新編商務(wù)英語(yǔ)精讀第2冊(cè)課件2

unit02UNITTeachingAimReadingIReadingIIExtendedActivitiesTeachingAimTeachingAimUnit2Ownership1.CognitiveInformation（認(rèn)知信息):BusinessOwnership2.LanguageFocus（內(nèi)容重點(diǎn))—KeyWords:Ⅰ.proprietorship,corporation,debt,legal,formality,specify,dissolve,withdrawal,dividend,conglomerate,assets,utility,offset;Ⅱ.productive,resources,enable,input,output,earnings,maximumprofit,motive,executive,boost,discount,bonus,monopoly,regulationTeachingAimTeachingAim—Phrases:Ⅰ.startwith，closedown，runoutof,consistof,inmostcases,beliablefor,accountfor,besubjectto,haveadvantagesover,gointodebt,nomorethan,intheextentof,beconsideredas;Ⅱ.amountof,baseon,bedissatisfiedwith,competefor—WordStudy:differ,define,dominate,extend,represent—UsefulStructures: varyin(size...) rangefrom...to intheformof getsth.done—Grammar:PassiveVoiceofVerbsUnit2OwnershipTeachingAimTeachingAim3.CommunicativeSkills（交際技能) —Expressions:Expressionsof“AskingorOfferingfavors” —Reading:AJournalistArticle4.LexicalKnowledge（詞匯學(xué)知識(shí))： suffixes:ness,ship,hood,tion/sion,mentUnit2OwnershipReadingIReadingIUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationPre-readingTextNewWordsandExpressionsExercisesPost-readingUNITPre-readingPre-readingUnit2Ownership

Pre-readingIPre-readingII1ExerciseIUnit2OwnershipPre-readingIBrainstorming:Workwithyourpartnerandwritedownbusinesseswhichbelongtodifferenttypesofownership.PublicOwnership

Mixed(PublicorPrivate)OwnershipRailroadRestaurantTelecommunicationservice/postoffice

Television/radiostation

Electricpowerindustry

Journalism/publisher

AirtransportindustryBankingOilcompanyStockmarketRetailbusinessHotelTravelagencyDepartmentstoreFoodmanufacturerSupermarketAdvertisingagencyRepairservice1ExerciseIIUnit2OwnershipPre-readingIIPairwork:Discussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartner.1.Whatisownership?2.CouldyounamesometypesofownershipexistinginChinatoday?3.WhichownershipplaysaleadingroleinChina’snationaleconomy?4.DoyouthinkitimportanttodiversifyownershipinChina?5.WhatchangesaretakingplaceinChinaasfarasownershipisconcerned?1-Text-1TextUnit2OwnershipTypesofBusinessOwnership1.TherearethreemaintypesofbusinessownershipintheUnitedStates:(1)singleproprietorships,(2)partnerships,and(3)corporations.Thenationhasabout15millionsingleproprietorships,1.5millionpartnerships,and4millioncorporations.1-Text-2TextUnit2Ownership2Singleproprietorshipsarebusinessesownedandoperatedbyoneperson.Theownermakesalldecisionsandreceivesallprofits.Heorsheislegallyresponsibleforanybusinessdebts.Proprietorscanstartabusinesswithasmallamountofcapitalandfewlegalformalities.Manysingleproprietorshipsaresmallstoresorsuchserviceenterprisesasbeautyparlorsandrepairshops.Singleproprietorshipsarethemostcommonformofbusinessownershipinfarming,construction,andmanyotherindustries.Mostofthesebusinessesclosedowniftheownerdiesorrunsoutofcapital.1-Text-3TextUnit2Ownership3Partnershipsconsistoftwoormoreownerswhosharetheresponsibilitiesandprofitsofabusiness.Inmostcases,eachpartnerisliableforallbusinessdebts.1-Text-4TextUnit2Ownership4Partnersmaysignalegalagreementthatspecifiestheamountofworkandcapitaleachpersoncontributesandthepercentageofprofitseachreceives.Mostpartnerstogethercanraisemorecapitalandhandlemorebusinessthanasingleproprietor.However,nearlyallpartnershipsaresmallbusinesses.Theyaremostcommoninlaw,medicine,realestate,andretailing.Apartnershipcanbedissolvedbymutualagreementorbythewithdrawalofanyofthepartners.1-Text-5TextUnit2Ownership5Corporationsareownedbystockholders,whohavesharesofstockinthesecompanies.Theapprovalofamajorityofthestockholdersmayberequiredforcertainmajordecisionsthataffectbusinessoperations.However,professionalmanagersactuallyruntheeverydayactivitiesofacorporation.Profitsmaybedistributedamongthestockholdersasdividendsorreinvestedinthecorporation.Mostcorporationsarelargerthanbusinessesownedbyindividualsorpartners.Corporationsaccountforaboutthree-fourthsofallbusinessincomeproducedintheUnitedStates.1-Text-6TextUnit2Ownership6Acorporationismoredifficulttoestablishandoperatethanasingleproprietorshiporapartnership.Forexample,peoplewhowanttoestablishacorporationmustmeetmanylegalrequirementsofthefederal,state,andlocalgovernments.Thedecisionsofacorporationarealsosubjecttotheapprovalofboththestockholdersandthemanagers.However,corporationshavethreechiefadvantagesoverothertypesofbusinessownership.First,largeamountsofcapitalcanberaisedthroughthesaleofstock.Second,theowners—thatis,thestockholders—havelimitedliability.Ifthecorporationgoesintodebt,theycanlosenomorethantheirinvestment.Andthird,businessoperationsarenotaffectedbyanowner’sdeathorwithdrawalfromthecompany.1-Text-7TextUnit2Ownership7Corporationsvarytremendouslyinsizeandintheextentoftheirbusinessactivities.Thefirmsrangefromsmallcompanieswhoseproductsorservicesreachonlyafewconsumerstohugeorganizationsthatproducemostofthegoodsandservicesinaparticularfield.Corporationsatthetwoextremesofsizediffersogreatlythattheymaybeconsideredasseparatetypesofcorporations.Athirdtypeisaconglomerate—thatis,agiantcorporationthatcontrolsmanysmallercompaniesproducingdifferentandusuallyunrelatedgoodsandservices.1-Text-8TextUnit2Ownership8Smallcorporationsaregenerallydefinedasthosewithassetsoflessthan$100,000.About2.25millioncorporations,orabout58percentofallUScorporations,areinthisgroup.However,smallcorporationscontrollessthanone-halfof1percentofthetotalcorporateassetsintheUnitedStates.1-Text-9TextUnit2Ownership9Giantcorporationshaveassetsgreaterthan$250million.Theyrepresentonlyabouttwo-tenthsof1percentofthecorporationsintheUnitedStates.Butthesecorporationscontrolmorethan80percentofthecountry’scorporateassets.Theydominatesuchindustriesasbanking,insurance,petroleum,publicutilities,andtransportation.Someoftheiroperationsextendaroundtheworld.Acorporationofthissizecontrolsmoreproductiveresourcesthanmanycountriesdo.1-Text-10TextUnit2Ownership10Conglomeratesownanumberofcompaniesandmostlyoperateinunrelatedindustries.Manyconglomeratesareformedtoprotecttotalsalesfromchangesintheeconomyorinconsumerdemand.Forexample,ifthemembercompaniesdiffersufficientlyintheiractivities,theconglomeratecanusuallyoffsetlossesinsomeofitsoperationswithprofitsinothers.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation1.Ownershipoverview

Ownershipisthestateorfactofexclusivepossessionorcontrolofsomething,whichmaybeanobjectorsomekindofproperty.Ownershipisself-propagating:Ifanobjectisownedbysomeone,anyadditionalgoodsproducedbyusingthatobjectwillalsobeownedbythesameperson.Thus,themoreapersoncanownoracquirethroughmoney,themoreheorshewillgenerateotherthingstobeownedbyhimorher.Ownershipiscentraltoandfacilitatesthedevelopmentofsocialsystems.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation1)CorporateOwnershipInbusiness,corporateownershipiscriticalasitdetermineswhocontrolsthefactorsofproductionownedbythatcorporationandthuswhoownstheoutputs.Companiesororganizationsusuallyownfactories,ormoregenerally,thecapital,andthematerialsusedtoproduce.Theyhireemployeesbuttheydon’townemployees—theydohowevercontrolwhatissometimescalledhumancapitalorhavesomeexclusiverighttoindividualcapital(creativity,talent).Companiesthatissuestocksareofficiallyownedbystockholders,andCEOsarehiredbythemtorunthecompanies.CEOsthemselvesdonotownthecompanies,eventhoughtheymayhavemorecontrolandinvolvementthanthe“real”owners,thestockholders.Executivesofsmallcompaniesareoftenalsostockholders.Whethertheymakemajordecisionslikemergers(合并),orwhethertheyholdactualstock,linemanagementmakesdailydecisions,andmaynotbedirectlyanswerabletothe“real”owners.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation2)IntellectualOwnershipOwnershipofideasorplansorstrictlysensoryworksisalwaysacomplicatedissue.Useofpatentsandcopyrightlawsinmodernsocietyhasintroducedownershipfornon-materialthingsusuallyonatemporarybasis.Thisisamixedblessing,providingrewardtoinnovators,butalsogreatlyrestrictingthefreeflowofideasandinformation(afactwhich,accordingtosomecritics,willhurtinnovationinthelongrun).BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation2.Formsofbusinessownership

Oneofthefirstdecisionsthatyouwillhavetomakeasabusinessownerishowthecompanyshouldbestructured.Inmakingachoice,youwilltakeintoaccountthefollowing：Yourvisionregardingthesizeandnatureofyourbusiness.Thelevelofcontrolyouwishtohave.Thelevelof“structure”youarewillingtodealwith.Thebusiness’svulnerabilitytolawsuits.Taximplicationsofthedifferentownershipstructures.Expectedprofit(orloss)ofthebusiness.Whetherornotyouneedtore-investearningsintothebusiness.Yourneedforaccesstocashoutofthebusinessforyourself.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation1)SoleorSingleProprietorships（獨(dú)家所有經(jīng)營(yíng)) Thevastmajorityofsmallbusinessesstartoutassoleproprietorships.Thesefirmsareownedbyoneperson,usuallytheindividualwhohasday-to-dayresponsibilityforrunningthebusiness.Soleproprietorsownalltheassetsofthebusinessandtheprofitsgeneratedbyit.Theyalsoassumecompleteresponsibilityforanyofitsliabilitiesordebts.Intheeyesofthelawandthepublic,youareoneinthesamewiththebusiness.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationAdvantagesofaSoleProprietorship☆I(lǐng)tistheeasiestandleastexpensiveformofownershiptoorganize.☆

Soleproprietorsareincompletecontrol,andwithintheparametersofthelaw,maymakedecisionsastheyseefit.☆

Soleproprietorsreceiveallincomegeneratedbythebusinesstokeeporreinvest.☆

Profitsfromthebusinessflowthroughdirectlytotheowner’spersonaltaxreturn.☆

Thebusinessiseasytodissolve,ifdesired.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationDisadvantagesofaSoleProprietorship☆Soleproprietorshaveunlimitedliabilityandarelegallyresponsibleforalldebtsagainstthebusiness.Theirbusinessandpersonalassetsareatrisk.☆

Soleproprietorsmaybeatadisadvantageinraisingfundsandareoftenlimitedtousingfundsfrompersonalsavingsorconsumerloans.☆

Soleproprietorsmayhaveahardtimeattractinghigh-caliberemployees,orthosethataremotivatedbytheopportunitytoownapartofthebusiness.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation2)Partnerships（合伙經(jīng)營(yíng))

InaPartnership,twoormorepeopleshareownershipofasinglebusiness.Likeproprietorships,thelawdoesnotdistinguishbetweenthebusinessanditsowners.ThePartnersshouldhavealegalagreementthatsetsforthhowdecisionswillbemade,profitswillbeshared,disputeswillberesolved,howfuturepartnerswillbeadmittedtothepartnership,howpartnerscanbeboughtout,orwhatstepswillbetakentodissolvethepartnershipwhenneeded.It’shardtothinkabouta“break-up”whenthebusinessisjustgettingstarted,butmanypartnershipssplitupatcrisistimesandunlessthereisadefinedprocess,therewillbeevengreaterproblems.Theyalsomustdecideinadvancehowmuchtimeandcapitaleachwillcontribute,etc.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationAdvantagesofaPartnership

☆Partnershipsarerelativelyeasytoestablish;howevertimeshouldbeinvestedindevelopingthepartnershipagreement.☆

Withmorethanoneowner,theabilitytoraisefundsmaybeincreased.☆

Prospectiveemployeesmaybeattractedtothebusinessifgiventheincentivetobecomeapartner.☆

Thebusinessusuallywillbenefitfrompartnerswhohavecomplementaryskills.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationDisadvantagesofaPartnership☆Partnersarejointlyandindividuallyliablefortheactionsoftheotherpartners.

☆

Profitsmustbesharedwithothers.

☆

Sincedecisionsareshared,disagreementscanoccur.☆

Someemployeebenefitsarenotdeductiblefrombusinessincomeontaxreturns.☆

Thepartnershipmayhavealimitedlife;itmayenduponthewithdrawalordeathofapartner.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation3)Corporations（股份) Acorporationisconsideredbylawtobeauniqueentity,separateandapartfromthosewhoownit.Acorporationcanbetaxed;itcanbesued;itcanenterintocontractualagreements.Theownersofacorporationareitsshareholders.Theshareholderselectaboardofdirectorstooverseethemajorpoliciesanddecisions.Thecorporationhasalifeofitsownanddoesnotdissolvewhenownershipchanges.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationAdvantagesofaCorporation☆Shareholdershavelimitedliabilityforthecorporation’sdebtsorjudgmentsagainstthecorporations.☆Generally,shareholderscanonlybeheldaccountablefortheirinvestmentinstockofthecompany.☆Corporationscanraiseadditionalfundsthroughthesaleofstock.☆A(yù)corporationmaydeductthecostofbenefitsitprovidestoofficersandemployees.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation

DisadvantagesofaCorporation☆Theprocessofincorporationrequiresmoretimeandmoneythanotherformsoforganization.☆

Corporationsaremonitoredbyfederal,stateandsomelocalagencies,andasaresultmayhavemorepaperworktocomplywithregulations.☆

Incorporatingmayresultinhigheroveralltaxes.Dividendspaidtoshareholdersarenotdeductiblefrombusinessincome,thusthisincomecanbetaxedtwice.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformation3.ForeignrelatedbusinessstructuresinChina

ThecurrentChineselawrecognizesthreetypesofbusinessentitiesthathaveforeigninterest.Theseareasfollows：

Type1:AForeignRepresentativeOffice

Thiswastheearliestandforatimethepredominantformofforeignrelatedentitythatwas/isallowedtodobusinessinChina.Aforeignrepresentativeoffice,alsocalledRepofficeasitiscommonlycalled,canonlyperformliaisonworkbetweentheforeignparentandlocalbusinesses.ARepofficecannotgeneraterevenueinChinaandcannotsignorenterintoanytypesofrevenuegeneratingcontractswithlocalbusinesses.ItissolelyacommunicationsvehiclethathelpsitsparentcompanytodobusinesswithChineseclients.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationAdvantage:It’seasytoestablish,visibleandlooksgood.Disadvantage:Itcannotoperateasarevenue-generatingbusiness,andcanbeexpensiveandhasnegativetaxconsequences.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationType2:AJointVenture(JV)Company

Thisusedtobethepredominantbusinessvehicleforforeigncompanies.Theforeigncompanyprovidestheproduct,themoneyandsometimesthemanagementexpertise,theChinesecompanyprovidesthelocalconnectionsnecessaryforgovernmentapprovalandlocalmarketexpertiseandthetwocompaniessplitanyprofits.InChina,aJVisarecognizedcorporateentity,whichisapartnershipbetweentheforeigninvestorandthelocalChinesepartner.However,theJVisacorporateentityandnotapartnershipinthewesternlegalsense.AJVcanconductbusinessinChinalikeanyotherbusinessalthoughtherearecertainindustriesthatonlypermit100%Chinesecompanies.WithChina’sentryintotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),thecountryisbecomingmoreandmoreopentoforeignbusinesses.AJVcanenterintoavastmajorityofChineseindustries.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationAdvantage:Itgainsimmediatemarketentrywithlocalmarketexpertiseandunderstandingoflocalpracticeandrequirements.Disadvantage:Ithastheshareddecision-makingpower,whichsometimesresultedinconflict,delayorconfusion.Frequently,ithaslessefficientuseofresourcesandisslowindecision-making.BackgroundInformationUnit2OwnershipBackgroundInformationType3:AWhollyForeignOwnedEnterprise(WFOE)

AWFOEisa100percentwhollyownedforeignsubsidiarythatdoesbusinessinChina.ThisisbecomingincreasinglythevehicleofchoiceforforeigndirectinvestmentinChina.TheWFOEisaregisteredlocalcompanybutitsdifferencefromotherlocalcompaniesisits100%foreignownership.

Advantage：Ithastheabsolutedecision-makingpower,andcanbequickerindecisionmaking.Ithasmorecontrolovercompanyoperationsandusemoreofwesternbusinesscustoms.Mostimportant,thereisnosharingofprofits.

Disadvantage：Itlackslocalknowledge,andhaslesslocalgovernmentconnections,soithaslessabilitytoinfluencegovernmentpermit,taxandotherdecisions.Thiscanbemitigatedbyusingexpertassistance,hiringqualifiedlocalmanagersandbuildingaqualitystaff.NewWordsandExpressionsUnit2OwnershipNewWordsandExpressionsNewwordsandExpressionsNotesLanguageandCultureFocusNewwordsandExpressionsNewwordsandExpressionsUnit2Oprietorship

n. ownership所有權(quán)2.corporation

n. abodyofpeoplepermittedbylaw toactasasinglepersonfor purposeofbusiness(有限)公司3.debt

n. moneyyouowetosomebody債4.legal

a. inaccordancewiththelaw合法的5.formality

n. anactinaccordancewiththelawor custom正式手續(xù)NewwordsandExpressionsNewwordsandExpressionsUnit2Ownership6.liable

a. responsibleaccordingtolaw有責(zé)任的liability:n.thestateofbeingliable責(zé)任7.specify

v. tostatesomethinginanexactanddetailedway詳細(xì)說(shuō)明;具體說(shuō)明8.dissolve

v. tobringsth.toanend解散9.withdrawal

n. taking(money)outof(abank)取(錢)10.stockholder

n. (US)onewhoownsstocksofabusiness;shareholder(UK)股東11.dividend n.periodicalpaymentofinterestsonsharestoshareholdersinabusinesscompany紅利NewwordsandExpressionsUnit2OwnershipNewWordsandExpressions12.federal

a. baseduponapoliticalsysteminwhichaunionofstatesretainspowersofgovernmentoversomeinternalaffairs聯(lián)邦的13.range

v. (from)varybetweenlimits（在一定范圍內(nèi))變動(dòng)14.differ

v. tobeunlike與……不同15.conglomerate

n.alargebusinessfirmthatcontrolstheproductionofgoodsofverydifferentkinds企業(yè)集團(tuán)16.define

v. togivethemeaningofsomething解釋NewwordsandExpressionsUnit2OwnershipNewWordsandExpressions17.assets

n. thetotalproperty,money,etc.thatmaybesoldtopayadebt資產(chǎn)18.represent

v. tomakeup;amountto達(dá)到19.dominate

v. tohavecontrol(over)支配；控制20.banking

n. thebusinessofabankorabanker銀行業(yè)21.petroleum

n. amineraloilobtainedfrombelowthesurfaceoftheearth,andusedtoproducegasolineandvariouschemicalsubstances石油NewwordsandExpressionsUnit2OwnershipNewWordsandExpressions22.utility

n. publicservicesuchasthesupplyofwater,electricity,gas,etc.公用事業(yè)23.offset

v. tomakeupfor抵消NewwordsandExpressionsUnit2OwnershipNewWordsandExpressions1.startwith tohave…asabeginningoratthebeginning以……開(kāi)始；以……著手2.closedown

tocausetostopoperation倒閉3.runoutof tohavenomoreofsomething用完4.consistof

tobemadeupof由……構(gòu)成5.inmostcases nearlyalways多數(shù)情況下6.beliablefor

toberesponsiblefor為……負(fù)責(zé)7.accountfor toamountto;tomakeup達(dá)到;占8.haveanadvantageover tohaveabetterpositionor opportunity.對(duì)……具有優(yōu)勢(shì)NewwordsandExpressionsUnit2OwnershipNewWordsandExpressions9.gointodebt tohave…asabeginningoratthebeginning以……開(kāi)始；以……著手10.nomorethan

only;innogreaterdegreethan僅僅;不過(guò)11.intheextentof

withinthelimitsof在……范圍內(nèi)12.beconsideredas toberegardedas被認(rèn)為13.bedefinedas tobeexplainedpreciselyas被解釋 為NotesNotesUnit2Ownership1.serviceenterprises:enterprisesrangefrombanking,telecommunicationstotheprovisionofmealsinrestaurants.Theenterprisesprovideorsellserviceratherthanmakeproducts.2.beautyparlor:ashopwherehairdressing,facials,andmanicuresaredone.3.limitedliability:responsibilitylimitedbyacontract.Corporationsenjoylimitedliability,sothatinvestorsriskonlytheamountoftheirinvestmentandnottheirentireassets.4.totalcorporateassets:prietorshipLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Oprietorship

n.

ownership.所有權(quán)e.g.Asoleproprietorshipessentiallymeansapersondoes businessinhisorherownnameandthereisonlyone owner.［相關(guān)詞］proprietor/proprietress

n.anownerofabusiness,aninvention.所有人；業(yè)主；老板e(cuò).g.newspaperproprietors報(bào)紙的老板們 I’vewrittenacomplainttotheproprietorofthehotel.corporationLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership2.corporation

n.

abodyofpeoplepermittedbylawtoactasasinglepersonforpurposeofbusiness.（有限)公司；法人；社團(tuán)e.g.MaryworksforalargeAmericancorporation. amultinationalcorporation theBritishBroadcastingCorporation（BBC)英國(guó)廣播公司［相關(guān)詞］corporate ①adj.

collective.團(tuán)體的；全體的 e.g.corporateresponsibility集體責(zé)任②adj.oforbelongtoacorporation.公司的；法人的

e.g.corporateimage法人形象 corporateculture公司文化debtLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership3.debt

1)n.somethingowedtosomeoneelse.債；債務(wù) e.g.adebtof100yuan payone’sdebt還債2)n.thestateofowing;thedutyofrepayingsomething. 負(fù)債的情況；還債的義務(wù)；恩情Weoweyouadebtofgratitudeforyourhelp.承蒙幫 助，不勝感激debtLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership［相關(guān)搭配］outof/indebt:還清債務(wù)/負(fù)債e.g.I’mheavilyindebtatthemoment,buthopetobeoutofdebtwhenIgetpaid. I’llalwaysbeindebttoyouforyourhelp.runintodebt:欠債e.g.Ifwespendmorethanourincomewe’llrunintodebt.nationaldebt:國(guó)債baddebt:壞賬debtornations:債務(wù)國(guó)startwith...LanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership4.startwith...:

tobeginsomethinginaparticularway,ortobegininaparticularway.從……開(kāi)始

e.g.Thefestivitiesstartedwithahugefireworksdisplay. Theyusuallystartdinnerwithsoup.legalLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership5.legal

1)adj.allowedormadebylaw.法律允許的；法定的；合法的e.g.Don’tworry,it’squitelegal!Schoolingisalegalrequirementforchildrenoverfiveyearsoldin Britain.2)adj.oforusingthelaw.（有關(guān))法律的e.g.alegalmattertakelegalaction打官司［相關(guān)詞］illegaladj.非法的legalityn.合法性；法律性e.g.Iwouldquestionthelegalityofthegovernment’sdecision.legalizevt.tomakelegal使合法化；使得到法律認(rèn)可e.g.Willthegovernmentlegalizecannabis（大麻)?legalLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership［相關(guān)搭配］

legalaid:法律援助legaltender:法定貨幣legalperson:法人［辨析］legal，lawful&legitimatelegal:anyactionwhichisallowedbylawislegal.e.g.It’slegalforpeopleover18tobuyalcohol.“Legal”alsomeans“connectedwiththelaw”.e.g.thelegalprofession法律專業(yè)lawful:existingaccordingtolawandsuggeststhatthelawhasmoralor religiousforce. e.g.alawfulmarriage合法婚姻 yourlawfulking你們合法的國(guó)王legitimate:acceptedbylaw,custom,orcommonbelief. e.g.thelegitimategovernment合法的政府legitimateact正當(dāng)行為legitimatereason正當(dāng)理由formalityLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership6.formality

1)n.anactinaccordancewithlaworcustom.正式手續(xù)e.g.Thereareafewformalitiestogothroughbeforeyouenteraforeigncountry,suchasshowingyourpassport.2)n.anactlikethisthathaslostitsrealmeaning.形式上的措施e.g.Thewrittenpartoftheexamisjustaformality;nooneeverfailsit.closedownLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership7.closedown:tocausetostopoperation.倒閉e.g.Thegovernmentplanstoclosedown10coalmines.Smallshopsareclosingdownbecauseoffiercecompetition.runoutofLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership8.runoutof:

touseallone’ssupplies;havenomore.用完；沒(méi)有了e.g.“Canyougivemeacigarette?”“Sorry,I’verunout.”I’mafraidwe’verunoutofpetrol.I’mrunningoutofpatience.consistofLanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership9.consistof:tobemadeupof.由……組成e.g.TheUnitedKingdomofBritainconsistsofGreatBritainand NorthernIsland. Chinaconsistsof23provincesandseveralautonomous regions. Thisbookconsistsoffivechapters.［相關(guān)詞］consistin:tohaveasabase;dependon.在于；存在于e.g.ThebeautyofVeniceconsistslargelyinthestyleofits ancientbuildings.in...case（s)LanguageandCultureFocusUnit2Ownership10.in...case（s):in...occasion/situation.在……情況下 e.g.Theymaynotoffermemuchmoney.Inthatcase（=if thathappens),Iwon’ttakethejob. I’mnotsupposedtoletanyonein,butI’llmakean exceptioninyourcase. Inmost