北大課件-普心心理學與生活gp10motiva

Chapter11MotivationIntroductiontoPsychologyPekingUniversity人們?yōu)槭裁匆ū臉O）？一月17,20233艾滋病與預防措施認識問題不知道危害性研究表明：艾滋病知識與風險行為沒有關系動機問題取悅對方表明信任追求快感：Stein等人(1994)一月17,20234有些學生為什么學不好？理由一：能力問題反應的快慢理由二：認識問題不知道理由三：動機問題想不想學MotivationThewordmotivationderivesfromtheLatintomove(movere)andreferstothemovingforcethatenergizesbehavior.

FunctionsofmotivationalconceptsToaccountforbehavioralvariabilityTorelatebiologytobehaviorToinferprivatestatesfrompublicactsToassignresponsibilityforactionsToexplainperseverancedespiteadversityOutlinesMotivationandRelatedConceptsPerspectivesonMotivationEatingSexualMotivationPsychosocialmotivesSomeConcludingThoughts1Motivation&RelatedConceptsTwocomponentsDirectionStrengthRelatedConceptsInstinct 本能Needs&Drives 需要或驅(qū)力Inducement 誘因2PerspectivesonMotivation2.1EvolutionaryPerspectiveInstinctsDarwin(1859)McDougall(1908)InclusiveFitnessPsychologicalmechanisms(familiarity/affection)Chemicalmechanisms(pheromones)Simmons(1990):CricketstudyPowerandLoveHomeostasisFeedbackSetpoint信息素（外激素）停留時間2.2PsychodynamicPerspectiveDrivessex/aggressionneedforrelatednesstoothersneedforself-esteemwishes/fearsConscious/unconscious(explicit/implicit)ThematicApperceptionTest,TATMurray(1943);McClellandetal(1989)Earlytoilettraining(McClelland&Pilon,1983)2.3BehavioristPerspectiveOperantconditioningRewarded/punisheddrivesIncentive--externalDrive-reductiontheoriesHull(1943,1952)Primary/secondarydrivesIncentive----anexternalstimulusorrewardArousaltheoryYerkes-DodsonLaw:optimumlevel2.4CognitivePerspectiveGoalsExpectancy-valuetheoriesGoal-settingtheorydiscrepancycontinuingfeedbackself-efficacysethighenoughgoalcommitmenttothegoal2.5AHierarchyofNeedsAbrahamMaslow(1962,1970)Maslow’shierarchyofneedsDeficiency/GrowthneedsAlderfer(1972,1989):ERGtheoryExistenceRelatednessGrowthSelf-actualizationEsteemLoveorBelongingnessSafetyPhysiological2.6ApplyingonlifeEvolutionary:braveryPsychodynamic:MultiplemotivesBehaviorist:punishingCognitive:expectancyMaslow:falsesenseofsafety,pursuehigherlevelneeds3EatingMetabolismReferringtotheprocessesbywhichthebodytransformsfoodintoenergyformovingmuscles,maintainingbodyheat,operatingthenervoussystem,andbuildingandmaintainingorgantissue.TwophasesAbsorptivephaseFastingphase3.1HungerandSatietyThesubjectiveexperienceofhungerCannon&Washburn(1912):emptystomachTheglucostatictheoryofhungerThompson&Campbell(1977):glucoselevelCampfieldetal(1985):injectingglucosedelaysfeedingbehaviorHomeostaticMechanismsLateral/VentralmedialHypothalamus(on/off)3.1HungerandSatietyExternalcuesandEatingBehaviorpalatabilityDeCastro&Brewer(1992):presenceofotherpeople(75%)3.2ObesityCulturalconceptionsofweightandobesityRand&Kuldau(1990):whitewomenworriedHarrisetal(1991):blackfemalesmoresatisfied;menmoreconcernedabouttheirdates.Garneretal(1980):Playboy,10%downinratioStereotypesabouttheobese(Milleretal,1991)對肥胖女性的評價（社交技能、魅力）低這種刻板印象從幼兒園就開始了WeightandObesityIdealWeight男性理想體重（kg）＝身高－110女性理想體重＝身高－105WeightIndex體重(kg)/身高平方(m)M>24,F>25WeightandHealthCardiovasculardiseaseHypertensionSomeformsofDiabetesBiologyandObesityStunkardetal(1986):weightofadopteesBrooketal(1975)MZ0.72-0.83DZ0.34-0.49Whyaresomepeopleobese?ThenumberandsizeoffatcellsSet-pointtheoryGarrow&Warwich(1978)changingmetabolismlevel(foodconsumptionorbodyweight)EnvironmentalfactorsandObesitySocioeconomicstatusDietExercisePsychologicalfactorsLowself-esteemAnxiety/depressionMotivationalprocesses(15%ofdietersinsist)節(jié)食？方法嚴格限制食物熱量低碳水化合物食物單一食物行為矯正鍛煉效果定點限制體重反彈個人化節(jié)食計劃適當?shù)哪繕斯?jié)食并鍛煉EatingDisordersAnorexianervosabrighttalentedperfectionistfeelingincontrolBulimia暴飲暴食、抑郁、失控感4SexualMotivationUniversaldrive/VariationinitsexpressionDrivenbyfantasiesaswellasbyhormonesAlfredKinseyetal(1948,1953)4.1ThesexualresponsecycleSexualresponsecycleExcitementPlateauOrgasmResolutionSubjectiveexperienceoforgasmVance&Wagner(1976):nogenderdiff.4.2NatureandNurtureinSexualMotivationGeneticallyprogrammed/stereotypedmatingritualsBiologyandSexualMotivationOrganizationaleffectsAdrenogenitalsyndromeAndrogeninsensitivitysyndromeActivationaleffectsBancroft(1984):acastratedmanCultureandSexualBehavior4.3SexualOrientationSexualOrientationDirectionofaperson’senduringsexualattractionHomosexuality=sinfulCommonamongeducatedmeninancientGreece.Westernsociety:2-7%men/1%womenAPAclassifieditasadisorderuntil1973Homosexualityisasexualpreference?Whyhomosexuality?PredictorsMarkedbehavioralcharacteristicsoftheoppositesexinchildhood(Green,1987)Samefindinginfemales(Whitam&Mathy,1991)EnvironmentalfactorBiologicalfactor注射一種物質(zhì)導致黃體酮分泌(Gladueetal1984)同性戀男人下丘腦前部某神經(jīng)核團和女人的一樣小(LeVay,1991)孕期應激；基因差別。4.4SexualDysfunctionsQuitecommonInhibitedorgasminwomenPrematureejaculationinmenCausesPhysiologicalfactorsalcoholuse,fatigue,hypertension,kidneydiseasePsychologicalfactorsanxiety,difficultyinarelationship5PsychosocialMotivesPsychosocialmotivesRelatednessAttachmentmotivationaffiliationAgencyachievementpowerself-esteemautonomymastery5.1NeedsforRelatednessAttachmentmotivationIntimacyself-disclosure,warmth,andmutualcaringAffiliationinteractionwithfriendsoracquaintancesSocialrelationshipsandhealthBrownetal(1975):lowdepressionHouseetal(1988):beingillanddieearlier5.2AchievementandotheragencymotivesDesiringtobecompetentandeffectiveKaganetal(1978):withoutparent’srewardingin2yr.AchievementTodowell,tosucceed,andtoavoidfailureTochoosemoderatelydifficulttasks(Atkinson,1977)Tendtoworkmorepersistently(Atkinson,1977)Parenting,Culture,andAchi