講解-無機(jī)化合物命名II201609

第4課NomenclatureofInorganicCompounds（II）Vocabulary

polyatomicadj.多原子的sulfaten.硫酸鹽v.使變?yōu)榱蛩猁},硫酸酯sulfiten.亞硫酸鹽,亞硫酸酯chloraten.氯酸鹽molybdaten.鉬酸鹽molybdenatearsenaten.砷酸鹽nitriten.亞硝酸鹽hypochlorousn.次氯酸perchloricacidn.高氯酸bicarbonaten.重碳酸鹽bisulfaten.硫酸氫鹽oxalaten.草酸鹽binoxalate草酸氫鹽Hypo-表示“在...之下,亞,次,次于,不足,從屬于”之義hypochrome減色團(tuán)hypomanganate

次錳酸鹽hyponitritehyponitrous連二次硝酸的hypophosphate

連二磷酸鹽hypophosphite

次磷酸鹽hyposulfite

次硫酸鹽,硫代硫酸鈉hypovanadate

次釩酸鹽Per-表示“通,總，過”之義Peracidperacidity過酸性perhalide全鹵化物Bi-表示“有二的,雙邊的”之義bisymmetry兩側(cè)對稱,二軸對稱bixylyl聯(lián)二甲苯基bicyanate重氰酸鹽,酸性氰酸鹽-ic----ate-ous----itehypo---ous,hypo--iteper---ic,per---atepyro-焦bi-di-重ortho-正，原，鄰；meta-偏，間；para-對，tere-對thio-Na2S2O3sodiumthiosulfatesulfo-sodiumsulfosulfateChloro-fluoro-iodo-H2SO5persulfuricacidH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacid

H2SO2hyposulfurousacidHNO4pernitricacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHNO

hyponitrousacidH2S2O7pyrosulfuricacid,disulfuricacidH2Cr2O7dichromicacidpyrochromicacidHMnO4permanganicacidH2P2O7pyrophosphoricaciddiphosphoricacidH3PO4phosphoricacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidH2ShydrosulfuricacidHCNhydrocyanicacidH3AlO3aluminicacidorthoaluminicacidHAlO2

metaaluminicacidH6SO6orthosulfuricacidH5PO5orthophosphoricacidH4SiO4orthosilicicacidH2S2O3thiosulfuricacidsulfosulfuricacidNamingAcids1.非含氧酸氫某酸hydro+成酸元素詞干+icacidHClhydrochloricacidHFhydrofluoricacidH2ShydrosulfuricacidHCNhydrocyanicacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（1）原酸或正酸成酸元素詞干+icacidH2SO4sulfuricacidHNO3nitricacidH3PO4phosphoricacidHClO3chloricacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（2）高酸per+成酸元素詞干+icacidHMnO4permanganicacidHClO4perchloricacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（3）亞酸成酸元素詞干+ousacidHNO2nitrousacidH3PO3phosphorousacidHClO2chlorousacidH2SO3sulfurousacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（4）次酸hypo+成酸元素詞干+ousacidH3PO2hypophosphorousacidHClOhypochlorousacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（5）焦酸pyro+成酸元素詞干+icacidH4P2O7pyrophosphoricacidH2S2O7pyrosulfuricacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（6）偏酸meta+成酸元素詞干+icacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidH2SiO3metasilicicacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（7）硫代酸t(yī)hio+成酸元素詞干+icacidH2S2O3thiosulfuricacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（8）過氧酸peroxy+成酸元素詞干+icacidH2S2O8peroxydisulfuricacidNa2O2SodiumperoxideNamingAcids高酸per+成酸元素詞干+ic正酸成酸元素詞干+ic亞酸成酸元素詞干+ous次酸hypo+成酸元素詞干+ous焦酸：pyro+成酸元素詞干+ic偏酸：meta+成酸元素詞干+ic硫代酸：

thio+成酸元素詞干+ic

過氧酸：peroxy+成酸元素詞干+ic

Table1Namesandformulasofselectedternarycompounds.

FormulaNameFormulaNameNa2SO3

SodiumsulfitePbCrO4

Lead(II)chromateNa2SO4SodiumsulfateH2SO4

HydrogensulfateK2CO3

PotassiumcarbonateCu2SO4

Copper(I)sulfateorcuproussulfateAl2(SO4)3

AluminumsulfateCuSO4

Copper(II)sulfateorcupricsulfateKClO3

PotassiumchlorateLi3AsO4

LithiumarsenateFeSO4Iron(II)sulfateorferroussulfateNaNO2Sodiumnitrite

Fe2(SO4)3

Iron(III)sulfateorferricsulfateZnMoO4

ZincmolybdateZincmolybdenateFormulaCommonStockNaClO4SodiumperchlorateNaClO3SodiumchlorateNaClO2SodiumchloriteNaClOSodiumhypochloriteK2Cr2O7PotassiumdichromateFe2(SO4)3FerricsulfateIron(Ⅲ)sulfateCu3(AsO4)2CupricarsenateCopper(Ⅱ)arsenateCr(OAc)3ChromicacetateChromium(Ⅲ)acetate含氧酸鹽（某酸某）NamesofSomeOxy-Salts規(guī)律：陽離子+陰離子Base（堿）FormulaStockCommonCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideSn(OH)2tin(Ⅱ)hydroxidestannoushydroxideSn(OH)4tin(Ⅳ)hydroxidestannichydroxideFe(OH)2iron(Ⅱ)hydroxideferroushydroxideFe(OH)3iron(Ⅲ)hydroxideferrichydroxideNamesofSomeBases規(guī)律：陽離子+氫氧根Bi(OH)2NO3(bismuthdihydroxynitrate)Al2(OH)4CO3（aluminiumcarbonatebasic）1.saltplusbasic（鹽+堿）。2.（陽離子+希臘前綴+hydroxy+希臘前綴+陰離子）BasicSalt（堿式鹽）3.（陽離子+希臘前綴+陰離子+希臘前綴+陰離子）Ca(OH)2CO3(calciumdihydroxidecarbonate)Cu2(OH)2CO3cuprichydroxidecarbonate(SbO)2SO4stibiumoxidesulfateBi2O2(CO3)bismuthdioxide

carbonateBiOClbismuthoxychlorideWOBr4tungstenoxytetrabromideWO2Br2tungstendioxydibromide

HfOCl2hafniumoxydichloride復(fù)鹽：KAl(SO4)2potassiumaluminiumsulfateKFe(SO4)2

potassiumferricsulfate(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2ammoniumferroussulfateMgNH4PO4MagnesiumammoniumphosphateNaKSO4Sodiumpotassiumsulfate復(fù)鹽水合與無水：

KAl(SO4)2·12H2Opotassiumaluminiumsulfate12-water(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2Oammoniumferroussulfate6-waterAlCl3·6H2OaluminiumchloridehexahydrateAlCl3aluminiumchlorideanhydrate

Ternarycompound Ternarycompoundscontainthreeelementsandconsistofanelectropositivegroup,whichiseitherametalorhydrogen,andapolyatomicnegativeion.Wewillconsiderthenamingofcompoundsinwhichoneofthethreeelementsisoxygen.Ingeneral,innamingternarycompoundsthepositivegroupisgivenfirst,followedbythenameofthenegativeion.Rulesfornamingthepositivegroupsareidenticaltothoseusedinnamingbinarycompounds.Thenegativegroupusuallycontainstwoelements:oxygenandametaloranonmetal.Tonamethepolyatomicnegativeion,addtheendingsiteoratetothestemoftheelementotherthanoxygen.Thus,SO42-iscalledsulfate,andSO32-iscalledsulfite.Notethatoxygenisnotspecificallyincludedinthename,butisunderstoodtobepresentwhentheendingsiteandateareused.Thesuffixesiteandaterepresentdifferentoxidationstatesoftheelementotherthanoxygeninthepolyatomicion.Theiteendingrepresentsthelowerandtheate

thehigher

oxidationstate.Whenanelementhasonlyoneoxidationstate,suchasCincarbonate,theateendingisused.ExamplesofternarycompoundsandtheirnamesaregiveninTable8.5.Ternaryoxy-acids.Inorganicternarycompoundscontaininghydrogen,oxygen,andoneotherelementarecalledoxy-acids.Theelementotherthanhydrogenoroxygenintheseacidsisusuallyanonmetal,butinsomecasesitcanbeametal.Theous-icsystemisusedinnamingternaryacids.Thesuffixesousandicareusedtoindicatedifferentoxidationstatesoftheelementotherthanhydrogenandoxygen.Theousendingagainindicatestheloweroxidationstateandtheicendingindicatesthehigheroxidationstate.Tonametheseacids,weplacetheendingicorousafterthestemoftheelementotherthanhydrogenandoxygen,andaddthewordacid.Ifanelementhasonlyoneusualoxidationstate,theicendingisused.Hydrogeninaternaryoxy-acidisnotspecificallydesignatedintheacidnamebutitspresenceisimpliedbytheuseofthewordacid.Examples:H2SO3Sulfur/ousacid(Sis+4)H2SO4Sulfur/icacid(Sis+6)

Onceagain,theacidnameisassociatedwiththewatersolutionofthepurecompound.Inthepurestate,theusualternarynamemaybeused.Thus,H2SO4iscalledbothhydrogensulfateandsulfuricacid. Incaseswheretherearemorethantwooxy-acidsinaseries,theous-icnamesarefurthermodifiedwiththeprefixesperandhypo.Perisplacedbeforethestemoftheelementotherthanhydrogenandoxygenwhentheelementhasahigheroxidationnumberthanintheicacid.Hypoisusedasaprefixbeforethestemwhentheelementhasaloweroxidationnumberthanintheousacid.Theuseofperandhypoisillustratedintheoxy-acidsofchlorine.FormulaNameOxidationnumberofchlorineHClOHypochlorousacid+lHClO2Chlorousacid+3HClO3

Chloricacid+5HClO4Perchloricacid+7Examplesofotherternaryoxy-acidsandtheirnamesareshowninTable2.Table2Namesandformulasofselectedternaryoxy-acids.FormulaAcidnameFormulaAcidnameH2SO3SulfurousacidHNO3NitricacidH2SO4SulfuricacidHBrO3BromicacidH3PO2HypophosphorousacidHIO3IodicacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidH3BO3BoricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidH2C2O4OxalicacidHNO2NitrousacidHC2H3O2AceticacidSalts Whenthehydrogenofanacidisreplacedbyametalionoranammonium(NH4+)ion,thecompoundformedisclassifiedasasalt.Therefore,wecanhaveaseriesofmetalchlorides,bromides,sulfides,sulfates,sulfites,nitrates,phosphates,borates,andsoon.SometernaryacidsandsaltsaregiveninTable3.Table3Comparisonofacidandsaltnamesinternaryoxy-compounds.AcidSaltNameofsaltH2SO4sulfuricacidNa2SO4CuSO4CaSO4Fe2(SO4)3SodiumsulfateCopper(II)sulfateorCupricsulfateCalciumsulfateIron(III)sulfateorFerricsulfateHNO3NitricacidHg(NO3)2Fe(NO3)2Mercury(II)nitrateormercuricnitrateIron(II)nitrateorferrousnitrateAcidSaltNameofsaltH3PO3PhosphorousacidK3PO3CrPO3Pb3(PO3)2PotassiumphosphiteChromium(III)phosphite

Lead(II)phosphiteH3PO4PhosphoricacidLi3PO4AlPO4Ba3(PO4)2LithiumPhosphateAluminumphosphateBariumphosphateHBrO3Bromic

acidNaBrO3Cd(BrO3)2Mg(BrO3)2SodiumbromateCadmiumbromateMagnesiumbromateSaltswithmorethanonepositiveion Saltsmaybeformedfromacidsthatcontaintwoormoreacidhydrogenatomsbyreplacingonlyoneofthehydrogenatomswithametalorbyreplacingbothhydrogenatomswithdifferentmetals.Eachpositivegroupisnamedfirstandthentheappropriatesaltendingisadded.AcidSaltNameofsaltH2CO3NaHCO3SodiumbicarbonateorSodiumhydrogencarbonateH2SNaHSSodiumhydrogensulfideorsodiumbisulfideH3PO4MgNH4PO4MagnesiumammoniumphosphateH2SO4NaKSO4