適性和方便性;評(píng)估協(xié)助照料的監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)的價(jià)值。-有著阿爾茨海默病的人的照料：評(píng)價(jià)智能家居（陌生的環(huán)境）在有或無(wú)提示的情況下的自我護(hù)理能力;評(píng)估它們?cè)谥悄芗揖迎h(huán)境中用陌生的設(shè)備的能力;評(píng)價(jià)和監(jiān)測(cè)有著阿爾茨海默病的人的運(yùn)動(dòng)模式;評(píng)價(jià)和監(jiān)測(cè)下降或波動(dòng);評(píng)價(jià)監(jiān)測(cè)患者的各種類(lèi)型和型號(hào)的傳感器;觀(guān)察病人和照顧者墻的顏色;評(píng)估適當(dāng)照明的價(jià)值。技術(shù)-普適計(jì)算：無(wú)所不在的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的計(jì)算被看作智能屋的骨干。所有普通的運(yùn)算系統(tǒng)的主要部件包括：一系列的傳感器，通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和軟件控制（基于軟件代理）的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。重要的是，這話(huà)題是從整體上的研究得出的。傳感器設(shè)計(jì)：這里研究的焦點(diǎn)是（微型）-傳感器的發(fā)展和傳感器陣列所使用的智能材料，例如：壓電材料，磁致伸縮材料和形狀記憶合金（形狀）。特別是，形狀是一類(lèi)智能材料，它能吸引候選人傳感及致動(dòng)，主要是因?yàn)樗斜绕渌悄懿牧袭惓Ｆ叩墓ぷ鬏敵?體積比。形狀進(jìn)行固固改造時(shí)，受到適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)械和熱負(fù)荷作用，導(dǎo)致在尺寸和形狀上宏觀(guān)的變化;這種變化是由可回收扭轉(zhuǎn)熱機(jī)械載荷和被稱(chēng)為單向形狀記憶效應(yīng)的東西產(chǎn)生的。這種材料功能、形狀可用于傳感器和執(zhí)行器。在近期的發(fā)展中，我們正努力把形狀應(yīng)用在微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)（MEMS），使這些材料可以作為微型傳感器和執(zhí)行器的重要組成部分。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的活動(dòng)，在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域某些技術(shù)已經(jīng)成熟，能夠讓一些商業(yè)應(yīng)用出現(xiàn)。例如微化學(xué)分析儀，濕度和壓力傳感器，流量控制的微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)，合成射流器和光學(xué)微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)（下一代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)）。在研究社會(huì)把形狀應(yīng)用在微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)相對(duì)較新的努力，它足以窮盡我們所知。只有一組（洛杉磯加州大學(xué)機(jī)械工程的格雷戈教授）已成功地演示了動(dòng)態(tài)性能的形狀記憶合金作為基礎(chǔ)的微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)。在這里，工作的重點(diǎn)是利用智能材料的動(dòng)能力設(shè)計(jì)和制造經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行的微型傳感器和驅(qū)動(dòng)器。構(gòu)造：建造和使用的"智能屋"為分析和核實(shí)以無(wú)線(xiàn)和有線(xiàn)家庭為基礎(chǔ)的通訊服務(wù)提供了廣泛的機(jī)會(huì)。而有些公司中已經(jīng)開(kāi)始廣泛地探討，但許多問(wèn)題沒(méi)有注意到?，F(xiàn)擬調(diào)查了以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：-在一個(gè)住宅環(huán)境里頻道統(tǒng)計(jì)的測(cè)量：室內(nèi)無(wú)線(xiàn)信道的統(tǒng)計(jì)知識(shí)是至關(guān)重要的，利用它可設(shè)計(jì)高效率的發(fā)射機(jī)和接收機(jī)，以及確定適當(dāng)程度的信號(hào)電源，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率，調(diào)制技巧，以及無(wú)線(xiàn)鏈路的差錯(cuò)控制編碼。它所產(chǎn)生的干擾，信道失真，導(dǎo)致的并譜的局限性，以及殘疾人士的設(shè)備（輪椅，監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備等），都是特別令人感興趣的。-設(shè)計(jì)，分析與驗(yàn)證以加強(qiáng)天線(xiàn)用于室內(nèi)無(wú)線(xiàn)通信。目前室內(nèi)無(wú)線(xiàn)通信有必要改為緊湊和堅(jiān)固的天線(xiàn)。新的天線(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)，可使數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率優(yōu)化，頻率的操作方便，在空間需要方面也可加以考慮。-核查和分析室內(nèi)無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的操作：家庭自動(dòng)化的無(wú)線(xiàn)聯(lián)網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最近已商品化。一體化的一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上這樣的系統(tǒng)被納入智能家居，將為核實(shí)這些系統(tǒng)操作提供機(jī)會(huì)，并審視其局限性，并確定這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否是超過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)要求，是否滿(mǎn)足典型的業(yè)務(wù)需求。-確定有效的通信線(xiàn)路來(lái)規(guī)劃"智能家居"：對(duì)于有線(xiàn)和無(wú)線(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的性能/成本比較，測(cè)量和分析各種無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置將有利于網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)的確定。-審議協(xié)調(diào)室內(nèi)較大規(guī)模的通信系統(tǒng)：室內(nèi)無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣泛應(yīng)用到附近的居住地。這些居住地存在著廣闊-大規(guī)模的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，例如蜂窩電話(huà)網(wǎng)，固定無(wú)線(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和基于衛(wèi)星的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這些服務(wù)的宗旨是保健監(jiān)測(cè)、跟蹤老年癡呆癥患者。軟件代理商及其工程：一種嵌入式劑。在這一級(jí)別的設(shè)計(jì)方法中智能建筑嵌入式代理商面臨不少挑戰(zhàn)，以及由此產(chǎn)生的詳細(xì)執(zhí)行。這方面的項(xiàng)目將包括：-適用于人類(lèi)居住的有大型代理系統(tǒng)的建筑：為這些系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)的住宅/延續(xù)護(hù)理環(huán)境近代的技術(shù)需要成功部署。一個(gè)合適的架構(gòu)，在實(shí)時(shí)性上應(yīng)該是簡(jiǎn)單、靈活的，這樣能提供有效的代理操作。在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)，應(yīng)允許規(guī)則和限制的分層次和剛性，以確保居民建筑制度的安全。這些相互矛盾的要求，需要設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)新的、適用所有的建筑的體系結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)加以解決。-學(xué)習(xí)代理的決策和控制結(jié)構(gòu)：在實(shí)現(xiàn)終身學(xué)習(xí)能力方面，代理商必須具備強(qiáng)大的機(jī)制來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)能力的需要。孤立原來(lái)使用的傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)制度，是不可能讓這些代理商達(dá)到高預(yù)期壽命的。我們打算發(fā)展混合學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng)，結(jié)合新興的多種具有代表性的學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)。這種系統(tǒng)將基于適應(yīng)新形勢(shì)，或?qū)W習(xí)新的行為模式來(lái)達(dá)到自身的成熟及對(duì)數(shù)額變化能做出各種不同的做法。為了應(yīng)付高水平的非確定性（不可預(yù)測(cè)的人類(lèi)用戶(hù)），我們能夠利用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)處理不同類(lèi)型的不確定性（如概率和模糊不確定性），這種穩(wěn)健的行為將制定和組織實(shí)施，在推理機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)上計(jì)算智能。-自動(dòng)模擬真實(shí)世界的物體，包括個(gè)別戶(hù)主：?jiǎn)栴}是：為具有代表性的個(gè)性、習(xí)慣的個(gè)人"定位，并提取"信息是至關(guān)重要的;系統(tǒng)能夠跟隨個(gè)人的心情與行為而作出反應(yīng)。在解決這個(gè)方案的基礎(chǔ)上，數(shù)據(jù)挖掘和進(jìn)化技術(shù)將利用：（1）聚類(lèi)方法，對(duì)尋找行為模式的個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)這是一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的因素;（2）以規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)能力，可用來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)模型單獨(dú)的特性，這對(duì)估計(jì)和預(yù)測(cè)潛在的活動(dòng)和前瞻性的規(guī)劃是至關(guān)重要的-調(diào)查普適計(jì)算的框架特點(diǎn)：考慮以分布式因特網(wǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)，這也許是最常見(jiàn)的普適計(jì)算，在這里，最大的沖擊不是來(lái)自特定的軟件工程過(guò)程，而是讓這些領(lǐng)域快速部署現(xiàn)有的軟件框架或'工具箱'。因此，建議以普適計(jì)算為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的"智能家居"的建造，也應(yīng)該加以軟件工程來(lái)研究。研究人員將開(kāi)始訪(fǎng)問(wèn)的幾個(gè)真正存在的普適計(jì)算系統(tǒng)，試圖建立一個(gè)初步了解該功能的架構(gòu)（這種做法顯然與伽馬射線(xiàn)，掌舵，約翰遜和針對(duì)"設(shè)計(jì)模式"的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性工作相平行。不幸的是，和他們的工作相比，樣本在這里將非常小，因此，為得到可靠的答案額外的工作要做）。這個(gè)初步框架，也將隨之被利用為智能式房子的軟件系統(tǒng)。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，由于要求普適計(jì)算環(huán)境的展開(kāi)，這初步的框架將大大演變建造該系統(tǒng)的過(guò)程。據(jù)認(rèn)為，這種密切參與體系建設(shè)的行動(dòng)，是制作一個(gè)真正有用的和可靠的偽影的組成部分。截至去年底的施工階段，它預(yù)計(jì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的框架，這個(gè)框架能夠證明，適用于普適計(jì)算的一大批至關(guān)重要的特點(diǎn)（或圖案）將被發(fā)現(xiàn)。-為普及計(jì)算驗(yàn)證和核查問(wèn)題：希望眾議院能為普及計(jì)算調(diào)查核實(shí)和驗(yàn)證問(wèn)題提供一個(gè)試驗(yàn)臺(tái)。眾議院將可以用來(lái)評(píng)估并確定（如果有的話(huà)）VV技術(shù)，工具或方法在這個(gè)環(huán)境中是否有用。此外，它計(jì)劃把這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)設(shè)施提供給世界各地的研究人員，以增加這種評(píng)估的利用。就長(zhǎng)期而言，我們期望該設(shè)施所提供的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，將演變成對(duì)于普及計(jì)算的V及V活動(dòng)而言一個(gè)國(guó)際公認(rèn)的"基準(zhǔn)"的網(wǎng)站。其他技術(shù)領(lǐng)域：該項(xiàng)目還計(jì)劃調(diào)查一些其他領(lǐng)域，如照明系統(tǒng)，安全系統(tǒng)，供暖，通風(fēng)和空調(diào)設(shè)備等，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)于能源效率，該項(xiàng)目目前承諾了兩項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告：-測(cè)定保溫簾的成效：因?yàn)槊芊鈫?wèn)題，外墻保溫窗簾隨著時(shí)間的推移是否無(wú)效。內(nèi)部風(fēng)窗是優(yōu)越的，它還可用來(lái)幫助減少熱損失。不過(guò)，他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)和定位需要適當(dāng)控制，以防止由于熱創(chuàng)擊而導(dǎo)致的窗破損。將根據(jù)實(shí)測(cè)外部光照水平啟動(dòng)開(kāi)幕或閉幕周期，現(xiàn)行內(nèi)部的加熱水平等。-發(fā)電替代品的比較：能源利用方式，可以通過(guò)檢測(cè)每個(gè)家電進(jìn)行監(jiān)察。天然氣和電力是一種主要能源供應(yīng)。通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)方式或使用一個(gè)總的能源系統(tǒng)（沃爾沃研發(fā)體系）我們可以在燃料加熱空間和溫暖水中轉(zhuǎn)換化學(xué)能。有了這一套系統(tǒng)，燃油用來(lái)給小內(nèi)燃機(jī)供電，反過(guò)來(lái)又能驅(qū)動(dòng)一臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)的電氣能源生產(chǎn)。冷卻劑與排氣的余熱的熱水供給家庭使用和空間加熱。過(guò)剩的電力反饋到電網(wǎng)或儲(chǔ)存在電池中。在以后的一個(gè)日期，計(jì)劃用能源總系統(tǒng)取代燃料電池，可以直接比較出兩先進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)的差別。外文文獻(xiàn)：Intelligentarchitecture:userinterfacedesigntoelicitknowledgemodelsAbstract：Muchofthedifficultyinarchitecturaldesignisinintegratingandmakingexplicittheknowledgeofthemanyconvergingdisciplines(engineering,sociology,ergonomicsandpsychology,tonameafew),thebuildingrequirementsfrommanyviewpoints,andtomodelthecomplexsysteminteractions.Themanyrolesofthearchitectsimplycompoundthis.Thispaperdescribesasystemcurrentlyunderdevelopment—a3Ddesignmediumandintelligentanalysistool,tohelpelicitandmakeexplicittheserequirements.Thebuildingmodelisusedtoencapsulateinformationthroughoutthebuildinglifecycle,frominceptionandmasterplanningtoconstructionand‘lived-in’use.Fromthetightrelationshipbetweenmaterialbehaviourofthemodel,functionanalysisandvisualfeedback,theaimistohelpintheresolutionoffunctionalneeds,sothatthebuildingmeetsnotonlytheaimsofthearchitect,buttheneedsoftheinhabitants,usersandenvironment.TheProblemofDesigningtheBuiltEnvironment：Itisoftensaidthatarchitectureisthemotheroftheartssinceitembodiesallthetechniquesofpainting:line,colour,textureandtone,aswellasthoseofsculpture:shape,volume,lightandshadow,andthechangingrelativepositionoftheviewer,andaddstothesethewaythatpeopleinhabitandmovethroughitsspacetoproduce—atitsbest—aspectaclereminiscentofchoreographyortheatre.Aswithallthearts,architectureissubjecttopersonalcriticaltasteandyetarchitectureisalsoapublicart,inthatpeopleareconstrainedtouseit.Inthisitgoesbeyondtheotherartsandiscalledontofunction,tomodifytheclimate,provideshelter,andtosubdivideandstructurespaceintoapatternthatsomehowfitstheneedsofsocialgroupsororganizationsandcultures.Whilstarchitecturemaybecommissionedinpartasaculturaloraestheticexpression,itisalmostalwaysrequiredtofulfillacomprehensiveprogrammeofsocialandenvironmentalneeds.Thisrequirementtofunctiongivesrisetothreerelatedproblemsthatcharacterizethedesignanduseofthebuiltenvironment.Thefirstdependsonthedifferencebetweenexplicitknowledge—thatofwhichweareatleastconsciousandmayevenhaveascientificorprincipledunderstanding—andimplicitknowledge,which,likeknowingyourmothertongue,canbeappliedwithoutthinking.Thefunctionalprogrammesbuildingsarerequiredtofulfillarelargelysocial,andarebasedonimplicitratherthanexplicitbodiesofknowledge.Theknowledgeweexploitwhenweusethebuiltenvironmentisalmostentirelyappliedunconsciously.Wedon’thavetothinkaboutbuildingsorcitiestousethem;infact,whenwebecomeawareofitthebuiltenvironmentisoftenheldtohavefailed.ThinkoftheneedforyellowlinestohelppeoplefindtheirwayaroundtheBarbicancomplexintheCityofLondon,orthecallsfromtenantsto‘stringupthearchitects’whenhousingestatesturnouttobesocialdisasters.Thesecondisaproblemofcomplexity.Theproblemisthatbuildingsneedtofunctioninsomanydifferentways.Theyarespatialandsocial,theyfunctionintermsofthermalenvironment,lightandacoustics,theyuseenergyandaffectpeople’shealth,theyneedtobeconstructedandaremadeofphysicalcomponentsthatcandegradeandneedtobemaintained.Ontopofallthistheyhaveanaestheticandculturalrole,aswellasbeingfinancialinvestmentsandplayinganimportantroleintheeconomy.Almostallofthesefactorsareinteractive—decisionstakenforstructuralreasonshaveimpactsonenvironmentorcost—butareoftenrelativelyindependentintermsofthedomainsofknowledgethatneedtobeapplied.Thisgivesrisetoacomplexdesignprobleminwhicheverythingknocksontoeverythingelse,andinwhichnosinglepersonhasagraspofallthedomainsofknowledgerequiredforitsresolution.Evenwhentheknowledgethatneedstobeappliedisrelativelyexplicit—asforinstanceinstructuralcalculations,orthoseconcerningthermalperformance—thecomplexinteractivenatureofbuildingscreatesasituationinwh