Airandwatersystems(空氣和水系統(tǒng))

PAGEPAGE25Airandwatersystems空氣和水系統(tǒng)Bydirectrefrigerationormorecommonlybytheintroductionofchilledwaterfromtheprimarycoolingsystemsorbyheattransferthroughawatertowaterexchanger.Todistinguishitfromtheprimarychilledwatercircuitthewatersideisusuallyreferredtoasthesecondarywaterlooporsystem.通過直接制冷或更常見的引入,冷凍水從主冷卻系統(tǒng)或通過傳熱通過水水換熱器。以區(qū)別于主要的一次冷凍水回路通常被稱為二次水環(huán)或系統(tǒng)。Individualroomtemperaturecontrolisobtainedbyvaryingthecapacityofthecoil(orcoils)withintheroombyregulationofeitherthewaterflowthroughitortheairflowoverit.Thecoilmaybeconvertedtoheatingserviceduringthewinterorasecondcoiloraheatingdevicewithinthespacemayprovideheatingcapacitydependingonthetypeofsystem.個人房間溫度控制是通過改變水流或空氣流在它的空間內(nèi)的盤管（或盤管）的能力得到。盤管可以被轉(zhuǎn)換到加熱的服務(wù)在冬季，在該空間內(nèi)的次要盤管或一個加熱裝置可提供加熱容量取決于系統(tǒng)的類型。Airandwatersystemsarecategorizedastwo-pipe.Andfour-pipesystems.Theyarebasicallysimilarinfunctionandallincorporatebothcoolingandheatingcapabilitiesforallseasonairconditioning.Howeverarrangementsofthesecondarywatercircuitsandcontrolsystemsdiffergreatly.空氣和水系統(tǒng)被歸類為雙管和四管系統(tǒng)。他們在功能上基本是相似的，都包括冷卻和加熱兩種能力對于所有季節(jié)空氣的調(diào)節(jié)。然而二次水回路和控制系統(tǒng)的安排差別很大。Air-WaterInductionSystem空氣-水感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)Thebasicarrangementforair-waterinductionunitsisshowninFig.9-12.Centrallyconditionedprimaryairissuppliedtotheunitplenumathighpressure.Theplenumisacousticallytreatedtoattenuatepartofthenoisegeneratedintheductsystemandintheunit.Abalancingdamperisusedtoadjusttheprimaryairquantitywithinlimits.空氣-水感應(yīng)單位的基本安排見圖9-12所示。中央空調(diào)一次空氣被供給到增壓室在高壓下。集氣室是被用來處理在管道系統(tǒng)和單元中產(chǎn)生的噪聲的減弱的。平衡阻尼器是用來調(diào)整一次空氣量在范圍內(nèi)的。Thehighpressureairflowsthroughtheinductionnozzlesandinducessecondaryairfromtheroomandoverthesecondarycoil.Thissecondaryairiseitherheatedorcooledatthecoildependingontheseason,theroomrequirement.OrbothOrdinarilynolatentcoolingisaccomplishedattheroomcoil.Butadrainpanisprovidedtocollectcondensedmoistureresultingfromunusuallatentloadsofshortduration.Theprimaryandsecondaryairaremixedanddischargedtotheroom.高壓空氣流經(jīng)感應(yīng)噴嘴并引起這個房間的二次空氣充滿次級盤管。此二次空氣是加熱或冷卻取決于季節(jié)和房間需求。潛在冷卻通常不是在房間的盤管中完成的。但排水盤被提供來收集短時間內(nèi)凝結(jié)濕氣導(dǎo)致的潛熱載荷。一、二次空氣被混合并排放到房間里。Inductionunitsareusuallyinstalledataperimeterwallunderawindow,butunitsdesignedforoverheadinstallationareavailable.Duringtheheatingseasonthefloor-mountedinductionunitcanfunctionasaconvectorduringoffhourswithhotwatertothecoilandwithoutaprimaryairsupply.感應(yīng)器通常是安裝在一個窗戶下的圍墻上,但器件設(shè)計是專為架空安裝是可用的。在供暖季節(jié)安裝在地板上的感應(yīng)單元可以起到一個熱空氣循環(huán)對流加熱器的作用，在下班時間用熱水的盤管，并沒有一次空氣供給。Fan-coilConditionerSystem風(fēng)機盤管空調(diào)系統(tǒng)Thefan-coilconditionerunitisaversatileroomterminalthatisappliedtobothair-waterandwater-onlysystems.Despiteshortcomingsinthequalityofairconditioningachievedwithwater-onlysystemsthefan-coilunitshavebeenmorecommonlyassociatedwiththatclassofsystemthanwithair-water.Manyofthestandardfeaturesoftheunitsareaccordinglyincorporatedintoitforwater-onlyapplications.風(fēng)機盤管空調(diào)系統(tǒng)是適用于空氣-水和僅水系統(tǒng)的多功能房間終端。盡管在空調(diào)水系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)了風(fēng)機盤管機組已更常見的這類系統(tǒng)比水相關(guān)的質(zhì)量缺陷。許多器件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)特點被因此納入因為全水系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用。Thebasicelementsoffan-coilunitsareafinned-tubecoilandafansection.Fig.9-13.Thefansectionrecirculatesaircontinuouslyfromwithintheperimeterspacethroughthecoil,whichissuppliedwitheitherhotorchilledwater.Inadditiontheunitmaycontainanauxiliaryheatingcoil.風(fēng)機盤管機組的基本要素是一個翅片管式盤管和風(fēng)機部分。圖9-13。風(fēng)機部分再循環(huán)空氣不斷從周邊空間通過盤管，其提供有熱水或冷水。此外，該器件可以包含一個輔助的加熱線圈。ALL-WATERSYSTEMS全水系統(tǒng)Electric-resistancetypebutwhichcanbeofthesteamorhot-watertype.Thustherecirculatedroomairiseitherheatedorcooled.電氣電阻式，但它可以是蒸汽或熱水型。因此，循環(huán)的室內(nèi)空氣被加熱或冷卻。Fan-coilunitcapacitycanbecontrolledbyregulationofcoilwaterflow.Airbypass,fanspeed,oracombinationofthese.Waterflowcanbethermostaticallycontrolledbyeitherreturnairorwallthermostats.Becauseoftheirlowercosttwo-positionvalvesareoftenusedforfan-coilapplicationsinsteadofmodulatingvalves.Watervalvesshouldnotbeusedforcontrolwhereapertureoutdoorintakesareused.Unlessfreezingofthecoilsispreventedifthefansareoperatingwhenwaterflowstops.Bypassdampersareavailableonsomeconditioners.Capacitycontrolisachievedbymodulationofadampertobypassallorpartoftheairaroundtheunitcoil.Fanspeedcontrolmaybeautomaticormanual.Automaticcontrolisusuallyon-offwithmanualspeedselection.風(fēng)機盤管機組容量可通過調(diào)節(jié)控制盤管的水流量?？諝馀酝ǎL(fēng)扇轉(zhuǎn)速，或這些的組合。水的流動可以通過回風(fēng)或墻上恒溫恒溫控制。雙位閥，由于其較低的成本常常被用于風(fēng)機盤管的應(yīng)用程序，而不是調(diào)節(jié)閥。水閥不能用于控制孔徑的攝入量是在戶外使用。除非盤管凍結(jié)，如果風(fēng)扇運行時水流停止阻止。在一些空調(diào)旁路阻尼器。用容量控制來實現(xiàn)由調(diào)制的阻尼繞過單元盤管周圍的空氣的全部或部分。風(fēng)扇轉(zhuǎn)速控制，可自動或手動。自動控制與手動速度通常是開關(guān)選擇。ALL-WATERSYSTEMS全水系統(tǒng)All-watersystemsarethosewithfan-coil,unitventilator,orvalance-typeroomterminals,withunconditionedventilationairsuppliedbyanopeningthroughthewallorbyinfiltration.Coolingandhumidificationareprovidedbycirculatingchilledwaterorbrinethroughafinnedcoilintheunit.Heatingisprovidedbysupplyinghotwaterdistributionthesameoraseparatecoilusingtwo-,three-,orfour-pipewaterdistributionfromcentralequipment.Electricheatingoraseparatesteamcoilmayalsobeused.Humidificationisnotpracticalinall-watersystemsunlessaseparatepackagehumidifierisprovidedineachroom.全水路系統(tǒng)是那些有風(fēng)機盤管、通風(fēng)器件或框架類型的房間終端，由通過墻上的開放或滲透提供無條件的通風(fēng)空氣。循環(huán)冷卻的水或鹽水通過翅片盤管的單位提供了冷卻和加濕。加熱是由相同的或單獨的盤管用兩、三個或四個管水分布從中央設(shè)備供應(yīng)熱水分布。也可使用電加熱或單獨蒸汽盤管。除非在每個房間中提供單獨的程序包加濕器加濕不實際全水系統(tǒng)中。Thegreatestadvantageoftheall-watersystemisitsflexibilityforadaptationtomanybuildingmodulerequirements.全水系統(tǒng)的最大優(yōu)勢是其靈活性，適應(yīng)許多建筑模塊的要求。Afan-coilsystemappliedwithoutprovisionforpositiveventilationoronetakingventilationairthroughanapertureisoneofthelowestfirst-costcentralstationtypeperimetersystemsinusetoday.Itrequiresnoventilationairducts.,iscomparativelyeasytoinstallinexistingstructures.andaswithanycentralstationperimetersystemutilizingwaterinpipesinsteadofairducts,itsuseresultsinconsiderablespacesavingthroughoutthebuilding.風(fēng)機盤管系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用于無正壓通氣或一個以通風(fēng)通過縫隙的配置是在今天使用的最低成本的中心式系統(tǒng)。它不需要任何通風(fēng)管道。安裝在現(xiàn)有的結(jié)構(gòu)，比較容易。如同任何中央系統(tǒng)利用水代替空氣管，在保證建筑的使用效果的同時相當(dāng)大的節(jié)省空間。All-watersystemshaveindividualroomcontrolwithquickresponsetothermostatsettingsandfreedomfromrecirculationofairfromotherconditionedspace.Thesesystemshaveremotechillingandheatingequipment.Whenfan-coilunitsareusedwiththethree-orfour-pipewaterarrangements,eachisitsownzonewithachoiceofheatingorcoolingatalltimesandnoseasonalchangeoverisrequired.All-watersystemscanbeinstalledinexistingbuildingswithaminimumofinterferenceintheuseofoccupiedspace.全水系統(tǒng)有單獨的房間控制通過自動調(diào)溫器的設(shè)置和不受其他空調(diào)空間的空氣循環(huán)影響，響應(yīng)迅速。這些系統(tǒng)有遠(yuǎn)程冷卻和加熱設(shè)備。當(dāng)風(fēng)機盤管使用三或四管水的布置，每一個都有它自己的區(qū)域選擇加熱或冷卻，在任何時候，沒有季節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換。所有的水系統(tǒng)可以安裝在現(xiàn)有建筑物空間中，對于建筑物的使用干擾很小。All-watersystemsasusuallyinstalleddonotmeettheconditionsofthedefinitionofairconditioninginASHRAEStandard55-74,ThermalEnviron-mentalConditionsforHumanOccupancy,becausetheylackhumiditycontrolandbecausethequantityofoutdoorairislimitedtotheeffectoftheexhaustfromtheroomandthesizeofthewallopening.全水系統(tǒng)安裝通常情況下是不符合空氣調(diào)節(jié)的條件的，在ASHRAE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)55–74條。環(huán)境熱度保護(hù)人類居住條件,因為他們?nèi)狈穸瓤刂?因為從室內(nèi)和一定尺寸的墻洞排出的廢氣對外部空氣的影響是被限制的。COMPLETEAIR-CONDITIONINGSYSTEMS完整的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)Thereisnopositiveventilationunlesswallopeningsareused,andtheseareaffectedbywindpressuresandstackactiononthebuilding.Specialprecautionsarerequiredateachunitwithanoutsideairopeningtopreventfreezingofcoilandpotentialwaterdamagefromrain.沒有正壓的通風(fēng),除非墻開洞,建筑中的風(fēng)壓和物品堆積對其有影響。對于與外界空氣有接觸的器件進(jìn)行特別的預(yù)防措施是必需的，為了防止盤管的凍結(jié)和下雨導(dǎo)致的水漬產(chǎn)生。Seasonalchangeoverisrequiredinmostclimates.Withatwo-pipesystem,zoningandpipingarerequiredtoreduceoperatingdifficultiesduringintermediateseasonswhenasun-exposedzonemayneedcoolingwhileotherzonesneedheat.Whenheating,unitscannotbeusedasconvectorsinunoccupiedroomsandfansmustbekeptrunning.在大多數(shù)氣候條件下季節(jié)性切換是必須的。使用雙管系統(tǒng)，分區(qū)和管道輸送都需要在中間季節(jié)交替的時候，以減少操作難度。太陽照射的區(qū)域可能需要冷卻，而其他區(qū)域需要加熱。加熱時，器件不能作為在無人居住的房間的散流器并且風(fēng)扇必須保持運行。Ifatwo-pipesystemhasonlyonepump,thesamequantityofhotandcoldwateriscirculatedeventhoughtherequirementsforeachmaybedifferent.Withthree-andfour-pipesystemshotandcoldwatermaybefurnishedthroughouttheyear.如果一個雙管系統(tǒng)只有一個泵,相同數(shù)量的熱水和冷水是循環(huán)的，雖然每個的需求是不同。三和四的管道系統(tǒng)冷熱水可以提供全年。Maintenanceandserviceworkhastobedoneintheoccupiedareas;astheunitsbecomeolderthefannoisecanbecomeobjectionable.Eachunitrequiresacondensatedrainlinethatperiodicallyhastobeflushedoutandcleanedcondensatedrainlinethatperiodicallyhastobeflushedoutandcleaned.Itisdifficulttolimitbacterialgrowthintheunit.Inextremelycoldweatheritisoftennecessarytoclosetheoutsideairdamperstopreventfreezingofcoils,reducingventilationairtothatobtainedbyinfiltration.Filtersaresmallandinefficientandrequirechangingtomaintainairvolume.維護(hù)和服務(wù)工作不得不完成在其占用區(qū),隨著器件成為舊風(fēng)扇噪聲的來源可以變得討厭。每個部件需要冷凝排水管,定期必須沖洗和清理冷凝排水管,定期必須沖洗和打掃。很難限制細(xì)菌生長在部件里。在極其寒冷的天氣常常需要關(guān)閉外部空氣閥門以防止凍結(jié)的盤管,減少通風(fēng)空氣通過滲透獲得。過濾器是小的,效率低下的,需要改變保持的風(fēng)量。Fan-CoilUnits(UnitVentilators)風(fēng)機盤管（通風(fēng)單元）Figure9-14showsatypicalair-conditioningunitventilatorequippedwithacombinationhot-chilledwatercoilforuseinatwo-pipesystem.Thistypeofunitisusuallyprovidedwithface-and-bypassdampersforcapacitycontrol.圖9-14顯示了一個典型的空調(diào)機組通風(fēng)機，裝配著一個組合盤管使用熱冷凍水在一個雙管系統(tǒng)中。這種類型的器件通常裝配有旁通調(diào)節(jié)閥為了能量調(diào)節(jié)。Figure9-15illustratesatypicalair-conditioningunitventilatorwithtwoseparatecoils,oneusedforheatingandtheotherforcoolingwithafour-pipesystem.Theheatingcoilmayusehotwater,orelectricity.Thecoolingcoilcanbeeitherachilledwatercoiloradirectexpansionrefrigerantcoil.Heatingandcoolingcoilsaresometimescombinedinasinglecoilbyprovidingseparatetubecircuitsforeachfunction.Insuchcasestheeffectisthesameashavingtwoseparatecoils.圖9-15示出了典型的空調(diào)機組通風(fēng)與兩個獨立的盤管，一個用于加熱和其他的冷卻用的四管系統(tǒng)。加熱盤管可以使用熱水或電力。在冷卻盤管可以是冷凍水盤管或直接膨脹制冷劑盤管。加熱和冷卻盤管有時通過提供單獨的管電路為每個功能結(jié)合在一個單一的盤管。在這樣的情況下，效果是相同的，具有兩個獨立的盤管。CentralEquipment中央設(shè)備Thetotalcoolingloaddeterminestheinstalledrefrigerationcapacityrequired.Itisgenerallylessthanthesumoftheindividualmoduleloadssincepeakdesignloadsdonotoccurinallmodulessimultaneously.Themaximumsolarheatgainvaluesusedtoselectthefan-coilunitsoccuroneachexposureatdifferenttimesofdayoryear.Innorthernlatitudesthemaximumdesignsolarloadonthesouthexposureoccursduringthefallandwintermonthswhenthesunisloweronthehorizon.Intermittentshadingofsunlitexposuresalsoinfluenceszoneloads.總冷負(fù)荷確定需要安裝的制冷能力。它一般是小于各個模塊的負(fù)荷的總和，因為峰值設(shè)計載荷同時在所有模塊中不發(fā)生。發(fā)生在每一天或一年的不同時間暴露在選擇風(fēng)機盤管的最大太陽能熱增益值的。在北緯地區(qū)朝南的太陽能電池的最大設(shè)計負(fù)荷發(fā)生在秋季和冬季，當(dāng)太陽在地平線上。間歇陰影陽光照射的暴露也影響區(qū)的負(fù)荷。Thetotalheatingloaddeterminestheinstalledheatingcapacity.Sincemaximumheatingcapacitycalculationsarebasedontheabsenceofsolarload,totalheatingloadwillgenerallyequalthesumofindividualmoduleheatingloads.總加熱負(fù)載確定所安裝的加熱能力。由于在沒有太陽能電池的負(fù)載，最大加熱能力的計算是基于總的加熱負(fù)荷，一般會等于單個模塊加熱負(fù)載的總和。Whiletotalloadcalculationsmustbemadeproperlyforselectionorthecentralequipment,itisalsonecessarytodeterminehowtheseloadswillvaryoverthefullrangeofoutdoortemperaturetodeterminehowtheseloadswillvaryovertherangeofoutdoortemperaturetochecktheequipmentperformanceatpart-loadconditions.Thisloadinformationisalsovaluableindeterminingsupplywatertemperatureschedulestotheroomfan-coilunitsandwhereaircoolingortheuseorheatbalanceprinciplecanbeapplied.雖然總負(fù)載計算必須作出適當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇或中央設(shè)備，它也是必要的，以確定如何將這些負(fù)載會有所不同的全范圍內(nèi)的室外溫度，以確定如何這些載荷將隨室外溫度范圍檢查設(shè)備在部分負(fù)荷條件下的性能。在確定供水溫度時間表的房間風(fēng)機盤管和空氣冷卻或使用，或熱平衡原理可以應(yīng)用于此負(fù)載信息也是有價值的。Dependingonsystemvariationsthecentralequipmentrequiredforafan-coilsystemincludessomeorallofthefollowingitems:(1)waterchillers,(2)primarywaterpumps,(3)waterheaters，（4)zonewaterpumps,(5)ventilationairheaters,（6）auxiliaryheatexchanges,(7)servicevalves,(8)controlvalvesandcontrols,(9)waterandcondensatepipingand(10)coolingtowersandhumidifiers.根據(jù)系統(tǒng)變化中央設(shè)備所需的風(fēng)機盤管系統(tǒng)包括一些或所有下列事項:(1)冷水機組,(2)主水泵,(3)熱水器，(4)帶水泵,(5)通風(fēng)空氣加熱器,(6)輔助熱交換,(7)服務(wù)閥,(8)控制閥門和控制,(9)水和冷凝水管道(10)冷卻塔和加濕器。UNITARYANDROOMAIRCONDITIONERS單一的房間空調(diào)Unitaryairconditioners單元式空調(diào)機Unitaryairconditioningequipmentconsistsoffactorymatchedrefrigerantcyclecomponentsforinclusioninair-conditioningsystemsthatarefielddesignedtomeettheneedsoftheuser.單元式空氣調(diào)節(jié)設(shè)備由工廠匹配的制冷劑循環(huán)的組成部分列入了空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)場設(shè)計，以滿足用戶的使用需求。Thefollowinglistofvariationsisindicativeofthevastnumberoftypesofunitaryairconditionerspresentlyavailable.1、arrangement:singleorsplit2、heatrejection:aircooled,evaporativecondenser,watercooled3、unitexterior:decorativeforin-spaceapplication,functionalforequipmentroomandducts,weatherproofedforoutdoors4、placement:floorstandingwallmounted,ceilingsuspended5、indoorair:verticalupflow,counterflow,horizontal,90and180degreeturns,withfan,orforusewithforcedairfurnace6、locations:indoor-exposedwithplenumsorfurredinductwork,concealedinclosets,attics,crawlspaces,basements,garages,utilityrooms,orequipmentrooms;wall-builtin,window,transom;outdoor-rooftop,wallmounted,oronground7、heat:intendedforusewithupflow,horizontal,orcounterflowforcedairfurnace,combinedwithfurnace,combinedwithelectricalheat,combinedwithhotwaterorsteamcoil下面列出的變化是廣大類型的單元式空調(diào)目前的指標(biāo)。

1，安排：單個或分割

2，散熱：空氣冷卻，蒸發(fā)式冷凝器，水冷卻

3，單位外部：裝飾空間的應(yīng)用，設(shè)備機房和管道的功能，戶外防水

4，放置：落地式壁掛式，吊頂式

5，室內(nèi)空氣：垂直上升流，逆流，水平，90和180度的轉(zhuǎn)彎，配有風(fēng)扇，用于空氣強制對流

6，地點：室內(nèi)需要東西隱藏管道系統(tǒng)，可以藏在壁櫥，閣樓，低矮空間，地下室，車庫，雜物間，設(shè)備間，建筑的墻里，窗，橫梁，戶外如屋頂，墻壁上，或地面

7，熱：用于使用與上流的，水平的，或逆流強制對流，與暖氣爐相結(jié)合，結(jié)合電加熱，結(jié)合用熱水或蒸汽盤管Unitaryairconditionersascontrastedascontrastedtoroomairconditionersaredesignedwithfancapabilityforductwork,althoughsomeunitsmaybeappliedwithplenums.單元式空調(diào)機對比房間空氣調(diào)節(jié)器的設(shè)計與風(fēng)扇風(fēng)管的能力，但也有一些單位可能會都安裝。Heatpumpsarealsoofferedinmanyofthesametypesandcapacitiesasunitaryairconditioners.熱泵也提供許多相同的類型和能力作為整體式空調(diào)。Packagedreciprocatingandcentrifugalwaterchillerscanbeconsideredasunitaryairconditionersparticularlywhenappliedwithunitary-typechilledwaterblowercoilunits.包裝的往復(fù)式和離心式冷水機組可以被認(rèn)為是單元式空調(diào)機，特別是當(dāng)使用了單一型的冷凍水風(fēng)機盤管。Figure9-16depictsasinglepackageairconditionerwhilefig.9-17showsatypicalresidentialsplitsystem.圖9-16描繪了一個單獨整體式空調(diào)器，而圖9-17顯示了一個典型的住宅分體式系統(tǒng)空調(diào)。Thenearlyinfinitecombinationofcoilconfigurations,evaporatortemperatures,airhandlingarrangements,refrigeratingcapacities,andothervariationsthatareavailableincentralsystemsarerarelypossiblewithunitarysystems.Consequentlyinmanyrespectsahigherlevelofdisighingenuityandperformanceisrequiredtodevelopsuperiorsystemperformanceusingunitaryequipmentthanforcentralsystems.幾乎無限的組合盤管配置,蒸發(fā)器溫度、空氣處理安排,制冷能力,和其他的變化,可在中央系統(tǒng)很少有統(tǒng)一的系統(tǒng)。因此，在許多方面都需要更高層次的的智慧和性能卓越的系統(tǒng)性能比中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)使用統(tǒng)一的設(shè)備。Theneedforzoningiswidelyrecognizedbecauseitisdesirabletogivetheoccupantsomecontroloverhisenvironmentbothduringnormaloccupancyandoutsidenormaloperatinghours.Unitaryequipmenttendstofallautomaticallyintoazonedsystemwitheachzoneservedbyitsownunit.Theroomconditionercarriesthisconcepttorelativelysmallrooms.分區(qū)的需要得到廣泛認(rèn)可，最好是給住戶均在正常使用和正常工作時間以外的環(huán)境控制。單一設(shè)備趨于下降到一個分區(qū)自動系統(tǒng)與每個區(qū)由它自己的單位服務(wù)。房間空調(diào)器這個概念進(jìn)行相對較小的房間。Forlargesinglespaceswherespaceswherecentralsystemsworkbesttheuseofmultipleunitsisoftenanadvantagebecauseofthemovementofloadsourceswithinthelargerspace,givingflexibilitytomanysmallerinterlockedandindependentsystem.對于大型單一空間,中央系統(tǒng)的使用通常比多個單元多一個優(yōu)勢,因為較大的空間內(nèi)的運動的負(fù)載源，許多較小的互鎖和獨立的系統(tǒng)提供靈活性。Recognizingthataroommaybeassmallasatelephoneboothorlargerthanasupermarket,roomswithlessthan0.5ton(1.8kw)orover25tons(88kw)coolingloadareseldomconditionedbytheirownsingleunitinmultipleunitsystems.認(rèn)識到一個房間可以小到一個電話亭或大于一個超市,房間還有不到0.5噸(1.8KW)或超過25噸(88KW)冷卻負(fù)荷很少受制于自己的單一機組在多個單元系統(tǒng)中。RoomAirConditioners房間空調(diào)Aroomairconditionerisanencasedassemblydesignedasaunitprimarilyformountinginawindow,throughawall,orasaconsole.Theseunitsaredesignedtoprovidecomfortthroughcoolingandtoprovidedeliveryofconditionedairtotheroomeitherlackingductsorhavingveryshortducts..Theyincludeaprimesourceofrefrigeration,dehumidification,meansforcirculatingandcleaningair,andmayalsoincludemeansforforventilating,andorexhaustingandheating.房間空調(diào)器是作為一個整體設(shè)計的一臺主要用于安裝在一個窗口，通過在墻上，或作為控制臺。這些單位的目的是提供舒適的冷卻，并提供冷氣的房間，要么缺乏管道或有很短的管道..他們包括制冷，除濕的主要來源，裝置，用于循環(huán)和凈化用空氣，并且還可以包括裝置，用于通風(fēng)或排氣加熱。UNITARYANDAIRCONDITIONERS單一的空調(diào)Thebasicfunctionofaroomairconditioneristoprovidecomfortbycooling,dehumidifying,filteringorcleaning,andcirculatingtheroomair.Itmayalsoprovideventilationbyintroducingoutdoorairintotheroom,andbyexhaustingtheroomairtotheoutside.Theconditionermayalsobedesignedtoprovideheatingbyreversecycle(heatpump)operation,bysteamorhotwatercoils,orbyelectricresistanceelements.Figure9-18showsaschematicviewofatypicalroomairconditioner.房間空調(diào)器的基本功能是通過冷卻除濕，提供舒適，過濾或凈化室內(nèi)空氣使之循環(huán)。它也可以通過引入室外空氣進(jìn)入室內(nèi)提供通風(fēng)，并排出室內(nèi)空氣到外面?？照{(diào)也可以被設(shè)計為提供反循環(huán)加熱（熱泵）操作，通過蒸汽或熱水盤管。圖9-18所示為一個典型的房間空調(diào)器的示意圖。Through-The-WallConditionerSystems穿墻空調(diào)系統(tǒng)Athrough-the-wallsystemusesanair-cooledroomairconditionerdesignedformountingthroughthewallandnormallycapableofprovidingboththeheatingandcoolingfunction.Designandmanufactureparametersvarywidely.Specificationgradesrangefromappliancegradethroughheavydutycommercialgrade.Thelatteriscalledapackagedterminalairconditioner.一種通過墻系統(tǒng)采用風(fēng)冷房間空調(diào)器設(shè)計為通過墻通常能夠提供加熱和冷卻功能安裝。制造參數(shù)設(shè)計有很大的不同。規(guī)范等級范圍從電器等級通過重型商用級。后者被稱為組裝式終端空調(diào)器。Thethrough-the-wallconceptincorporatesacompleteaircooledrefrigerationandairhandlingsysteminanindividualpackage,itutilizesspacenormallyoccupiedbythebuildingwallforequipmentwiththeremainderprojectinginsidetheroom.通過墻的概念包含了一個完整的風(fēng)冷制冷和獨立包裝的空氣處理系統(tǒng)，它利用通常占據(jù)的建筑物墻體與其余房間內(nèi)設(shè)備空間投影。Eachpackagedterminalairconditionerhasaself-contained,direct-expansioncoolingsystem,heatingcoil(electric,hotwater,orsteam),andpackagedcontrols.Figure9-19showsatypicalunit:itconsistsofacombinationwallsleeveandroomcabinet.Combinationheatingandcoolingchassis,andoutdoorlouver.每個組裝式終端空調(diào)有一個獨立的，直接膨脹制冷系統(tǒng)，加熱線圈（電，熱水，或蒸汽），和包裝控制。圖9-19顯示了一個典型的單位：它由一個組合墻套管和內(nèi)閣室。組合的加熱和冷卻的底盤，室外百葉窗。Theinitialcostofthethrough-the-wallsystemofairconditioninginthemultiroomapplicationsforwhichitmostadvantageousisconsiderablylessthancentralsystemsadapatedtoprovidesimultaneousfunctionsofeitherheatingorcoolingineachroomundercontroloftheroomoccupants.Withathrough-the-wallsystemofheatingandairconditioning,considerablespaceissavedbyeliminatingbothductworkandequipmentrooms.初始投資成本，通過墻式空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，在多房間應(yīng)用，同時提供功能的加熱或冷卻的每間客房的房間居住者的控制下。隨著通過墻式供暖和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，大量的節(jié)約了空間，消除管道和設(shè)備占用房間空間。Thethrough-the-wallsystemislimitedtomultizonesystemsandgenerallycannotbeusedeconomicallyinlargespacesrequiringmorethanthreeunitsperzone.However,wherethepackagedterminalair-conditionersystemiscoordinatedwithawell-designedcoresystem,itcanbeeconomicallyusedforlargeofficeareaswhileallowingformaximumflexibilityinmovingpartitions.limitationofthrough-the-wallunitsismorelikelytobegovernedbytheabilityoftheunittothrowtheairacrosstheroom.通過墻上的系統(tǒng)僅限于多層的系統(tǒng)，一般不能用在很大的空間，需要超過三個單元區(qū)。然而,組裝式終端空調(diào)系統(tǒng)是配合一個精心設(shè)計的核心系統(tǒng),它可以用于大型辦公區(qū)域，同時允許最大的靈活性在移動分區(qū)。限制通過墻上的單位更可能是由單位的能力把空氣穿過房間。Through-the-wallsystemsarebestappliedinmultizoneapplications.Thetypesofbuildingsinwhichthesystemismostgenerallyappliedareasfollows:high-riseofficebuildingsHigh-risemotelsandhotelsHigh-riseapartmentsanddormitoriesSchoolsandothereducationalbuildingsHospitalsandnursinghomes穿過系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用于多層是最好的。這個類型的建筑中,最普遍應(yīng)用的系統(tǒng)如下:1、高層辦公樓2、高層汽車旅館和酒店3、高層公寓和宿舍4、學(xué)校和其他教育建筑5、醫(yī)院和療養(yǎng)院HEATPUMPSYSTEMS熱泵系統(tǒng)Inadditiontothehigh-risebuildingsthesystemlendsitselfwelltosmalltonnageapplicationsandlow-risebuildingsinthesamemarketcategoriesasinhigh-risebuildings.除了高層建筑系統(tǒng)非常適用于小噸位的應(yīng)用程序和低層建筑在同一市場類別如高層建筑。Thissystemisalsoapplicableforrenovationofexistingbuildingsbecauseallorpartoftheexistingheatingsystemcanstillbeutilized.Thereislessdisruptionandconstruction-forcedsacrificeofrentablespacethanwithalternativesystems.Theresultisanautomaticallycontrolledheatingsystemandacompletelyself-containedcoolingsystemwithpressureventilationair.該系統(tǒng)也適用于對現(xiàn)有建筑的改造,因為所有或部分現(xiàn)有供熱系統(tǒng)仍然可以被利用。有更少的破壞和建設(shè)被迫犧牲的可出租的空間比替代系統(tǒng)。結(jié)果是一個自動控制加熱系統(tǒng)和一個完全獨立的冷卻系統(tǒng)壓力通風(fēng)空氣。HEATPUMPSYSTEMS熱泵系統(tǒng)Thetermheatpumpasappliedtoyear-roundair-conditioningsystemscommonlydenotesasysteminwhichrefrigerationequipmentisusedinsuchamannerthatistakenfromaheatsourceandgivenuptotheconditionedspacewhenheatingserviceiswantedandisremovedfromthespaceanddischargedtoaheatsinkwhencoolinganddehumidificationaredesired.Thethermalcycleisidenticalwiththatofordinaryrefrigeration,buttheapplicationisequallyconcernedwiththecoolingeffectproducedattheevapratorandtheheatingeffectproducedatthecondenser.Insomeapplicationsboththeheatingandcoolingeffectsobtainedinthecycleareutilized.該術(shù)語適用于全年空調(diào)熱泵系統(tǒng)通常是指一個系統(tǒng)中，制冷設(shè)備是用這樣一種方式，是從一個熱源和放棄空調(diào)空間加熱時的服務(wù)是要從空間被排放到一個散熱器的冷卻和除濕要求時。熱循環(huán)與普通制冷是相同的，但應(yīng)用同樣的關(guān)注與冷卻效果的產(chǎn)生的熱效應(yīng)在冷凝器產(chǎn)生。在循環(huán)得到的加熱和冷卻的影響中的一些應(yīng)用。Unitaryheatpumps(asopposedtoappliedheatpumps)areshippedfromthefactoryasacompletepreassembledunitincludinginternalwiring,controls,andpiping.Onlytheductwork,externalpowerwiring,andcondensatepipingarerequiredtocompletetheinstallation.Forthesplitunititisalsonecessarytoconnecttherefrigerantpipingbetweentheindoorandoutdoorsections.Inappearanceanddimensions,casingsofunitaryheatpumpscloselyresemblethoseofconventionalair-conditioningunitshavingequalcapacity.整體式的泵（反對應(yīng)用熱泵）運到工廠作為一個完整的預(yù)裝配單元，包括內(nèi)部布線，控制和管道。只有管道，外接電源線，和凝析油管道需要完成安裝。對于分割單元，它也有必要的室內(nèi)和室外部分之間的制冷劑配管連接。在外觀和尺寸，整體式泵的外殼非常類似于傳統(tǒng)的空調(diào)機組具有相同的能力。Capacitiesofunitaryheatpumpsrangefromabout1.5to25tonsor5to90kwalthoughthereisnospecificlimitation.Thisequipmentisalmostuniversallyusedinresidentialandthesmallercommercialandindustrialinstallations.Themultiunittypeofinstallationwithanumberofindividualunitsof2to20tonsor7to70kwofcoolingcapacityisparticularlyadvantageoustoobtainzoningandtoprovidesimultaneousheatingandcooling.Itmayalsobeusedforheatreclaimingtoconserveenergybyconnectingtheunitstoacommonwatercircuit.整體式熱泵的范圍從1.5到25噸或590kW能力雖然沒有具體的限制。本設(shè)備是幾乎普遍用于住宅和小型商業(yè)和工業(yè)設(shè)施。與許多個別單位的2安裝到20噸或7的冷卻容量70kW復(fù)合型獲得分區(qū)特別有利，同時提供加熱和冷卻。它也可以用于熱回收的連接單元常見的水電路節(jié)省能源。Largecentralheatpumpsofmoderndesignwithinthecapacityrangeofabout30to100horsepoweror20to750kwofcompressor-motorratingarenowoperatinginasubstantialnumberofbuildings.Asingleorcentralsystemisgenerallyusedthroughoutthebuildingbutinsomeinstancesthetotalcapacityisdividedamongseveralseparateheatpumpsystemstofacilitatezoning.大型中央熱泵的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計在約30到100馬力或20到750千瓦的壓縮機電機額定容量的范圍內(nèi)工作。一個單一的或中央系統(tǒng)一般用于整個建筑但，在某些情況下，總?cè)萘糠譃閹讉€獨立的熱泵系統(tǒng)在促進(jìn)分區(qū)。HeatPumpTypes熱泵的類型Theair-to-airheatpumpisthemostcommontype.Itisparticularlysuitableforfactory-builtunitaryheatpumpsandhasbeenwidelyusedforresidentialandcommercialapplications.ThefirstdiagraminTable9-1istypicaloftherefrigerationcircuitemployed.空氣熱泵是最常見的類型。它特別適合于工廠，建立單一熱泵被廣泛用于住宅和商業(yè)應(yīng)用。表9-1圖一是典型的制冷電路。Inair-to-airheatpumpsystems,asshownintheseconddiagramofTable9-1,theaircircuitsmaybeinterchangedbymeansofdampers(motordrivenormanuallyoperated)toobtaineitherheatedorcooledairfortheconditionedspace.Withthissystemoneheatexchangercoilisalwaystheevaporatorandtheotherisalwaysthecondenser.Theconditionedairwillpassovertheevaporatorduringthecoolingcycleandtheoutdoorairwillpassoverthecondenser.Thechangeformcoolingtoheatingisaccomplishedbypositioningthedampers.在空氣-空氣的熱泵系統(tǒng)中，如在表9-1中的第二圖所示，空氣回路可能互換裝置，阻尼器（電動或手動操作），得到任一加熱或冷卻的空氣的空調(diào)空間。有了這個系統(tǒng)的一個熱交換器盤管始終是蒸發(fā)器，另一種始終是冷凝器?？照{(diào)空氣將通過在冷卻循環(huán)期間蒸發(fā)器和室外空氣將傳過來的冷凝器。冷卻至加熱的變化形式是通過定位阻尼器實現(xiàn)。Awater-to-airheatpumpuseswaterasaheatsourceandsinkandusesairtotransmitheattoorfromtheconditionedspace.水-空氣熱泵使用水作為熱源，采用空氣傳熱或空調(diào)空間。Air-to-airheatpumpsarecommonlyusedinlargebuildingswherezonecontrolisnecessaryandarealsosometimesemployedfortheproductionofhotorcoldwaterinindustrialapplicationsasheatreclaiming.空氣熱泵常用在大型建筑，區(qū)位的控制是必要的，有時也用于熱或冷的，在工業(yè)中應(yīng)用在熱水再生生產(chǎn)。Earth-to-airheatpumpsmayemploydirectexpansionoftherefrigerantinanembeddedcoilasillustratedinTable9-1ortheymaybeofindirecttypedescribedunderthewater-to-airtype.地球到空氣中的熱量泵可以采用如在表9-1中示出一個嵌入的盤管中的制冷劑，或者它們可以是間接的所述類型下的水-空氣型的直接膨脹。Awater-to-waterheatpumpuseswaterastheheatsourceandsinkforbothcoolingandheatingoperation.Heating-coolingchangeovermaybeaccomplishedintherefrigerantcircuit,butinmanycasesitismoreconvenienttoperformtheswitchinginthewatercircuitsasillustratedinTable9-1.一個水-水熱泵使用水作為熱源和散熱器的冷卻和加熱操作。加熱和冷卻的轉(zhuǎn)換可以在制冷劑回路來完成的，但在許多情況下，它是執(zhí)行切換在水電路如表9-1說明更方便。Internalsourceheatpumpsutilizethehighinternalcoolingloadgeneratedinmodernbuildingseitherdirectlyorwithstorage.內(nèi)部源熱泵利用內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的冷卻負(fù)荷在現(xiàn)代建筑中，無論是直接或存儲。OthertypesofheatpumpsinadditiontothoselistedinTable9-1arepossible.Oneexampleutilizessolarenergyasasourceofheat:itsrefrigerantcircuitmayresemblethewater-to-air,air-ti-air,orothertypesdependingontheformofsolarcollectorandthemeansofheatingandcoolingdistributionemployed.其他類型的除表9-1列出熱泵是可能的。一個例子是利用太陽能作為熱源：其制冷劑回路可能類似于水的空氣，空氣鈦空氣，或其他不同類型的太陽能集熱器、加熱方式和冷卻分布采用。Anothervariationistheuseofmorethanoneheatsource.Someheatpumpsutilizeairastheprimaryheatsourcebutarechangedovertoextractfromwater(e.g,fromawellorstoragetank)duringperiodsofinsufficientsunshine.另一個變化是使用不止一個熱源。在陽光不足的情況下，一些熱泵利用空氣作為主要熱源卻已從水中提取(例如，從水井或儲罐)。Outdoorairoffersauniversalheat-source,heat-sinkmediumfortheheatpump.Extended-surface,forced-convectionheattransfercoilsarenormallyemployedtotransfertheheatbetweentheairandtherefrigerant.室外空氣為熱泵的熱源，散熱片介質(zhì)提供是一個通用