第二課句子結(jié)構(gòu)

SentenceTypes句子種類Sentencefunction1.陳述句2.疑問(wèn)句3.祈使句4.感嘆句肯定句否定句一般疑問(wèn)句選擇疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)句反意疑問(wèn)句肯定祈使句否定祈使句sentencestructure1.簡(jiǎn)單句2.并列句3.主從復(fù)合句狀語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句等SentenceTypesThefourmajortypesofsentencesinEnglishandtheirdiscoursefunctions.Thefourmajortypesofsentencesaredeclaratives,interrogatives，imperativesandexclamatives．Thesefourtypesarerespectivelyassociatedwithgivinginformation，requiringinformation，requiringactionsandexpressingthespeaker’simpressionofsomething．英語(yǔ)句子四大類型為陳述句，疑問(wèn)句，祈使句和感嘆句；這四種句型分別表示提供信息，尋求信息，要求動(dòng)作進(jìn)行和表達(dá)說(shuō)話者的情感.（一）按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。1）陳述句（DeclarativeSentences）：說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。光比聲傳播速度快。

這部電影很乏味。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.（說(shuō)明事實(shí)）Thefilmisratherboring.（說(shuō)明看法）英語(yǔ)的否定句除了用not否定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)外，含有以下詞匯的也是否定句：never,nothing,none,neither,neither…nor,noone等。將下列句子改為否定句You’dbettershutdownthecomputer.You’dbetter______________downthecomputer.2.Suescoredinthefootballmatch,too.Sue___________inthefootballmatch,______.3.Healwaysgoesbacktohishometownduringthewinterholiday.He_____goesbacktohishometownduringthe….4.Bothchemistryandphysicsareinteresting._____chemistry______physics_____interesting.5.Thereissomesoilontherock.There____________soilontherock.6.Thestudenthasalreadymadeastudyplan.Thestudent_____madeastudyplan______.notshutdidn’tscoreeitherneverNeithernorisisn’tanyhasn’tyet2）疑問(wèn)句（InterrogativeSentences）：提出問(wèn)題。有以下四種：a.一般疑問(wèn)句（GeneralQuestions）：Canyoufinishtheworkintime?b.特殊疑問(wèn)句（special/Wh-Questions）：Wheredoyoulive?c.選擇疑問(wèn)句（AlternativeQuestions）：Doyouwantteaorcoffee?d.反意疑問(wèn)句（disjunctive/Tag-Questions)Hedoesn'tknowher,doeshe?1.Shehadbreakfastathome.

Wheredidshehavebreakfast?2.Mymotherisgoingtoattendaparents’meeting.3.Iwenttoseehimonceaweek.

Howoftendidyougotoseehim?4.Theyhavewrittenforanhour.

Howlonghavetheywritten?5.Theywillbebackinamonth.

Howsoonwilltheybeback?6.ThegirlwithblueeyesisJean.

WhichgirlisJean?7.Theboywasoneandahalfmeterstalllastyear.

Howtallwastheboylastyear?Whoisgoingtoattendaparents’meeting?3）祈使句（ImperativeSentences）：提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令。動(dòng)詞用原形當(dāng)心！Lookout!

別緊張！Don'tbenervous!4）感嘆句（ExclamatorySentences）：表示說(shuō)話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。

常以What/How開(kāi)頭。多好的消息??！Whatgoodnews(itis)!

多結(jié)實(shí)??！Howstrong!

用動(dòng)詞適當(dāng)形式填空：It’sanimportantmeeting._________(notbe)late.2._______(notmake)anynoise!Yourmotherissleeping.3.________(notspeak)withyourmouthfulloffoodand_______(be)polite.4._________(nottalk)and______(read)aloud.將下列句子變?yōu)楦袊@句：5.NanjingRoadWalkwaylooksbeautifulatnight.___________NanjingRoadWalkwaylooks…!6.Theyaregoodchildren.____________childrentheyare!7.Shehasaveryusefuldictionary.What______________dictionaryshehas!How_______________dictionaryshehas!Don’tbeDon’tmakeDon’tspeakbeDon’ttalkreadHowbeautifulWhatgoodausefulusefula**反意疑問(wèn)句:tagquestion在陳述句之后附上一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句，對(duì)陳述句所敘述的事實(shí)提出相反的疑問(wèn),這種疑問(wèn)句叫做反意疑問(wèn)句。如前面陳述句部分是肯定式，后面問(wèn)句部分一般用是否定式；如前一部分是否定式，后一部分一般用肯定式。1.前后兩部分在人稱，數(shù)及時(shí)態(tài)上通常保持一致。如：Youareastudent，aren'tyou?(你是學(xué)生，對(duì)嗎?)

2.在祈使句后面用反意疑問(wèn)句，要注意人稱的變化。

如：Gotothecinema,willyou?

3.在省略的感嘆句后面，要注意主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)。

如：Whatfineweather,isn'tit?

4.陳述句部分的主語(yǔ)如是I，疑問(wèn)部分要用aren'tI.

如:I'mastallasyoursister,aren'tI?

5.陳述部分用never,few,nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little等否定含義的詞時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分用肯定含義.

如:Heseldomcamehere,didhe?

6.陳述句部分的謂語(yǔ)是usedto時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分用didn‘t+主語(yǔ)或usedn’t+主語(yǔ).如:Heusedtogotoschoolatseven,didn'the?/usedn'the?7.陳述部分有hadbetter+v.疑問(wèn)句部分用hadn’tyou?

如:You'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'tyou?

8.陳述部分有You'dliketo+v.疑問(wèn)部分用wouldn't+主語(yǔ).如：You'dliketogowithme,wouldn'tyou?

9.主語(yǔ)是everyone，someone，anyone，noone等不定代詞時(shí)，多用they指代.如：Everyoneishere,aren'tthey?(所有的人都來(lái)了嗎?)10.主語(yǔ)是everything，something，anything，nothing時(shí)，用it指代。11.省去主語(yǔ)的祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句，疑問(wèn)部分用willyou。如:Don'tdothatagain,

willyou?

12.注意Let's開(kāi)頭的祈使句，后用shallwe?13.Letus開(kāi)頭的祈使句，后用willyou?

14.陳述部分是“therebe”結(jié)構(gòu)的，疑問(wèn)部分用there省略主語(yǔ)代詞。如:Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?

15.must在表示"推測(cè)"時(shí)的反意疑問(wèn)句。

Hemustbeadoctor,isn'the?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven'tyou?Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn'the?Itmustbegoingtoraintomorrow,won'tit?

16當(dāng)dare,need為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分用助動(dòng)詞do+主語(yǔ)。Shedoesn'tdaretogohomealone,doesshe?17.否定前綴不能視為否定詞，其反意疑問(wèn)句仍用否定形式。

Itisimpossible,isn'tit?Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?18.反義疑問(wèn)句的回答用yes，no但是，當(dāng)陳述部分是否定形式時(shí)，回答要按事實(shí)。Theydon’tworkhard,dothey?Yes,theydo.

不，他們工作努力。No,theydon’t.

對(duì)，他們工作不努力。

練習(xí)

1.Don’tforgettogivethebabysomefood,______?

A.willyou?B.shallweC.won’tyouD.doyou

2.Youhavemetbefore,_______?

A.haven’tyouB.haveyouC.doyouD.don’tyou

3.Shehasneverreadthebookbefore,_______?

A.hassheB.hasn'tsheC.issheD.isn'tshe

4.Mikehastofinishherworknow,_______?

A.hasheB.hasn‘theC.doesheD.doesn’the

5.--"Don'tsmokeinthedining-hall,willyou?"

--"_________."

A.Yes,IagreeB.Yes,ofcourse,C.Yes,Idon'tthinksoD.What'swrong

6.--______didyoustayinUrumqilastsummer?

--Fortwoweeks.

A.HowoftenB.HowC.HowlongD.Howmanytimes

7.Henearlyhurthimselfintheaccident,_______?

A.doesn'theB.didn'theC.didheD.doeshe

8.--_______willyourauntbebackfromwork?

--Inanhour.

A.HowsoonB.HowoftenC.HowlongD.Whattime

9.Theoldmanhadtodothefarmworkhimself,________?

A.didheB.didn'theC.hadheD.weren'the

10.--"________dotheyhaveameeting?"

--"Everytwoweeks."

A.HowlongB.HowoftenC.WhenD.Whattime

祈使句表請(qǐng)求、命令、叮囑、邀請(qǐng)、勸告等。祈使句分為第二人稱祈使句及第—、三人稱祈使句兩大類。1．第二人稱祈使句通常用來(lái)向聽(tīng)話者發(fā)出命令，提出要求或建議。這種祈使句的主語(yǔ)you通常不表示出來(lái)，而是以動(dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭。如：Standup!**祈使句Imperative

但如果說(shuō)話時(shí)有多人在場(chǎng)，就得把主語(yǔ)表示出來(lái)，或加稱呼語(yǔ)，以便指明是向誰(shuí)提出請(qǐng)求或發(fā)出命令。如：Parentswithchildrengothefront!帶孩子的家長(zhǎng)到前面去!Marycleanthewindows，andyouboyswashthefloor!瑪麗擦窗戶，你們男孩子洗地板!Comein，everybody!每個(gè)人都進(jìn)來(lái)!

有時(shí)將主語(yǔ)表示出來(lái)是為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣或表示“不高興”、“厭煩”、“鄙視”等情緒。如：Don’tyoubelateagain!你可別再遲到了!Yougetoutofhere!你給我滾出去!Mindyourownbusiness，you!你少管閑事!2．第一、三人稱祈使句是以第一人稱和第三人稱代詞或者名詞等作為祈使的對(duì)象，這類祈使句通常以let為引導(dǎo)詞表建議。如：Let’sgo!Letusgohome!Lethimbehereby10o’clock．祈使句的否定形式

含有第二人稱的祈使句的否定句用don't/never.Don’tgiveup.Don’tstayuptoolate,oryou’llfeeltired.以let為引導(dǎo)詞的祈使句的否定形式通常是在Let’s或Letus／me后加not。如：Let’snotwasteourtimearguingaboutit!咱們別浪費(fèi)時(shí)間爭(zhēng)論這事了!Let’snotsayanythingaboutit!這事咱們誰(shuí)也別說(shuō)!但英式英語(yǔ)也用這樣的表達(dá)：Don’tlet’ssayanythingaboutit.

祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式是在整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)之前加do。如：

Dobecareful!DoStoptalking!Dogivemyregardstoyourparents!務(wù)必／一定代我向你父母問(wèn)好!祈使句用于兩個(gè)重要句型中

1．“祈使句+and+表結(jié)果的陳述句”用來(lái)敘述肯定的條件。2．“祈使句+or(else)+表結(jié)果的陳述句”用來(lái)敘述否定的條件，or(else)表示“否則；要不然”。試比較：

Hurryupandyou’llcatchthetrain.(＝Ifyouhurryup，you’llcatchthetrain．)Hurryup，oryou’llmissthetrain．(＝Ifyoudon’thurryup，you’llmissthetrain．)祈使句由直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)

當(dāng)祈使句由直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，其常用結(jié)構(gòu)為“ask／request／tell／ordersb(not)todosth”。如：“Speakloud，please!”theteachersaidtome．(＝Theteacheraskedmetospeakloudly．)“Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom!”hesaidtoTom．(＝HetoldTomnottosmokeinthemeetingroom．)1.TomhardlyknowsFrench,______?2.—Marydidn'tfailherexam,didshe?---______,shedidn‘t.3.Youneedn’tcome,______you?Youneedtocome,______you?4.Hehadabigtimethere,______he?Hehadacar,______

he?Wehardlyhavetogetupearly,______we?5.HeusedtoliveinLeeds,______he?doesheNoneeddon’tdidn’tdidn’t/hadn’tdodidn’t/usedn’tExercise6.Let’sgotothematchatonce,______we?Leavemealone,______you?7.Theymusthavelearnedtodrive,______they?8.Noonewashurt,____________?9.Thereisnodoubtaboutit,______?10.Idon’tthinkAnnahastogotoschoolonSundays,______she?shallwill/won’thaven’tweretheyistheredoes11.Somethingmustbedonetosolvetheproblem,______________?12.Itisimpossibleforhimtoliftsuchabigstone,______________?13.Iwishtohaveatalkwithyou,_______?14.Whatabeautifulmountain,_________?15.Annysaidthatshewouldcometoseeme,___________?mustn’titisn’titmayIisn’titdidn’tshe1.Hedarestotellthetruth.（usingnegation）2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethan

tenyears.（usingWH-questiontotheunderlinepart）3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?（usingquestiontag）4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（usingcommand）5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(usingyes-noquestion)1.Hedarestotellthetruth.（改為否定句）Hedoesn’tdaretotellthetruth.或Hedarenottellthetruth.2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethan

tenyears.（對(duì)畫線部分提問(wèn)）Howlonghavetheylivedhere?4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（改為祈使句）4.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改為一般疑問(wèn)句)5.Didtheygoforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening?6.Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（usingWh-question）7.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?（usingquestiontag）8.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（usingwh-question）6.Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（對(duì)畫線部分提問(wèn)）6.Howoftendoesthismagazinecomeout?7.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?（完成反意疑問(wèn)）7.couldthey8.OurEnglishteacher

isalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（對(duì)畫線部分提問(wèn)）8.WhoisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass?典型考題選擇題1.Youhavetowaitamoment,______?

A.haven'tyouB.doyou

C.don'tyouD.