高級(jí)英語(yǔ)第六冊(cè)第三課課件

Unit3WallsandBarriers墻與屏障TheAuthor:EugeneRaskin(1909-USarchitect,playwright,composer:interestsrangingfrommusicandplaywritingtoarchitecturalscholarship;adjunctprofessoratColumbiafrom1936to1976;authorofArchitecturallySpeaking,SequeltoCities,andArchitectureandPeople.Composerofhitsong"ThoseWeretheDays,"(fromaRussianfolkmelodyin1968),hitNo.1ontheBritishchartsandNo.2ontheAmericancharts.diedat94inManhattanAwallisaverticalstructure,usuallysolid,thatdefinesandsometimesprotectsanarea.Mostcommonly,awalldelineatesabuildingandsupportsitssuperstructure,separatesspaceinbuildingsintorooms,orprotectsordelineatesaspaceintheopenair.Wallsareoftenseeninpopularculturerepresentingbarrierspreventingprogressorentry.TheGreatWallofChinaisaseriesoffortificationsmadeofstone,brick,tampedearth,wood,andothermaterials,generallybuiltalonganeast-to-westlineacrossthehistoricalnorthernbordersofChinainparttoprotecttheChineseEmpireagainstintrusionsbyvariousnomadicgroupsormilitaryincursionsbyvariouswarlikepeoplesorforces.BerlinWall

TheBerlinWall:abarrierconstructedbytheGermanDemocraticRepublic(GDR,EastGermany)startingon13August1961,thatcompletelycutoffWestBerlinfromsurroundingEastGermanyandfromEastBerlin.aworldwidesymbolofoppressionandisolation.ThefalloftheBerlinWallpavedthewayforGermanreunification,whichwasformallyconcludedon3October1990.Awallisdefinedasacontinuousandusuallyverticalandsolidstructureofstones,bricks,concrete,etc.,servingtoencloseorprotectordivideofftown,house,room,field,etc.Abarrierisdefinedasamaterialobjectthatservesasanobstructionoranobstacletopreventcommunicationortocheck(e.g.,theadvanceofanenemy).Intheolddays,wallswereerectedasbarriersagainstdangerfromwithoutandmostwallsinChinafunctionasbarriers.glasscurtainwallLeverHouse(completed1952),NewYorkCity.“TheLeverHouseinNewYorkCityis24storiesofshiningglassandstainlesssteel.”紐約利華(Unilever)公司辦公大廈,世界上第一座玻璃幕墻高層建筑.“TheSeagramBuilding,NewYorkCity,1956-1958,functionalismandeleganceofdesignexpressedinsteelframeandcurtain-wallconstruction.”西格拉姆大廈:位于美國(guó)紐約市中心,建于1954～1958年，共38層，高158米，總投資4億美元，設(shè)計(jì)者是著名建筑師密斯·凡·德·羅和菲利普·約翰遜。OrganizationoftheText1.Introduction:(Paras1-2)Thenegativeattitudeoftheauthor’sfathertowardmodernarchitecture(abankbuilding)Architectureisanexpressionofpeople’smentality.2.

Detaileddiscussionofthetopic(Paras3-10)A.Contrastbetweenpeople’sdifferentviewsofmoneyandreflectionofthisinthearchitecturaldesignsofbanks(3-5)

①Contrastofmoney,functionofthebankandformofarchitecture(3-4)②Conclusion:Architectureisamediumfortheexpressionofhumanbeliefsandattitudes(5)B.Contrastofclassicalandnewcriticismofarchitecture(6)C.Contrastbetweenprimitivesocietyandmodernsocietyinarchitecturaldesigns(7-10)①Attitudetowardthreatandhostilityfromtheworldofmen②Attitudetowardprivacy③Effectonarchitecture:Heavywallsareobsolete,moredelicatematerialsareusedinstead.3.Conclusion:Theformofarchitectureisdeterminedbyitsfunction.(Paragraph11)Para1tocatchsbdoingsth

/tocatchsbatsth

E.g.

Anystaffmemberinthistobaccocompanywillbesackedifheiscaughtsmoking.

Don’tlethimcatchyouatit.

I’vecaughtyouatyourtricksagain.Howdoesthebankat43rdSt.and5thAvelooklike?Aretheremanymodernbuildingsconstructedinthesimilarstyle?HowdidRaskin’sfatherreacttothebank?What’sthethingthathedisliked?Whyso?WhydoesRaskinbeginhisarticlewithhisfather’sresponsetothebank?Herehisfatherismadetorepresenttheearliergenerationandhisisavoicefromthepast.Raskin’sisavoiceofthepresent.Hebeginsbyquotinghisfatherandthenproceedstocontrasttheoldviewswiththemodernones.Raskinskillfullyemploys“comparisonsandcontrasts”tomakeacceptablehispositionthatarchitecturerevealsthewaywethinkaboutourrelationtotheoutsideworld,whichisthetopicoftheessay.Para2unnerve:makesomeoneloseself-control,confidenceorcourage使某人失去自制力、信心或勇氣E.g.:Hisencounterwiththeguarddoghadcompletelyunnervedhim.他遇上了警衛(wèi)犬，把他嚇壞了。

Hisnegativecommentsonmyessayunnervedme.unnervingadj.:upsetting,frighteningE.g.:Shefoundthewholeinterviewratherunnerving.她覺(jué)得整個(gè)面試都讓人氣餒。notsomuchsomethingassomething:notonethingbutrathersomethingelse不是…而是…E.g.:Sheisnotsomuchpoorascarefulwithmoney.她倒不是窮而是太在乎錢了。ParaphraseBroughtupintheoldtradition,myfatherisnaturallynotpreparedtoaccepttheideaofmodernarchitecture;hisobjectiontoit,Iwouldassume,indeedIshouldsayIamprettysure,isnotaresultofhisstrongdislikeofthephysicalbuildingitself,butratherthatofhisrefusaltochangehisattitudetowardsmoney.Ofcoursemyfatherstandsforthosewhowerebroughtupintheoldtradition.Tothem,alotofmodernarchitectureissimplynotsolidenough.Iguess,no.I’mquitesure,myfatherdislikedthebanknotbecausehethoughtthebuildingitselfisunpleasantbutbecausethearchitecturalstyleofthebankgoesagainsthisconceptionofmoney.

WhydoyouthinkRaskin’sfatherandpeopleofhisgenerationtakeanegativeattitudetowardabankwithglasswalls?Tothem,moneyisatangiblecommodity.Todepositmoneyinabankistokeepitinthesafethebankerprovides.Therefore,abankmustbesolidlyconstructedtoperformthisfunction.Abankwithglasswallsfallsshortoftheexpectationsofthesepeople.Para3tangible:substantiallyreal,material,beeasilyseen/felt/noticed

E.g:TheoppositionpartycriticizedthathisruleasthePrimeMinisterhadbroughtfewtangiblebenefitstothepoor.反對(duì)派批評(píng)說(shuō)他在任總理期間，并沒(méi)有給窮人帶來(lái)多少實(shí)質(zhì)性的利益。

TheXiamenMunicipalGovernmenthasplannedtodotenthingswhichtheybelievewillbringtangiblebenefitstothelocalpeople.…為民辦10件實(shí)事.

Theevidencetangiblysupportshisclaim.(有力地、大大地)bullion:goldorsilverinbulkorbars,beforeitismadeintocoins,etc.金或銀錠（條）heft:liftsomethinginordertojudgeorestimateitsweight舉起…以掂重量E.g.:pickastoneupandheftit撿起一塊石頭掂一掂有多重heftyadj.:ofconsiderateweight沉重的impregnable:unabletobebrokeninto;(figurative)unabletobedefeated攻不破的；固若金湯的；無(wú)懈可擊的；駁不倒的;堅(jiān)定的E.g.:Theyfeltsafebehindtheimpregnablewalls.Itwashisimpregnablebeliefthat“Honestyisthebestpolicy.”dwellin:existinE.g:Theredwellsinmeastrangefeelingthatallisnotright.我心中有一種奇怪的感覺(jué)，似乎事情并不全對(duì)頭。Compare:“todwellon/upon”,e.g.

Sofarwehavedweltonthenegativeelementsinthesituation.(考慮)Whywasitnecessaryforbanksinthepasttohaveheavywallsandbronzedoors?Ifabuilding’sdesignmadeitappearimpregnable,theinstitutionwasnecessarilysound,andthemeaningoftheheavywallasanarchitecturalsymboldweltintheprevailingattitudetowardmoney,ratherthaninanyaesthetictheory:Ifabuildingwasmadetolookinvulnerable,itwouldbeaccordinglyregardedasreliable,andthesignificanceofthethickwallswouldbemeasurednotbytheirartisticvalue,butbytheirseemingabilitytoprovideasafelocationformoney.(i.e.Thesignificanceoftheheavywallsdoesnotexistinitsaestheticvaluebutinitsfunctionalabilitytoprovideasafeplaceforpeopletoputmoneyin.)Para4excepting:由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的分詞介詞，用法較正式，含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)態(tài)意味，意為"把……除外“可用于句首，或用于not,without,always等詞后；其后常常用名詞或代詞

E.g.:ExceptingSundays,thelibraryisopendaily.

IthinkwemustkeepimprovingourEnglishnotexceptingthosewhohavemasteredit.Allthepeopleinmyfamilygotoworkeveryday,alwaysexceptingmyyoungestsister.Except:用于表示同類事物之間的關(guān)系，其意為"除……以外"、"除去"。exceptfor用于表示對(duì)主要部分的肯定和對(duì)局部的否定。它不表示同類事物之間的關(guān)系.：

E.g.:Smithisagoodman,exceptforhisbadtemper.

"除了……以外"。

Exceptforyou,Iwouldpasstheexam.如果不是你，我就會(huì)通過(guò)考試。exceptfor可置于句首，而except則不能.

E.g:EveryoneishereexceptTom.(或：ExceptforTomeveryoneishere.否定句中用except，肯定句式可以用exceptfor來(lái)替換.E.g.:Thisarticlehasnoblundersexceptafewmistakes.這篇文章除了一點(diǎn)小錯(cuò)外沒(méi)有大錯(cuò)。

Thisarticleisinstructiveexceptforafewblunders.這篇文章除了有些錯(cuò)誤外，是有教育意義的。Deficitspendingistheamountbywhichagovernment,privatecompany,orindividual'sspendingexceedsincomeoveraparticularperiodoftime,alsocalledsimply"deficit",or"budgetdeficit",theoppositeofbudgetsurplus.dash:amixtureofstylishness,enthusiasmandcourage;anold-fashionedusee.g.Herideswithacertainamountofdash.Thegeneralhadbothskillanddash.這位將軍智勇雙全。Allhisactivitiesshowedthesamedashandspirit.他的一切活動(dòng)都表現(xiàn)出同樣的干勁和氣魄。flair:naturalabilitytodosomespecialthing

天賦，資質(zhì)；特別的才能（本領(lǐng)、訣竅）E.g.:aflairformusic學(xué)習(xí)音樂(lè)的天分

beimpressedbysb.’spoliticalflair

對(duì)某人的政治才干有深刻印象inviewof:considering;takingintoconsiderationheartily:inacheerfulway;here,completelyandabsolutelyE.g.:I’mheartilytiredofthiskindofTVshowvault:arooforceilingmadebyanumberofarches;aroomwiththickwallsandaheavydoortoprotectitagainstfireandthieves,inwhichmoney,jewels,importantpapers,etc.,arekeptatabank拱頂;穹隆;金庫(kù)；保險(xiǎn)庫(kù)E.g.:thevaultofheaven天穹setout

e.g.Hesetouttounderstandwhytheplanhadfailed.(tobegin,undertake)Shesetoutatdawnfortown.(tostartajourney)setsth.out:toarrangeordisplaythings;topresentideas,facts,etc.e.g.We’llneedtosetoutsomechairsforthemeeting.Shesetoutthereasonsforherresignationinalongletter.

她寫了一封長(zhǎng)信說(shuō)明自己辭職的原因。Whatchanges,accordingtotheauthor,haveoccurredinpeople’snotionofmoney,inthefunctionofthebank,and,accordingly,initsarchitecturalfeatures?WhatpointdoesRaskinwanttoillustratebydealingwiththesechanges?Money:--usedtobeatangiblecommodity/cash;--beinglesstangiblenow,lesscashbeingused,beingreplacedlargelybycredit,productofimagination.Functionofthebank:

--provisionofasafebefore;--provisionofservicesnow.Architecturalstyleofbank:--usedtohaveanimpregnableappearance,withheavywalls,barredwindows&bronzedoors;enclosed;--hasbecomeacubicalcageofglass,thedoorbecomingawindowdisplay.Thepointillustrated:Thearchitecturalstyleofabankisnotsimplyamatterofaestheticconcern;itisareflectionofpeople’sprevailingconceptionsofmoney.Howdoyouunderstandtheobservation“adeficiteconomy,accompaniedbyhugeexpansion…”?Theprevailingpolicyofstimulatingtheeconomybyspendinginexcessofincome,togetherwiththetremendousgrowth/expansionofbusinesshasledustoregardmoneyassomethingintangible,somethingthatcanbecreatedbyimagination.Inotherwords,itseemsthatalotofbusinesscanbeconductedwithoutthepresenceofmoney.)目前流行的超前消費(fèi)以刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)的政策以及商業(yè)的高度發(fā)展，使得人們覺(jué)得錢是一種想象創(chuàng)造的產(chǎn)物。(赤字經(jīng)濟(jì)，虛擬經(jīng)濟(jì))融資所最重要的并不在于擁有多少現(xiàn)金，而在于具有多少膽略以及創(chuàng)造大數(shù)目的能力。Para5boast(sth;of/aboutsth;+that-clause)Ifyouboast,youtalkaboutsomethingthatyouhavedoneorsomethingthatyouowninawaythatshowsyouareproudorpleasedaboutit,usuallyexcessivelyproudorpleased.“thisbankbyitsarchitectureboastsofitsimaginativepowers”:thisbankwasproudofitsimaginativepowersprovided/stimulatedbyitsarchitectureoneandthesame:theverysame完全一樣的，同一個(gè)的E.g.:Oneandthesameideaoccurredtoeachofthem.他們每一個(gè)人都產(chǎn)生同樣的想法。Para6departfrom:deviatefrom,turnawayfrom(anacceptedortraditionalcourseofaction)背離，違反E.g.:Entertainmenttodaydepartsfromtheoldsters’conceptofentertainmentinmanyways.HowdoesRaskincontrast“classical”and“new”theoriesofarchitecture?Classicalarchitecturemeasuresexcellencebyformwithlittleregardtofunction.Thenewtheoryofarchitecturestressestheintegrationofformandfunction,especiallythefunctionofarchitectureasamanifestationofhumanmentality.Para7boulder:alargestoneoramassofrock巨礫adelimitedspace:aspacewithitslimitsfixeddelimit:determinethelimitsorboundariesof定…的界限；作為…的邊界E.g.:Thetwocountriessignedanagreementthatdelimitedtheboundarylineforthelong-disputedarea.illusory:deceivingandunreal;basedonanillusion虛假的，不可靠的；不實(shí)際的E.g.:baskinillusoryandtemporarysecurity陶醉在虛假而短暫的安全感之中

illusoryhopes不切實(shí)際的希望c.f.illusionary:ofillusion錯(cuò)覺(jué)（或幻覺(jué)、幻想等）的；造成錯(cuò)覺(jué)（或幻覺(jué)）的；錯(cuò)覺(jué)（或幻覺(jué)）般的E.g.:illusionarystageeffects造成錯(cuò)覺(jué)的舞臺(tái)效果preclude:preventfromhappening;makeimpossible排除；防止，杜絕；阻止，妨礙E.g.:Whathesaidseemedtoprecludeallpossibilitiesofdrawingupanidealplan.Barbedwireentanglementsprecludedthepossibilityofescape.有刺鐵絲網(wǎng)杜絕了逃跑的可能。

Theadoptionofonechoiceoftenprecludestheuseofanother.選取了一種常常就不得使用另一種了。

Theheavysnowprecludedmefromattendingthemeeting.大雪使我不能出席會(huì)議dissolution:theendingorbreakingupofanassociation,group,partnership,etc.解除，解散；瓦解E.g.:thedissolutionofapartnership合作伙伴關(guān)系的解除

thedissolutionofapoliticalparty政黨的解散

thedissolutionofatreaty條約的終止

thedissolutionofanempire帝國(guó)的瓦解Whatpointistheexampleintheparagraphsupposedtoillustrate?ThelastsentenceinPara.6i.e.,“wallsarenotsimplywallsbutphysicalsymbolsofthebarriersinmen’sminds.”Para8Whatdothewords“Andthen”atthebeginningoftheparagraphindicate?Theparagraphisacontinuationofthediscussionofwallsasbarrierscarriedoutintheprecedingparagraph,butfromanotheraspect.pry:looksecretlyatorfindoutaboutsomeoneelse’sprivatepossessionsoraffairs窺探；窺視，偷看vile:hateful;shameful;evil;lowandworthless卑鄙的，可恥的；邪惡的；骯臟的，污穢的E.g.:vilepractices無(wú)恥行徑

vilehabits惡習(xí)AnA`rabianpatio/courtyardpatio:anopenspacebetweenahouseandgarden,withastonefloor,usedforsittingoninfineweather庭院，天井，院子byengagingintheintimateactivities:bytakingpartintheprivateactivitiesengagein:takepartin;beinvolvedinE.g.:Mybrotherengagesinmarketingresearch.asagainst:incomparisonwithintricacy:thequalityorstateofbeingintricate;(oftenplural)somethingintricate錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，盤根錯(cuò)節(jié)；復(fù)雜精細(xì)；錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的事物；紛繁難懂之處

E.g.:Theseimprovementsincreasetheintricacyofthemechanisms.這些改進(jìn)使機(jī)械裝置更為機(jī)巧靈活。

beawareoftheintricaciesofthoseprocesses注意到那些工序錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的細(xì)節(jié)

teachsb.theintricaciesofcricket教某人紛繁而難掌握的板球技術(shù)要領(lǐng)are…illustrativeofthisattitude:explainthisattitudebeillustrativeof:explainE.g.:Herbehaviorisillustrativeofherkindheartednessandgenerosity.Asthewallsthemselves,thecomplicateddecorationsandthedeepthoughtscontainedinthemexplain/demonstratethisattitude,i.e.thecommonbeliefthatthebeautiesandvaluesoflifecanonlybeenjoyedprivatelyratherthanpublicly.WhatevidencedoesRaskingivetoprovethatpeopleinsomeMediterraneanculturesattachedgreatimportancetotheirprivatelifeandinnerworld?

Behavior---wentaboutinguardedlittersorveiled.Architecturalfeatures---surroundingwalls,roomsfacingapatio,etc.Decorativearts---intricateandrich.Philosophy---contemplative.Para9convention:generallyacceptedpractice,especiallywithregardtosocialbehavior慣例，行為準(zhǔn)則E.g.:Usingtherighthandtoshakehandsisaconvention.握手時(shí)用右手是一種慣例。

aslavetosocialconventions社會(huì)上各種清規(guī)戒律的奴隸cherish:keep(feelingsorides)firmlyinmind珍愛(ài)，珍視；愛(ài)；愛(ài)護(hù)E.g.:IdocherishourlastmeetinginHarbin.Itmeantsomuchtome.gofor:betrueof適用于E.g.:WhatIhavesaidaboutSmithgoesforyou,too.我說(shuō)的關(guān)于史密斯的話也適用于你。Howpeopleprotectthemselvesfromthehorrorfromoutsideinthepastandinpresent?walls/physicalbarriers:visible(past)law/socialconventions&othermeans:invisible(today)---Whenweencounterdanger/threaten,wenolongerrelyonarchitecturalbarriers/heavywalls/sthvisibletogetitundercontrol.Instead,wedependonsthinvisiblesuchaslawandmotorizedpolice.flick:(causeto)movewithalightquickblow啪地開(kāi)動(dòng)E.g.:flicktheswitch啪地一聲音打開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)

flickoffaradio啪地一聲把收音機(jī)關(guān)掉smallwonder:nowonder;itisnotsurprisingE.g.:WanghasbeenreadingvariouskindsofEnglishbooks.SmallwonderhehassuchalargeEnglishvocabularyandhewritessowellinEnglish.InwhichtwoaspectsoflifedoesRaskincontrastthemodernmenandtheirpredecessors?Inwhatwaydothedifferencesaffectarchitecture?attitudetowardthreatandhostilityfromtheworldofmen.attitudetowardprivacy.Effectonarchitecture:Heavywallsareobsolete,moredelicatematerialsareusedinstead.qualms:(usuallyplural)anuneasyfeelingofuncertainty,especiallyastowhethersomethingisright;misgivings懷疑;疑慮E.g.:Corruptofficialshavenoqualmsaboutgraft(貪污)andbribery(受賄).Hehad/feltnoseriousqualmsaboutconcealingtheinformationfromthepolice.他向警方隱瞞實(shí)情而并未感到十分不妥allthewayaround:completely;entirelyPara10Whyareglasswallsbecomingpopularinarchitecture?Thetraditionalfunctionsofwallshavechanged,andglasswallscanperformthefunctionswallsareexpectedtoperforminmodernarchitecture.What’smore,glasswallsadequatelyexpressthebeliefsofthemodernman.Para11beconsistentwith:beinagreementwithE.g.:Hisactionisalwaysconsistentwithhiswords.theeventualsolution:thesolutionwhichwilltakeplaceatlastasaresultTorepeat,itisnotouradvancedtechnology,butourchangingconceptionsofourselvesinrelationtotheworldthatdeterminehowweshallbuildourwalls.Again,thedecisivefactorthatinfluencesthedesignofawallisnottheadvancement/developmentofscienceandtechnology,butourever-changingattitudestowardsourownpositionintheworld.Modernpeoplebelievethatalltheproblemscouldbesolvedbythedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Sotheyareopen-mindedaboutwalls.I.e.webelieveinscience,sowetrustglasswalls,glasswallsarereliable,theyarewell-designed,theyareasstrongasheavywalls.Caststone:Peoplewholiveinglasshousesshouldnotthrowstones.Somethingmadeofglasscaneasilybreak;itisvulnerable;andweareallvulnerableindifferentways.Sometimesweforgetourownvulnerabilityand"throwstones"atotherpeopleintheformofcriticism.Apersonsays"Peoplewholiveinglasshousesshouldnotthrowstones"remindsusthatwetoohaveourownfaultsandweaknesses,andthatweshouldbecarefulhowwetreatotherpeople(withourwordsandactions)becausewecanallbeeasilyhurt.E.g.:"Lookatwhattimeitis...youarelateagain!"Answer:"Hey,howoftenare