英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文化史2

ACulturalHistory

of

theEnglishLanguageII

--OldEnglishPeriod

AgendaSocialandPoliticalHistoryLinguisticDevelopment

ForeignInfluenceonOldEnglishLiteraryAchievements"Whatistdeclock?""Veatheristcold."ArethesesentencesEnglish?German?Or...Schleswig-Holstein石勒蘇益格—荷爾施泰因Theearliestpossibleinhabitantsontheisland--Celts.RomanInvasionInthesummerof55B.C,JuliusCaesardecideduponaninvasionofEngland.In43A.D.,theEmperorClaudiusundertookanactualconquestoftheisland.RomanisationoftheIslandRomanwaysRoman-styledcitiesandtownsRomandress,ornaments,utensils,potteryandglassware.TheGermanicConquestTheinvasionbytheJutes,AnglesandSaxonsbeganin449AD.TheplacenameEnglandderivesfromthenameofoneoftheGermanictribes.éngland--'LandoftheAngles'.GermanictribesandregionsinEnglandwheretheymainlysettled.Saxons—SouthoftheThames(WestSaxonarea)Angles—MiddleandNorthernEngland(MerciaandNorthumbria),includinglowlandScotlandJutes—South-EastofEngland(Kent)TheScandinavianInvasionsofEnglandThemiddleofthe8thcenturytothemiddleofthe11thcenturyisknownasthe'VikingAge'.Twopossibleetymologiesfortheword'Viking':--itcouldderivefromtheOldNorsewordvik,whichmeans'bay''

--itcouldderivefromtheAnglo-Frisianword"wic",meaning"settlement".AreasofScandinaviansettlementinBritainandIreland

Theraidingstage:(787--850);Thesettlementstage:(850--878)Theassimilation:(878--1042)

AlfredtheGreat(849–26October899)LinguisticDevelopmentStructureofOldEnglishSoundOldEnglishGenderInflectioninOldEnglishOldEnglishSyntaxOldEnglishVocabularyKeyfeaturesofOEOldEnglishwassyntheticratherthananalyticorisolating;Thenoun,verb,adjective,determinerandpronoundwerehighlyinflected.Thewordorderwasnotasrigidasinpresent-dayEnglish;Therewereweakandstrongdeclensions詞尾變化,格變化ofnounsandadjectives;ThevocabularyofIEwasoverwhelminglyGermanicincharacter.Heswamwestinstromandwindandfrost.Bringusgold.Standupandfindwisemen.Haroldisswift.Hishandisstrongandshiwordgrim.LaterinlifehewenttohiswifeinRome.disc dishecgedgecēne[ke:n?]‘sharp’singansinggān[gɑ:n]‘go’turh[θurx]‘through’hlaf/hla:f/loafhring/hrig/ringOEGender GenderinOEisgrammatical,notlogicalofnatural. e.g.wif(wife)mann(man)wifmann(woman)aneuternounamasculinenounamasculinenounInflectioninOE OEwasaninfelctedlanguagelikeLatinor,toasomewhatlesserextent,ModernGerman. e.g.nounsystemNominativecaseAccusativecaseGenitivecaseDativecaseinstrumentalcaseOESyntaxThemostfrequentlyfoundorderswereverb-secondorderinmainclauses,andverb-finalorderindependentclauses.Let'slookatsomeGermansentences:e.g.MeinFreundfragtmichnachmeinerMeinungzudieserSache.

我的朋友問(wèn)我對(duì)此事的看法

ErhatseinerguteStellungverloren.他把好位置給忘了。

IchkennedieStudentin,derenSchwesterinShanghaiwohnt.OEVocabularyTwomajorfeaturesoftheOElexicon: --thesystem-internalmeansofwordformation;--loanwordsCompunding:compoundswereusuallyusedtomakenounsoradjectives.e.g.lar+hus=schooldim+hus=prisonblod+read=blood-red daeges+eage=day'seye=daisyAffixing:affixingisatermthatcoversprefixingandsuffixinginOE.SuffixinOEwereusuallyuedtotransformonepartofspeechintoanother,whileprefixesweregenerallyusedtochangethesemanticforceofaparticularword.e.g. -dom:wis+dom=wisdom--ig:blod+ig=bloody-be-,bi-:gan=togobegan=tocross,walkacrosssittan=tositbesittan=tobesiege-ge-:toformpastparticiplefindan--gefundenForeignInfluencesonOETheCelticinfluenceTheLatininfluenceTheScandinavianInfluenceCelticinfluence e.g.London,Winchester,Lichfield,Canterbury(Durovernum)ThamesAvonTheLatinInfluences TheLatininfluenceonEnglishvocabularybeganevenbeforetherewassuchalanguageasEnglish,whileLatinwasincontactwiththeGermanicdialectsonthecontinent.

e.g.street,wine,butter,pepper,cheese,silk,copper,pound,inch,mile

WordsthatreflecttheRomanisationoftheisland:e.g.Lancaster,Manchester,Chester,DoncasterTheChristianisationofBritain e.g.bishop,candle,creed,font,mass,monk,priestSt.AugustineScandinavianinfluence

WhiletheRomanswereconsideredsuperiortotheCelts,theScandinaviansdidnotbringEnglishintocontactwithasuperiorcivilisation.Forthisreason,theloanwordsresultedfromeverydaycontactandareverybasicincharacter.

ScandinavianplacenamesinBritaine.g.Whitby,Derby,Rugby,Throesby,Grimsby,Gawthorpe,Bishopthorpe, Brimtoft,Eastoft birth,egg,guess,root,scaleseat,sister,skirt,sky,frecle,leg,skull,meek溫順的，謙恭的,rotten,dazzle使眼花,scream,trust,take,husband,crawl,lift,clasp扣緊，握緊

itaddedusefulsynonymtothelanguage: craft--skill wish--want raise--rearPronouns:they,themtheir(OEhie,him,hiera)Prepositions:till,fro(asintoandfro)Be:areLiteraryAchievementsThisperiodcontainsbothoriginaltextsandtranslations.Thereismuchpoeticmaterial,suchastheelegiesandsmallerpoemsand

themainEnglishepic,Beowulf.AspecificgenreofhistoricalwritingisavailableintheOldEnglishperiod,thechronicle,whichconsistsofbriefentriesforvariousyearsandwhichrecountimportantmilitaryevents,especiallyduringtheScandinavianperiod.Beowulfisanepicpoemwrittenbyanunknownauthororauthors,whichcomesdowntousfroma10thcneturymanuscript.Itwasprobablycomposedinthefirsthalfofthe8thcentury.Itisa'folkepic'of3182lineswhichtellsthestoryoftheyoungwarrior