報檢英語 - 第五章

InspectionandQuarantineDeclarationEnglishSunShengyongChapter5TheoriesandKnowledgeofInspectionandQuarantineUnit1GeneralProceduresinInternationalTrade1Beforeproceedingontothepracticalbusinesscommunicationininternationaltrade,it’sabsolutelynecessarytogetourselvesacquaintedwiththegeneralproceduresinthegame,withoutwhichwewouldbebutasmallboatstrivingagainstthewavesonthePacificwithoutaGPRS.Thereforethislectureistooffersomeframeworkknowledgeabouttheessentialissuesthatmaybeconcernedinourbusinesscommunication,butit’salsonecessaryforlearnerstobeadvisedthatthisbookisnotintendedtofocusoninternationaltrade,andthereforecannotgointogreatdetailsaboutithere.Solearnersshouldrefertoothermaterialsforsuchfurtherdetailswhentheygetpuzzledwithandinterestedinsomeoftheissueddiscussedinthislecture.1.1Generalexportprocedures1.1Aswemaybemoreoftenengagedinexportbusiness,wewouldfirstbeginwiththegeneralprocedureforexport.Inanexportbusiness,thefirststepistogetsufficientmarketinformationrangingfromthemarketdemandoftheproductstobehandled,thegeographicaldistribution,thetechnicalrequirementsorotherspecialpreferences,totheavailabilityofsuchproductstogetherwiththeirqualityandpriceinformation,etc.It’snoexaggerationtosaythatsufficientmarketinformationishalfsuccessinbusiness.Butthisstepisnotalwaysnecessarywhenweareorthinkwearewellinformedalready.1.2Generalimportprocedures1.21marketinvestigation2inquiry3quotation,offer4creditinquiry5counteroffer6concludingcontracts7importlicense8applyingforL/C9openingL/C10transferringL/C11shipment

1.212negotiation13shipmentadvice14transferringdocuments15documentsagainstpayment16entrustingimportcustomsdeclaration17importdeclaration18takingdeliveryofthegoods19settlementofdisputes1.3Tradeterms1.3PricetermsininternationaltradeisdefinedasTradeTermswhichdeterminesthetermsonwhichthetradingpartiesconcludetheirdealsandassigntheduties,obligationsandrisksintheprocess.Therearethreecommonlyavailableinternationalconventionsontradeterms.ThefirstistheWarsaw-OxfordRules1932establishedbyInternationalLawAssociation(anon-profitorganizationbasedinGreatBritainthat-accordingtoits2004constitution-promotes“thestudy,clarificationanddevelopmentofinternationallaw”and“thefurtheranceofinternationalunderstandingandrespectforinternationallaw”)in1932./International+Law+Association1.3AnotheroneisRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941establishedbyAmericancommercialfirmsin1919andrevisedin1941atanationalconference.ThemostwidelyacceptedandadoptedinternationalconventionontradetermsisINCOTERMS(orInternationalCommercialtermsareaseriesofinternationalsalesterms,publishedbyInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)andwidelyusedininternationalcommercialtransactions.1.3Theseareacceptedbygovernments,legalauthoritiesandpractitionersworldwidefortheinterpretationofmostcommonlyusedtermsininternationaltrade),establishedbyInternationalChamberofCommerce(businessorganizationwithmembershipfromover80countries.TheyworktoharmonizetradepracticesworldwidebyestablishingagreeduponrulessuchasIncotermsandUniformCustomsandProceduresforDocumentaryCredits).ItsfullnameisInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTermsoriginatingin1936andrevisedfivetimesin1953,1967,1976,1980and1990.Thelatestversionof2010cameintoeffectin2011whichconsistsof11tradeterms.1.3Termsforanymodeormodesoftransport:EXW-ExWorks(namedplaceofdelivery)FCA-FreeCarrier(namedplaceofdelivery)CPT-CarriagePaidTo(namedplaceofdestination)CIP-CarriageandInsurancePaidto(namedplaceofdestination)DAT-DeliveredAtTerminal(namedterminalatportorplaceofdestination)DAP-DeliveredAtPlace(namedplaceofdestination)DDP-DeliveredDutyPaid(namedplaceofdestination)1.3Termsforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport:FAS-FreeAlongsideShip(namedportofshipment)FOB-FreeOnBoard(namedportofshipment)CFR-CostandFreight(namedportofdestination)CIF-Cost,InsuranceandFreight(namedportofdestination)1.4Paymentmethods1.4Mailtransfer(M/T)Thebuyergivesmoneytohislocalbankandthebankissuesatrustdeed(usuallyanM/TadviceoraPaymentorder)forpayment,thensendsittoacorrespondentbankattheseller’sendbymail,entrustingthebanktopaytheamounttotheseller.1.4TelegraphicTransfer(T/T)T/Tmeansacablemessagefromonebanktoanotherinordertoeffectthetransferofmoney.Attherequestofthebuyer,thelocalbanksendsatrustdeedforpaymentbycabledirectlytoacorrespondentbankattheseller’sendandentruststhatbanktopaytheamounttotheseller.^Glossary,InternationalTradeServices,FirstNationalBank1.4D/D(demanddraft)Thebuyerbuysabankdraftfromhislocalbankandsendsitbymailtotheseller.Onthebasisoftheabovebankdraft,thesellerorhisappointedpersongetsthemoneyfromtherelativebankathisend.Itincludesthefollowingstages:1.4Inourexportbusiness,theso-called“ShipmentfirstSettlementlater”methodisusuallyadopted,i.e.beforereceivingmoney,thesellerhandsovertheshippingdocumentsorgoods.Thenthebuyermakespaymentonhisowninitiative.Whetherthemoneycanbereceivedsuccessfully,inthefinalanalysis,itreliesonthebuyer’screditonly.Butthe“CashwithOrder”or“Cashbeforeshipment”methodismoreadvantageoustotheseller,asthebuyerfulfillshisobligationsofpaymentbeforereceivingthedocumentsorthegoods.1.4●Collection:D/P(documentsagainstpayment,D/A(documentsagainstacceptance)Collectionmeansthattheexporteraskshisbanktoarrangefortheacceptanceorpaymentofthebilloverseas，andthebankwillcarryhistaskthroughit’sownbranchofficeabroadoracorrespondentbank1.5Paymentbills1.5●Draft(billofexchange)ItisdefinedinChinaasabill(atrustdeed)issuedbythedrawerentrustingthepayertounconditionallypayacertainamounttothepayee(usuallythesellerorexporterininternationaltrade)orhisappointedpersonatthesightoforuponacertaindateafterthesightofthebill.InBritain,itisdefinedasawrittenentrustmentissuedbyonepersontoanotherforthelattertounconditionallypayacertainpersonorhisappointedagentortheholderofthedraftacertainamountatsightoruponacertainoragreeddateaftersightofthebill.1.5●PromissorynoteApromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyonepersontoanothersignedbythemaker，engagingtopay，ondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetime，asumcertaininmoneyto，ortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortoabearer.Promissorynoteisclassifiedintobanknoteandcommercialnote.Banknoteisissuedbythebank；butcommercialnoteisissuedbythebusinessortheperson.Specimenofapromissorynote1.5●Cheque/checkAchequeisanunconditionalorderinwritingdrawnonabankersignedbythedrawer，requiringthebankertopayondemandasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofspecifiedpersonortoabearer.Itisdividedintocashchequeandtransfercheque；crossedchequeandnon-crossedchequeUnit2BusinessCommunicationEssentials2.1Businesscommunicationprinciples2.1A.CourtesyB.ConsiderationC.CompletenessD.ClarityE.ConcisenessF.ConcretenessG.Correctness2.2Businesscorrespondencestructures2.2BusinessorCommercialEnglishCorrespondence(asinBritain)orBusinesswriting(asintheUnitedStates)referstolettersforbusinesspurposesandrangesfromletters,reportsandpostcardstotelexes/telegraphs,telephonecalls,faxmessages,andemails.GreatdifferenceshavenowdevelopedbetweentheBritishandtheAmericans,heletterhead,thesolutation,layoutofthemessage,thedictionandthecomplementaryclosing.2.2Asageneraltendency,theconservativeBritishpreferclassicalstylesandformaldictionwhiletheAmericansaremoredynamicandliberal.Thereforewe’dadopttheuniformQueen’sEnglishwhenaddressingcorrespondentsofBritishbackgroundandapttoAmericanEnglishwhenwritingtoAmericansorreadersofsuchtastes.Unit3BusinessStages3.1Inquiry3.1Inquiryisusuallymadebythebuyerswithoutengagementtogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeordered，suchasquality，quantity，price，deliverydateandotherterms.Inquirycanbedividedinto2kinds：3.1Invitationtomakeanoffer，e.g.，PLEASEOFFERNORTHEASTSOYABEANandBOOKABLEMAXAMBRANDDENTALCREAMLARGESIZEMAX10000GROSSPLSCBLLOWESTPRICEEARLIESTDELIVERYTIME.Invitationtomakeabid，e.g.NORTHEASTSOYABEANAVAILABLEPLEASEBIDandCANSUPPLYMAXAMBRANDDENTALCREAMUSD0.50PERPCMARSHPMTCBLRESPIFINTERESTED.3.2Offer3.2Offerisadeclarationofintenttoconcludeacontractwithotherparties.Thedeclarationshallcomplywiththefollowingstipulations：(1)Itscontentsshallbespecificanddefinite；(2)Itindicatesthattheofferorwillbeboundbyitupontheacceptanceoftheofferee3.3Counter-offer3.3Counter-offermeansthattheoffereedoesn'taccepttheofferwhollyandputforwardsomeadditions，modification，limitations，etc.astothebasictermsandconditionscontainedintheoffer.Iftheadditionalordifferenttermsdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance，unlesstheofferor，objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.3.3Ifhedoesnotsoobject，thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance3.4Acceptance3.4Acceptanceisadeclarationofintentoftheoffereetoassenttoanoffer.Acceptanceshallbemadebymeansofnotificationexceptthatitisbasedontransactionpracticesortheofferwhichindicatesanacceptancemaybemadebyperforminganact.Acceptanceshallreachtheofferorwithinthetimelimitfixedintheoffer.3.4Acceptancewithoutanytimelimitshallreachtheofferorinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions：(1)Iftheofferismadeindialogues，theacceptanceshallbemadepromptlyexceptasotherwiseagreeduponbytheparties；(2)Iftheofferismadeinformsotherthanadialogue，theacceptanceshallreachtheofferorwithinareasonableperiodoftime.3.5Quotationstrategies3.5Uniformquotationformsareasfollows:TO:ABCCO.ATTN:Mr.SmithSUBJECT:quotationonxxxitemsDATE:DearMrSmith,Thankforyourinquirybyfaxof________.Wearepleasedtoquoteyouourbestpricewithourtermsasfollows:3.5QUOTATIONPAYMENT:BYT/TORIRREVOCABLEANDCONFIRMEDL/CATSIGHTINOURFAVOR.TERMS:FOBWuhan.DELIVERY:WITHIN______DAYSAFTERTHERECEIPTOFYOURORDER.VALIDITY:DAYSFROMTHEDATEHEREOF.ITEMNO:ITEMDESCRIPTION:INDIVIDUALPACKING/CASEPACK:___PCS/___PCS,N.W.___,G.W.___,3.5MEAS:___cm(L)X___cm(W)X___cm(H)FOBPORTPRICE:REMARKS:Thanks&bestregards.XXXXCO.,LTD.SunShengyongUnit4ContractClauseConsultation4.1Paymentclauses4.1Supposesuchasituation:ChinaNationalImport&ExportCorp.,ShanghaiBranch,Shanghai,China,on30thJune,2004exportedtotheUnitedHardwareCo.,ViaFioravanti,40129Bologna,Italy.Thesellerwrotethefollowinglettertothebuyertoconsultaboutthepaymentclause.Dearsirs,WethankyouforyourorderNo.905for50metrictonsofEmeryPowderbutregretbeingunabletoacceptyourtermsofpaymentmentionedtherein.4.1Inourlastletterwesentyouacopyofourspecimencontractinwhicharecontainedthegeneralsalestermsandconditions.Ifyouhavegonethroughthespecimencontractyourwillseethatourusualtermsofpaymentarebyconfirmed,irrevocableletterofcreditinourfavor,availablebydraftatsight,reachingusonemonthaheadofshipment,remainingvalidfornegotiationinChinatillthe21stdayaftertheprescribedtimeofshipment,andallowingtranshipmentandpartialshipments.4.1Wealsomentionedinourletterof14thJunethatseveralbigItalianfirmshadalreadydonebusinesswithusaccordingtotheaboveterms.Wehopethereforethatyouwillnothesitatetocometoagreementwithusonpaymenttermssoastogetthefirsttransactionconcluded.Assoonaswehearfromyouintheaffirmativewewillsendyouthecontract,sothatthegoodscanbereadyforshipmentasrequested.Welookforwardtoreceivingyourfavorablereplysoon.YoursfaithfullyChinaNationalImport$ExportCorp.4.2Insuranceclauses4.2Firstofall,weneedtoknowofrisks&coverage.(1)freefromparticularaverage(F.P.A..,marinecargoinsurancethatdoesnotcoverpartiallossesorpartialdamageunlesscausedbythevesselbeingsunk,stranded,burned,onfire,orinacollision4.2Then,weneedtogetacquaintedwithstipulationsforinsurance.ICC=institutecargoclauseCIC=ChinaInsuranceClausecoverholdsthcoveredinsuredprincipalclaimspayableinLondondebitnoteforthepremiumMarineinsurancepolicyIOP=irrespectiveofpercentageW/W,CY-CY4.3Packingclause4.3Thespecificationsofpackageshouldbeconcreteandclear.Theterms，suchasseaworthypacking，customarypackingandseller’susualpackingcanonlybeusedforlong-termbusinesspartners.Thecharactersofgoods，thetraitsofdifferenttransportation，theshapesofgoodstochoosesuitablepackingshouldbeconsidered.Whentoappointmaterialsofpackage，typesofpackage，thespecificationsofpackage，wemustthinkabouttheactualneedsduringtransportation，storageandsales.4.3Thefeesofpackageshouldbepaidattentionto.Thenumberofcasesinsideshouldbedescribedindetails.Examples：Inwoodencasesof60kgsneteach；Innewsinglegunnybagsof40kgsneteach；Inclothbaleseachcontaining10pcs.of42yd；10piecestoabox，20boxestoanexportcarton；Inirondrumsof40kgsneteach.4.4Claimsclause4.4Claimmeansthatininternationaltrade，onepartybreaksthecontractandcauselossestotheotherpartydirectlyorindirectly，thepartysufferingthelossesmayaskforcompensationforthelosses.It’sademandmadeuponapersonorpersonsforpaymentonaccountofalosssustainedthroughitsnegligenceregardingquality,quantity,weightanddamagesorlostintransit.Thereare2mainkindsofcomplaintsorclaims.Thefirstisgenuinecomplaints.Itarisesfromthesituationsasfollow:4.4Thewronggoodsmayhavebeendelivered;Thequalitymayhavebeenfoundunsatisfactory;Theshipmentmayhavebeenfounddamaged,short,missingorlateThepriceschangedmaybeexcessiveornotasagreedThesecondisfalsecomplaints.It’smadebybuyerswhofindfaultwiththegoodsasanexcusetoescapefromthecontract.EitherbecausetheynolongerwantthegoodsOrbecausetheyhavefoundthattheycangetthemcheaperelsewhere4.4Thereare3kindsofsettlements:makingrefundandcompensatingfordirectlossesorexpenses,sellingthegoodsatlowerpricesandreplacingthefaultygoodswithperfectones,e.g.:4.4Incaseofqualitydiscrepancy,claimshouldbefiledbythebuyerswithin30daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatportofdestination,whileforquantitydiscrepancy,claimshouldbefiledbythebuyerswithin15daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatportofdestination.Inallcases,claimsmustbeaccompaniedbysurveyreportsofrecognizedpublicsurveyorsagreedtobythesellers.Shouldtheresponsibilityofthesubjectunderclaimbefoundtorestonthepartofthesellers,thesellersshall,within20daysafterreceiptoftheclaim,sendhisreplytothebuyerstogetherwithsuggestionforsettlement.4.5Transportationclause4.5Abillofladingisadocumentissuedbyacarriertoashipper,acknowledgingthatspecifiedgoodshavebeenreceivedonboardascargoforconveyancetoanamedplacefordeliverytotheconsigneewhoisusuallyidentified.Athroughbillofladinginvolvestheuseofatleasttwodifferentmodesoftransportfromroad,rail,air,andsea.Thetermderivesfromtheverb"tolade"whichmeanstoloadacargoontoashiporotherformoftransportation.4.6Arbitrationclause4.6Arbitrationisprocessofresolvingadisputeoragrievanceoutsideacourtsystembypresentingitfordecisiontoanimpartialthirdparty.Bothsidesinthedisputeusuallymustagreeinadvancetothechoiceofarbitratorandcertifythattheywillabidebythearbitrator'sdecision.Thearbitrationawardshallbebindingtobothparties.Unit5OperationofL/C5.1FeaturesandFunctionsofL/C

FeaturesandFunctionsofL/CLetterofcreditisastatementissuedbyabanktothebuyerofagoodstatingthatthesellerwillreceivepaymentontimeandinthecorrectamount.Ifthebuyerfailstomakepayment,thebankwilldosoonhis/herbehalf.Thebuyerpresentsaletterofcredittotheseller,whicheliminatestheriskthatthesellerwillnotbepaid.Lettersofcredithavebecomeverycommonininternationalcommerce,asdistanceandotherfactorsmakeitdifficultforsellerstoestablishthecreditworthinessofeverybuyer.5.2KeyL/Cterms

1)Amount2)Date&AddressofExpiry3)Thestipulationforshippingterms4)Theguaranteeoftheopeningbank5)Reimbursement6)Stipulationsfordocumentrequirement5.3L/Cdocuments5.3a.Drafts(BillofExchange)Draftisawrittenorderbyonepartyforasecondpartytomakepaymenttoathirdparty.thekindsofdrafts(1)availablebydraftsatsight(2)draft(s)tobedrawnat30dayssight

(3)sightdrafts(4)timedraftsDrawnclauses:*Alldraftsdrawnunderthiscreditmustcontaintheclause“DraftsdrawnUnderBankof…creditNo.…dated…”5.3*Draftsaretobedrawninduplicatetoourorderbearingtheclause“DrawnunderUnitedMalayanBankingCorp.Bhd.IrrevocableLetterofCreditNo.…datedJuly12,1978”*Draft(s)drawnunderthiscredittobemarked：“Drawnunder…BankL/CNo.……Dated(issuingdateofcredit)”*Draftsinduplicateatsightbearingtheclauses”Drawnunder…L/CNo.…dated…”*Draft(s)sodrawnmustbeinscribedwiththenumberanddateofthisL/C*Draft(s)bearingtheclause:”DrawnunderdocumentarycreditNo.…(shownabove)of…Bank”5.3b.InvoiceInvoiceisastatementgivenbyasellertoabuyeritemizingthesaleanddemandingpayment.Aninvoicemaybeforthesaleofagoodoraservice.Theinvoiceusuallystatesthenamesofthecounterpartiesandthegoodsand/orservicespurchased,andaddsanyapplicablesalestaxorVAT.Itmayalsoincludethetermsofsale,especiallyifitisacreditsale.Aninvoiceisalsocalledabilloraduebill5.3c.BillofLadingBillofLadingisacontractbetweenanexporterandatransportationcompanyinwhichthelatteragreestotransportthegoodsunderspecifiedconditionsthatlimititsliability.Itistheexporter'sreceiptforthegoodsaswellasproofthatgoodshavebeenorwillbereceived5.31)fullset3/3shipping(company's)cleanonboardbill(s)ofladingmarked“FreightPrepaid”toorderofshipperendorsedto…Bank,notifyingbuyers2)billsofladingmadeoutinnegotiableform3)cleanshippedonboardoceanbillsofladingtoorderandendorsedinblankmarked"FreightPrepaid"notify:importer(openers,accountee)4)fullsetofclean“onboard”billsoflading/cargoreceiptmadeouttoourorder/toorderandendorsedinblanknotifybuyersM/S…Co.callingforshipmentfromChinatoHamburgmarked“Freightprepaid”/“FreightPayableatDestination”5.35)billsofladingissuedinthenameof…6)billsofladingmustbedatednotbeforethedateofthiscreditandnotlaterthanAug.15,19777)billofladingmarkednotify:buyer,“FreightPrepaid”“Linerterms”“receivedforshipment”B/Lnotacceptable8)non-negotiablecopyofbillsoflading5.3d.CertificateofOriginCertificateofOriginisadocumentstatingthecountryinwhichaproductwasmanufactured.Manycountriesrequirecertificatesoforiginaspartofthepaperworknecessaryforimportinggoods.Thisisbecausemostnationsgivecertainothernationspreferentialordetrimentaltreatmentwithregardtotrade.Thatis,itmaychargenoorverylowtariffsonsomecountrieswhilechargingveryhightariffsonothers.5.3KindsofcertificateoforiginCertificateoforiginGeneralizedSystemofPreferenceCertificateofOriginCertificateofmanufacturer’sorigin(forVerificationofexportpaymentofexchangeandforexportdrawback)Documentspresentedfordrawback(threecopiesandtwodocuments):Thebankpresentstheformofforeignexchangesettlement,verifyinginstrument(thedrawbackcopy),exportcustomsdeclarationformandpurchaseinvoice5.3L/CStipulationsforCertificateofOrigin1)certificateoforiginofChinashowing,stating,evidencing,specifying,indicating,declarationof2)certificateofChineseorigin3)Certificateoforiginshipmentofgoodsof…originprohibited4)declarationoforigin5)certificateoforiginseparated6)certificateoforigin“formA”7)generalizedsystemofpreferencecertificateoforiginform“A”5.3e.PackinglistandweightlistClassificationsofpackinglists:PACKINGLIST,SPECIFICATIONLIST,WEIGHTLIST/WEIGHTMEMO,MEASUREMENTLIST,NEUTRALPACKINGLIST,PACKINGDECLARATION,PACKINGSPECIFICATION,PACKINGSUMMARY,WEIGHTCERTIFICATE,ASSORTMENTLIST.Names/descriptionofgoodsshouldcorrespondwithstipulationsoftheL/C.Thegrossweight,netweightandtotalgrossandnetweightshouldbelistedandthenumbersshouldcorrespondwithotherdocuments.5.3Generallytheunitpriceandthetotalamountarenotstatedandthenumberandissuingdateshouldcorrespondwiththeinvoice.L/Cstipulationsforpackinglist：1)packinglistdetailingthecompleteinnerpackingspecificationandcontentsofeachpackage2)packinglistdetailing…3)packinglistshowingindetail…4)weightlist,weightnotes5)detailedweightlist5.3F.InsurancepolicyInsurancepolicy，issuedbytheinsurer，isalegaldocumentssettingouttheexacttermsandconditionsofaninsurancetransaction---thenameoftheinsured，thenameofthecommodityinsured，theamountinsured，thenameofthecarryingvessel，thepreciseriskscovered，theperiodofcoverandanyexceptionstheremaybe.Italsoservesasawrittencontractofinsurancebetweentheinsurerandthepersontakingoutinsurance.5.3g.Otherdocumentsfullsetofforwardingagents’cargoreceiptairwaybillforgoodsconsignedto…quotingourcreditnumberparcelpostreceiptshowingparcelsaddressedto…a/caccounteeparcelpostreceiptevidencinggoodsconsignedto…andquotingourcreditnumbercertificatecustomsinvoiceonform59AcombinedcertificateofvalueandoriginfordevelopingcountriespurefoodscertificatecombinedcertificateofvalueandChineseorigin5.3adeclarationintermsofFORM5ofNewZealandforestproductimportandexportandregulations1966oradeclarationFORMtheexportertotheeffectthatnotimberhasbeenusedinthepackingofthegoods,eitherdeclarationmaybeincludedoncertifiedcustomsinvoiceCanadiancustomsinvoice(revisedform)allsignedininkshowingfairmarketvalueincurrencyofcountryofexportCanadianimportdeclarationform111fullysignedandcompleted5.4Thedocumentationoperationprocess5.4Thedocumentationoperationprocessisdividedintofivesteps：verification,calculation,allocation,makingandexaminationa.Thebasicrequirementsforforeigntradedocumentationb.SpecialcautionsintheoperationofL/Cpayment：Fortheproblemsmadebytheopeningbank,itisthebankthatisresponsiblefordealingwithforeignUnityandjustification.Beforetheresultcomesout,theexportercan’thandletheshipmentinahurryUnit6SummarizationofImportantTheoriesonInternationalTrade6.1Theoryofabsoluteadvantage6.1Absoluteadvantagereferstotheabilityofaparty(anindividual，orfirm，orcountry)toproducemoreofacommodityorservicethancompetitors，usingthesameamountofresources.Ifapartyhasanabsoluteadvantagewhenusingthesameinputasanotherparty，itcanproduceagreateroutput.TheconceptofabsoluteadvantageisgenerallyattributedtoAdamSmithforhis1776publicationAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNationsinwhichhecounteredmercantilistideas.Smitharguedthatitwasimpossibleforallnationstobecomerichsimultaneouslybyfollowingmercantilismbecausetheexportofonenationisanothernation’simportandinsteadstatedthatallnationswouldgainsimultaneouslyiftheypracticedfreetradeandspecializedinaccordancewiththeirabsoluteadvantage.Smithalsostatedthatthewealthofnationsdependsuponthegoodsandservicesavailabletotheircitizens，ratherthantheirgoldreserves.Absoluteadvantagedoesnottakeintoaccountopportunitycost.6.1Therefore，theoryofabsoluteadvantagewasdevelopedbyAdamSmith.Heobservedthatwhenonenationwasmoreefficientthan(orhadabsoluteadvantageover)anotherintheproductionofonecommoditybutwaslessefficientthan(orhadanabsolutedisadvantagewithrespectto)theothernationinproducingasecondcommodity，thenbothnationscouldgainbyeachspecializingintheproductionofthecommodityofitsabsoluteadvantageandexchangingpartofitsoutputwiththeothernationforthecommodityofitsabsolutedisadvantage.Generally，ininternationaltrade，countriesexportgoodsandservicesforwhichtheyhaveanabsoluteadvantageinandimportgoodsandservicesinwhichanothercountryhastheabsoluteadvantage.6.1Theearlylogicthatfreetradecouldbeadvantageousforcountrieswasbasedontheconceptofabsoluteadvantagesinproduction.AdamSmithwroteinTheWealthofNations，“aforeigncountrycansupplyuswithacommoditycheaperthanweourselvescanmakeit，betterbuyitofthemwithsomepartoftheproduceofourownindustry，employedinawayinwhichwehavesomeadvantage.”6.1Theideahereissimpleandintuitive.Ifourcountrycan