HowDoWeDealwiththeDrugProblem講義教學(xué)講解課件

Unit6HowDoWeDealwiththeDrugProblem?Unit6HowDoWeDealwiththeStructure1.DrugsPartI

Thesis:plausibility([,pl?z?'b?l?ti]n.善辯；似乎有理；貌似可信

)oflegalization(para.1)Structure1.DrugsPartII

Reasoning(paras.2-8)A.Rebuttal(英[r?'b?tl]美[r?'b?tl]n.反駁；辯駁；反證)ofthedangerofawhiff(英[w?f]美[w?f]vt.吸；噴出n.一點點；)ofopium(para.2)B.Thefreedomtodowhatonewants(para.3)C.Rebuttalofthewarningrumble(vt.使隆隆響；低沉地說)thatlegalizationwillleadustoenduparaceofZombies(para.4)PartIIReasoning(paras.2-8)D.Aconsequenceofprohibition:makingpeoplewantitmore(para.5)E.Thenegativeeffectsoftheprohibition(paras.6-7)F.Theconsequenceofaslightreductioninthesupplyofmarijuana(para.8)D.AconsequenceofprohibitioPartIIIConclusion:unlikelihoodoflegalization(paras.9-10)PartIIIConclusion:unlikelih2.TheTroublewithLegalizationDrugsPartI

Thesis:infeasibility([in,fi:z?'bil?ti]n.不可行性，不可能實行

)oflegalization(para.11)2.TheTroublewithLegalizatiPartIIAppealoflegalization(paras.12-15)A.Positiveeffects(para.12)B.Ineffectivenessofprohibition(paras.13-15)PartIIAppealoflegalizationPartIIIRebuttaloflegalization(paras.16-19)A.Increaseofdruguseandsocialcostasaresultoflegalization(para.16)B.Evidenceofprohibitionreducingdruguse(paras.17-18)C.AweaknessinBennett’sargument(para.19)PartIIIRebuttaloflegalizatPartIVConclusion:infeasibilityofbothaquickfixandaslowfix(para.20)PartIVConclusion:infeasibil3.Legalize?No.DeglamorizePartIEliminationofdrug-relatedcrimesasaresultoflegalization.(paras.21-22)3.Legalize?No.DeglamorizePaPartIIRebuttal(paras.23-26)A.Negativeeffectonpublichealthoutweighingcostoflawenforcement(para.23)B.Faultyanalogybetweenalcoholprohibitionanddrugprohibition(paras.24-25)C.Threeeffectsoflegalizationandtheconsequences(para.26)PartIIRebuttal(paras.23-26)PartIIISolution:deglamorization(paras.27-31)A.Alessontolearnfromtheanti-smokingcampaign(paras.27-28)B.Moralpersuasionandmildrepression(paras.29-31)PartIIISolution:deglamorizaPartIVThesis:alarge-scalepropagandacampaign(para.32)PartIVThesis:alarge-scaleDetailedDiscussiononTextDetailedDiscussiononTextsimplyadv.usedforemphasizingthatwhatyouaresayingisnothingmorethanwhatyousayitis;usedtointroduceasummaryoranexplanationofsth.thatyouhavejustsaidordone(引出概括或解釋)不過，只是e.g.Ididn’tgotothemoviesimplybecauseIdidn’tlikethewaytheypromotedit.Idon’twanttoberude,it’ssimplythatwehavetobecarefulwhowegivethisinformationto.simplyadv.usedforemphasizinatcostforonlytheamountofmoneythatisneededtomakeorgetsth.,withoutmakinganyprofit按成本，按成本價格e.g.Thecorporationwoulderectsimple,decenthousesandsellthematcost.Whenthesalesmansaidtheyweresellingtheirproductsatcost,Ididn’tbelievehim.atcostforonlytheamountofatacost/atwhatcostusedtosaythatitmaynothavebeenworthdoingsth.becausesomuchhasbeenlostordamagedasaresult以…代價e.g.Theenemyfinallytookthecity,butataheavycost.atacost/atwhatcostusedtoatthecostofsth.

attheexpenseoflosingorsacrificingsth.以…為代價e.g.Idon’tthinkyoushouldworksohardatthecostofyourhealth.Shesavedhimfromthefireatthecostofherownlife.(=shedied)atthecostofsth.attheexpatallcost(s)/atanycostusedforsayingthatsth.mustbedone;howeverdifficultitisorhowevermuchdamageitcauseatallcost(s)/atanycostuseatallcost(s)whateverisneededtoachievesth.

不惜任何代價e.g.Wewereinstructedthattheman’slifebesavedatallcosts.Youmuststopthepressfromfindingoutatallcost.atallcost(s)whateverisneatanycostunderanycircumstances在任何情況下，無論如何e.g.Heisdeterminedtowinatanycost.atanycostunderanycircumstlabel英['le?b(?)l]美['lebl]sth.withtofixalabelonsth.towriteinformationonsth.貼標(biāo)簽于，用標(biāo)簽標(biāo)明e.g.Eachbottleofherhomemadejamislabeledwiththeingredients.Thesecretarylabeledeachfilewithitscontents.label英['le?b(?)l]美['lebl]heroic[h?'r???k]adj.1)英雄的2)verylargeorgreat非常大的，巨大的e.g.Thiswasfoolishnessonaheroicscale.簡直是天大的蠢事。heroic[h?'r???k]adj.Killvt.makesb./sth.die殺死，弄死，導(dǎo)致死亡e.g.Threepeoplewerekilledinthecrash.此次撞車事故中Excessivetirednesswhiledrivingcankill.過度疲勞駕駛可能危及生命。Killvt.makesb./sth.die殺死，mostadv.

(fml.)usedforemphasizingaparticularquality,very,extremely,completely非常，及其，完全e.g.Itwasmostkindofyoutomeetme.太好了。Weshallmostprobablynevermeetagain.極有可能Thistechniquelookseasy,butitmostcertainlyisnot.絕不是那么回事mostadv.(fml.)usedforekick(slang)togiveup;tobreak(adrugaddiction;abadhabit)kickthehabit/drug/booze,etc.tostopdoingsth.harmfulthatyouhavedoneforalongtime戒除惡習(xí)；戒毒；戒酒kick(slang)togiveup;tobre（just）fortherecord1）（希望載入正式記錄）（僅）供記錄2）declaredopenlyandofficiallysoastomakeknownone’sdisagreement（強調(diào)要點以引起注意）e.g.And,fortherecord,hewouldbethelastpersonI’dask.需要強調(diào)的是，他是我最不愿意去找的人。（just）fortherecord1）（希望載入正式記“Fortherecord,”saidtheSenator(參議員),“Ithinkourefforttoreducecrimeisafailure.”Fortherecord,Ifindparentsaremakingabigmistakeimposingtheirvaluesontheirchildren.“Fortherecord,”saidtheSeawhiffofsth.1）asmell,especiallyonethatyouonlysmellforashorttime一點兒氣味，一股氣味e.g.awhiffofcigarsmoke一股雪茄煙味awhiffofonionawhiffofsth.1）asmell,espe2）asmallamountofsth;aslightsignorfeelingofsth.輕微的跡象（或感覺），一點點，些許e.g.awhiffoffear/danger/scandal/hypocrisy/success2）asmallamountofsth;aslienslavethemindenslavev.

1）使成為奴隸，奴役2）~sb./sth.(tosth.)toaffectpeopletotheextentthattheywilllosecontrolovertheirownminds使受控制，征服enslavementn.enslavethemindenslavev.alongwithsb./sth.inadditiontosb./sth.;inthesamewayassb./sth.除…以外（還），與…同樣地e.g.Shelostherjobwhenthefactoryclosed,alongwithhundredsofothers.alongwithsb./sth.inadditionexhortationn.exhort

vt.~sb.tosth/todosth.(fml.)totryhardtopersuadesb.todosth.規(guī)勸，敦促，告誡syn.urgee.g.Thepartyleaderexhortedhismemberstostartpreparingforgovernment.敦促著手準(zhǔn)備籌建政府erferewithsth.topreventsth.fromsucceedingorfrombeingdoneasplanned妨礙，干擾e.g.Serferewithsth.topreventrumblen.(thevoicesopposinglegalizingdrugs)thelonganddeepsoundorseriesofsounds持續(xù)而低沉的聲音，隆隆聲e.g.therumbleoflaughter/thunder/gunfire笑聲，雷聲，炮聲rumblevi.rumblen.(thevoicesopposingendup(mainlyspoken)tobeinaparticularplaceorstateafterdoingsth.orbecauseofdoingit.最終成為，最后處于e.g.Ifyoudon’tmendyourways,you’llendupacriminal.AtthepartyhethrewonNewYear’sEve,hehaddifficultypouringaglassofwine,andmostoftheliquidendeduponthetablecloth.endup(mainlyspoken)tobeinIfyougoonlikethisyou’llendupinprison.Atfirsttheyhatedeachother,buttheyendedupgettingmarried.Ifhecarriedondrivinglikethat,he’llendupdead.Ifyougoonlikethisyou’llNoonecanhearthewarningrumblebegin:ifeveryoneisallowedtotakedrugseveryonewillandweshallenduparaceofZombies.Paraphrase:Nowwecanheartheloudwarningsofthosewhoareagainstlegalization.Theywillsayifdrugsarelegalized,everyonewillbecomeaddicts,andournationwillbecomeZombies.Noonecanhearthewarningruinadvance(ofsth.)

beforehand;aheadoftimeinadvance(ofsth.)

beforehantoobad(spoken)normallyusedforsayingthatyouaresorryfororsympatheticaboutsth.遺憾，可惜e.g.Toobad,theshoesdon’tfityou.Youlostyourjob?That’stoobad.toobad(spoken)normallyused

Here,itisusedforshowingthatyouarenotsympatheticatalloryoudonotcarewhatsomeoneelsethinks.等于說“倒霉”或“可惜”，實際上并無同情之意e.g.Ialwaysspeakmymind.Ifyoudon’tlikeit,that’sjusttoobad.Ihavewarnedyouagainandagainnottotakethatdirtymoney.Ifyoustillrefusetolisten,that’sjusttoobad.Here,itisusedforshowingallthemoreevenmorethanbefore.“All”hereisanadverbusedforemphasis.also:allthebetter:evenbetterthanbeforeallthemoreevenmorethanbefpsychologicalinsight

perceptionorknowledgeabouthumanpsychology;theabilitytounderstandhumanpsychologypsychologicalinsightpercepti(sth.)bedeniedsb.denysth.tosb./~sb.sth.(fml.)torefusetoallowsb.tohavesth.thattheywantoraskfor拒絕，拒絕給予e.g.Theyweredeniedaccesstotheinformation.他們試圖取得這個情報被拒。Accesstotheinformationwasdeniedtothem.

他們無法取得這個情報。(sth.)bedeniedsb.denysth.stampsth.outtoendsth.badandunpleasantbytakingstronganddeterminedaction(尤指通過武力或不懈努力)消除，消滅，鎮(zhèn)壓e.g.Theyaredeterminedtostampoutracism/drugabuse/rebellion.消滅種族主義，濫用毒品現(xiàn)象，鎮(zhèn)壓反叛stampsth.outtoendsth.badDemonRumPage144,Note6.DemonRumPage144,Note6.launchv.tostartanactivity,especiallyanorganizedone開始從事，發(fā)起，發(fā)動（尤指有組織的活動）e.g.tolaunchanattack/invasion

發(fā)起攻擊，發(fā)動侵略launchv.tostartanactivity,waven.[C]asuddenincreaseinaparticularactivityorfeeling洶涌的行動（或思想）態(tài)勢；心潮；風(fēng)潮e.g.awaveofopposition/protest/violence反對/抗議/暴力的浪潮acrimewave

犯罪潮Awaveoffearsweptoverhim.一陣恐懼傳遍他的全身。Awaveofpanicspreadthroughthecrowd.恐慌傳遍人群。waven.[C]asuddenincreasecitizenryn.[sing.+sing./pl.v](fml.)(lessformalinAmE在美國英語中不夠正式)allthecitizensofaparticulartown,country,etc.全體市民（或公民）citizenryn.[sing.+sing./pl.vbehookedonsth.tobeaddictedtosth.hookedadj.(notbeforenoun)~onsth.(infml.)dependentonsth.bad,especiallyadrug上癮，（尤指）有毒癮behookedonsth.tobeaddictehaveavestedinterestin(doing)sth.tohaveaspecialreasonforwantingsth,tohappeninaparticularway,becauseyouwillbenefitfromthishaveavestedinterestin(doivestvt~sth.insb./sth.;~sb.withsth.

(oftenpassive)(fml.)togivesb.thelegalrightorpowertodosth.授予，賦予，給予（合法權(quán)利或權(quán)力）e.g.OverallauthorityisvestedintheSupremeCouncil.一切權(quán)力屬于最高蘇維埃。TheSupremeCouncilisvestedwithoverallauthority.最高蘇維埃擁有一切權(quán)力。vestvt~sth.insb./sth.;~avestedinterestin(doing)sth.apersonalreasonforwantingsth.tohappen,especiallybecauseyougetsomeadvantagefromit既得利益e.g.Theyhaveavestedinterestinkeepingtheirclubasexclusiveaspossible.希望俱樂部盡可能限制會員加入從中獲益Powerfulvestedinterests(=peoplewithavestedinterest)areopposingtheplan.強大的既得利益集團反對這計劃。avestedinterestin(doing)sfixn.(infml.)theamountofadrugthatsb.feelsheorsheneedstotakeregularly（致癮的東西，尤指毒品的）一次用量e.g.togetyourselfafix

給自己注射一劑毒品IneedafixofcoffeebeforeIcanfacetheday.我總需要喝足咖啡才能有精神應(yīng)付一天的工作。fixn.(infml.)theamountofwitherawaytobecomeweakerandthendisappear萎縮，（尤指漸漸）破滅，消失e.g.Bythattime,accordingtoKarlMarx,thestatewillwitheraway.Allourhopesjustwitheredaway.witherawaytobecomeweakeranbedevotedtodevotedadj.~tosb./sth.havinggreatloveforsb./sth.andbeingloyaltothem摯愛的，忠誠的，全心全意的e.g.Theyaredevotedtotheirchildren.深愛著自己的孩子adevotedson/friend/fan孝子，忠誠的朋友，狂熱的崇拜者bedevotedtodevotedadj.~tolegalizevt.

makesth.legal使合法化，使得到法律認(rèn)可e.g.It’sacampaigntolegalizemarijuana.

爭取大麻合法化的運動legalizevt.makesth.legaldeliciouslyadv.inaverypleasantorenjoyablewaydeliciousadj.1)美味的，可口的，芬芳的2）(literary)extremelypleasantorenjoyable令人愉快的，令人開心的，宜人的thedeliciouscoolnessofthebreeze微風(fēng)送爽3)（口）有趣的deliciouslyadv.inaverypleapumpintopumpintoliftv.toofficiallyendaruleorlawthatstopssb.fromdoingsth.解除，撤銷，停止（限制）e.g.liftaban（禁令）/blockade（封鎖）/curfew（宵禁）/restriction/sanction解除liftv.toofficiallyendarustirvt.tomove,ortomakesb.move,inordertodosth.（使）行動，活動e.g.Youhaven’tstirredfromthatchairallmorning.Theircomplaintshavefinallystirredhimintoaction.抱怨最終促使他采取了行動。stirvt.tomove,ortomakesanewadv.(doingsth.)againfromthebeginningorinanewanddifferentway重新，再Also:ablaze(adj.著火的；閃耀的；激昂的adv.著火；閃耀)aboard,abreast,adrift,afar,afire,afloat,afoot,afresh,ahead,ajaranewadv.(doingsth.)againfrcallfor

1）torequest需要e.g.Thesituationcalledforpromptaction.2)topubliclyaskforsth.tohappen（公開）要求e.g.Theycalledfortheimmediatereleaseofthehostages.要求釋放人質(zhì)callfor1）torequest需要bail（sth.）outtoemptywaterfromaboatwithacontainer（從…中）往外舀水e.g.Hehadtostoprowingtobailwateroutoftheboat.Theboatwillsinkunlesswebailout.

bail（sth.）outtoemptywaterfworkvi.tosucceed,tohaveaneffecte.g.Thisplanwon’twork,I’mafraid.Thispolicyisobviouslyworkingbeautifully.workvi.tosucceed,tohaveabealonein(doing)sth.(usu.innegativesorquestions)tobetheonlypersonthatdoessth.e.g.Germanywasnotalonein

opposinganotherUNresolutiononthematter.Ifoundmyselfaloneinthinkingthatourbosswaswrong.TomisnotaloneinfindingRickhardtoworkwith.并不只是湯姆一人認(rèn)為和里克難以共事。bealonein(doing)sth.(usu.thebeautyofsth.theadvantageorgoodqualitythatsth.has.;apleasantfeature好處，優(yōu)點syn.advantagee.g.Thebeautyoflivingclosetowhereyouworkisthatyousavealotoftimetraveling.Oneofthebeautiesoflivinghereisthatit’ssopeaceful.好處之一是安寧。thebeautyofsth.theadvantaguglyadj.1）丑陋的，難看的unpleasanttolookate.g.anuglyface/building2）(ofanevent,asituation,etc.事件、局勢等)unpleasantordangerous;involvingthreatsorviolence令人不快的，危險的，險惡的，兇險的e.g.anuglyincident

危險事件Therewereuglyscenesinthestreetslastnightasriotingcontinued.昨晚暴亂持續(xù)之際，街上險象環(huán)生。uglyadj.1）丑陋的，難看的unpleasantgapinghole(figuratively)apartofsth.suchasanideaorexplanationwherealotofimportantdetailsaremissinggapinghole(figuratively)apa-fold(suffix)usedwithnumberstomakeadjectivesandadverbsdescribinghowmuchsth.increases乘以…,…倍，e.g.forty-foldadv.fortytimes-fold(suffix)usedwithnumberrebuttaln.(fml.)arefusaltoacceptthatsth.istrue,asinadebaterebuttaln.(fml.)arefusaltrebutvt.(fml.)tosayorprovethatastatementorcriticismisfalse反駁，駁斥，證明（言論等）錯誤syn.refutee.g.Theymadeanattempttopubliclyrebutrumorsofadivorce.對離婚謠言的公開駁斥。rebuttaln.

e.g.Theaccusationsmetwithafirmrebuttal.這些指控受到了堅決的駁斥。rebutvt.(fml.)tosayorprdirectsth.tosb.(fml.)toturn(acomment/complaint)toaparticularplaceorperson把…對準(zhǔn)（某方向或某人）e.g.Ifyouhaveanycomplaints,pleasedirectthemtothePublicRelationsDepartment.ThecorrespondentdirectedhisquestiontotheMinisterofForeignAffairs,notthespokesman.directsth.tosb.(fml.)totusoarv.togoupsharply升高，增強soarv.togoupsharply升高，增misstheboatusuallyitmeans“tofailtotakeanopportunitybynottakingactionquicklyenough,”buthereitmeans“tofailtounderstandsth”or“tofailtograsptheessenceofproblem.”misstheboatusuallyitmeansasymptomofsth.anoutwardsignofausu.badorundesirableconditionorevent.癥候，征兆e.g.Poorattendanceisasymptomofdissatisfactionamongthestudents.Highunemploymentisasymptomofalargereconomicproblem.asymptomofsth.anoutwardsiTheriseininflationwasjustonesymptomofthepoorstateoftheeconomy.通脹上升不過是經(jīng)濟不景氣的一個癥候。Theriseininflationwasjustillsn.(fml.usu.plural)badthingsorproblemsthatcausepeopletoworry問題，弊端，疾病e.g.social/economicills社會/經(jīng)濟弊病theillsofthemodernworld現(xiàn)代世界的弊端illsn.(fml.usu.plural)badsegmentn.apartofsth.thatisseparatefromtheotherpartsorcanbeconsideredseparately部分，份，片，段e.g.Shecleanedasmallsegmentofthepainting.擦干凈了這幅畫的一小部分Linesdividedtheareaintosegments.

這一地區(qū)用線條分成了若干部分。segmentn.apartofsth.thatcallsb.in

toaskapersonororganizationthatprovidesaservicetocomeordealwithsth.召來，叫來（服務(wù)）e.g.tocallinadoctor/oaskapersonorgetthrough(here)togothroughgetthrough(here)togothrougfeedv.(here)tomakeafeelingstronger;tomakesth,biggerormoreserious;tosatisfyaneed,desire,etc,andkeepitstrong滿足（需要、愿望、欲望等）e.g.Fordrugaddicts,theneedtofeedtheaddictiontakespriorityovereverythingelse.對于吸毒者來說滿足毒癮勝過一切。feedv.(here)tomakeafeelimultifacetedadj.containingmanydifferentaspects,featuresorqualitiesmultifacetedadj.containingmamagicbulletaquickandeasysolutiontoaverydifficultproblem,amedication（n.藥物；藥物治療；藥物處理）designedtocureanillnessquicklyandcompletelymagicbulletaquickandeasysquickfix(infml.)sth.thatcanbedoneveryquicklyinordertosolveaproblemorrepairsth.thatisbrokenquickfix(infml.)sth.thatcaillusoryadj.(fml.)notreal,butwithanappearanceofbeingrealillusoryadj.(fml.)notreal,toboot(spoken)aswell,usedforemphasizingthelastpointinalistofcommentsorcriticism;(old-fashionedorhumorous)usedtoaddacommenttosth.thatyouhavesaid(用作附帶評述)而且，另外，加之e.g.Hewasavegetarian,andafussyonetoboot.

他是個素食主義者，而且過于講究。toboot(spoken)aswell,usedminimizev.tomakesth.seemmuchlessimportantthanitreallyis降低，貶低，使顯得不重要e.g.Wehopeyouwon’tminimizetheabilitiesofyourcompetitors.Healwaystriedtominimizehisownfaults,whileexaggeratingthoseofothers.總是對自己的錯誤輕描淡寫，對別人的錯誤夸大其詞。minimizev.tomakesth.seemoutweighv.tobemoreimportant,useful,orvaluablethansth.else.重于，大于，超過e.g.Thepossiblebenefitsoutweigh

therisksinvolved.Theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.利遠大于弊。also:outwit,outcompete,outmaneuver,outnumber,outshineoutweighv.tobemoreimportabeheretostay/havecometostayifsomethingisheretostay,itwillcontinuetoexistforalongtimeandbecomeacceptedasnormal為大多數(shù)人所接受，得到普遍認(rèn)可e.g.Whetheryoulikeitornot,thegenerationgapisheretostay.Examsareheretostayinoureducationsystem.Itlooksliketelevisedtrialsareheretostay.看來電視直播審判成了一種風(fēng)氣。beheretostay/havecometosglamorousadj.especiallyattractiveandexciting,anddifferentfromordinarythingsorpeople特別有魅力的，富于刺激的，獨特的e.g.glamorousmoviestars富有魅力的影星aglamorousjob令人向往的工作glamorousadj.especiallyattrbanv.

toforbidsth.officially明令禁止，取締e.g.Chemicalweaponsarebannedinternationally.國際上禁止使用化學(xué)武器。acampaigntobansmokinginpublicplaces禁止在公共場合所吸煙的運動banv.toforbidsth.officiarelentlessadj.refusingtogiveuporbelessstrictorsevere不放棄的，嚴(yán)格的，苛刻的，無情的e.g.arelentlessenemy殘酷的敵人Youhavetobeassingle-mindedandrelentlessasyourrivalsifyouwanttogettothetop.如果你達到最高層，就必須和你的對手一樣專心致志，絕不示弱。relentlessadj.refusingtogivdeglamorizev.glamorn.glamorizev.glamorousadj.deglamorizev.deglamorizev.glamorn.weaknessn.(here)thestateorconditionofbeingweak軟弱，虛弱，疲軟，軟弱，懦弱,意志薄弱e.g.Thesuddenweaknessinherlegsmadeherstumble.突然兩腿發(fā)軟踉蹌了一下。weaknessn.(here)thestateorThisis...toproject,andprojecting...Paraphrase:Thereasonwhypeoplestartedtosmokeinthepastwastocreateaglamorousimage.Smokingisnowseenasasignofweakness.Thisisnottheimageapersonwantstocreate,sosmokinghaslostitsglamor.Thisis...toproject,andprodrawv.~sth.(fromsb.)togetaparticularreactionfrompeople,suchasridicule,praise,criticism,denial,refusal產(chǎn)生，引起，激起（反應(yīng)或回應(yīng)）e.g.Theannouncementdrewloudapplausefromtheaudience.公告博得觀眾的熱烈掌聲。Theplanhasdrawnalotofcriticism.這個計劃引來眾多批評。drawv.~sth.(fromsb.)toggoaftersb./sth.totrytogetsb./sth.追求某人，謀求某事（或某物）e.g.We’rebothgoingafterthesamejob.謀求同一份工作goaftersb./sth.totrytogetreversev.tochangeone’sviews,policies,etc.,andadopttheoppositeones顛倒，徹底改變，使完全相反e.g.toreversetheprocedure/process/trend徹底改變程序/過程/趨勢Thegovernmenthasfailedtoreversetheeconomicdecline.reversev.tochangeone’svieculturalimpressionopinionsofpeoplehavingthesameculturalbackgroundofwhatisdesirableorundesirableculturalimpressionopinionsofcrackdownonsb./sth.tostoppeoplefromgettinginvolvedinanillegalactivityanddealmoreseverelywiththosewhoarecaughtdoingit.竭力取締，嚴(yán)厲打擊，鎮(zhèn)壓e.g.Theuniversityhasdecidedtocrackdownonplagiarists.Thepolicearecrackingdownoncarthieves/drugdealers.crackdownonsb./sth.tostopenoughtogoaround

enoughsothateveryonehasoneorsome足夠分給每個人，夠每人一份e.g.Arethereenoughcopiestogoaround?enoughtogoaroundenoughsoimposevt.~sth.on/uponsb./sth.toforcesb.toaccept迫使，把…強加于~law/rule/system/regulation/economicsanction/one’swillonsth.Thissystemimposesadditionalfinancialburdensonmanypeople.imposevt.~sth.on/uponsb.stiffadj.moreseverethanusual困難的，艱難的，嚴(yán)厲的，激烈的e.g.Itwasastiffclimbtothetopofthehill.費了好大的勁才爬上山頂。Thecompanyfacesstiffcompetitionfromitsrivals.公司遇到對手的激烈競爭。stiffadj.moreseverethanusuthrowsth.in

toaddsth.towhatsb.issellingwithoutaskingforahigherprice（不提高售價或報價的）奉送，額外贈送，白搭e.g.Youcanhavethepianofor$200,andI’llthrowinthestoolaswell.你化200元買走這架鋼琴，另外奉送這張琴凳。oaddsth.towthereyouhaveitsothisiswhatyouhave.Noticethat"there"isusedtodrawattention.thereyouhaveitsothisiswhrepressvt.totrynottohaveorshowanemotion,afeeling,etc.克制，壓抑，抑制e.g.torepressashudder/sigh/smile忍住戰(zhàn)栗，嘆息，笑Heburstin,makingnoefforttorepresshisfury.沖了進來，毫不掩飾自己的憤怒。repressvt.totrynottohavesendintheMarines(figuratively)todoeverythingpossible(TheMarinesarethetoughestsoldiersintheUSarmy)sendintheMarines(figurativeEx.Page1533.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.Ex.Page1531.我們都知道可卡因是容易上癮的。海洛因也一樣。但實際上，

權(quán)利和金錢也同樣使人上癮。那些上癮的人其實都是嚴(yán)重的病人。1.我們都知道可卡因是容易上癮的。海洛因也一樣。但實際Weallknowthatcocaineisaddictive.Soisheroin.Butactuallypowerandmoneyareaddictivetoo.Thosewhogetaddictedtothemarereallyverysickpeople.Weallknowthatcocaineisad2.科學(xué)家們一直在主張退耕還田,把新開墾的地還給江河湖泊,沼澤草地。2.科學(xué)家們一直在主張退耕還田,把新開墾的地還給江河湖泊Scientistshavebeenadvocating

returning

reclaimedland

torivers,lakes,marshesandmeadows.Scientistshavebeenadvocatin3.根據(jù)許多經(jīng)濟學(xué)家的說法，政府挽救那些資不抵債的公司并不是個好主意。有時一個處于破產(chǎn)邊緣的公司，最好就讓它破產(chǎn)。3.根據(jù)許多經(jīng)濟學(xué)家的說法，政府挽救那些資不抵債的公司Accordingtomanyeconomists,itisnotalwaysagoodideaforthegovernmenttobailoutfinanciallyinsolvent([?n's?lv(?)nt]adj.破產(chǎn)的；無力償還的

)companies.Sometimes,acompanyonthevergeofbankruptcyisbetterallowedtogobankrupt.Accordingtomanyeconomists,4.他被逮了個正著。有無可辯駁的證據(jù)證明他的書里有整整一章是從一個教授的書里原封不動地抄襲過來的。4.他被逮了個正著。有無可辯駁的證據(jù)證明他的書里有整整一章是Hehasbeencaughtred-handed.Thereisindisputableevidencethatawholechapterofhisbookwasbodilyliftedfromabookwrittenbyanotherprofessor.Hehasbeencaughtred-handed.5.他們政府早已有法律禁止珍惜鳥類和獸類的進出口。但是要實行該法律并不容易。5.他們政府早已有法律禁止珍惜鳥類和獸類的進出口。但是要實Theirgovernmentlongsincepassedalawtobantheimportandexportofrarespeciesofbirdsandanimals.Butthelawisnoteasytoenforce.Theirgovernmentlongsincepa6.現(xiàn)在很難讓年輕人相信，曾經(jīng)有過這么一段時間，中國婦女被禁止穿裙子、牛仔褲、外國電影、音樂都被禁止了。6.現(xiàn)在很難讓年輕人相信，曾經(jīng)有過這么一段時間，中國婦女被ItishardtomakeyoungpeoplebelievenowadaysthattherewasatimewhenChinesewomenwerebannedfromwearingskirts.Jeans,foreignmoviesandWesternmusicwereallforbidden.Itishardtomakeyoungpeopl7.在黑暗中,我們的船觸了礁，船底留了個大洞。我們都拼命設(shè)法把水從船里弄出去,

但船在快速下沉。幸虧附近有條漁船，使我們絕處逢生。7.在黑暗中,我們的船觸了礁，船底留了個大洞。我們都拼Inthedarknessourshiphitahiddenrock,whichleftagapingholeinthebottom.Wealltrieddesperatelytobailoutthewater,buttheboatwassinkingfast.Luckilyafishingboatwasnearbyandsavedusfromdrowning.Inthedarknessourshiphita8.示威者要求立即取消經(jīng)濟制裁，因為它通常只會傷害無辜的百姓。8.示威者要求立即取消經(jīng)濟制裁，因為它通常只會傷害無辜的Thedemonstratorsdemandedthateconomicsanctionsbeliftedimmediatelybecausetheyusuallyonlyhurtordinary,innocentpeople.Thedemonstratorsdemandedtha9.會上倡導(dǎo)者和反對者都擺出了有力的觀點。但大多數(shù)人都贊成將進一步的改革立即提上日程。9.會上倡導(dǎo)者和反對者都擺出了有力的觀點。但大多數(shù)人都贊成Atthemeeting,boththeadvocatesandopponentsgavestrongargument,butmostparticipantsfavoredhavingfurtherreformsplacedontheagendaimmediately.Atthemeeting,boththeadvocGrammarGrammarEx.31.Thisisacomplexsentence.Mainclause:itmightbegoodforourcitizenstorecallQualifier:alongwithexhortationandwarning(anadverbialmodifyingthemainclause)Ex.31.ThisisacomplexsentSubordinateclauses:

Objectclause:thattheUnitedStateswasthecreationofmen(thedirectobjectof“recall”)Relativeclause:whobelievethateachmanhastherighttodowhathewantswithhisownlife(modifying“men”).Adverbialclauseofcondition:aslongashedoesnotinterferewithhisneighbor’spursuitofhappiness(modifying“todo”).Subordinateclauses:2.Thisisacompoundcomplexsentence.3coordinateclauses:eachbeginningwith“it”asthesubject3relativeclauses:1)(that)drugsnowpumpintothecriminalunderworld(modifying“theimmenseprofits”)2)(that)drugshaveforyoungpeople(modifying“theforbidden-fruitattraction”).3)thatpreventsmanyaddictsfromseekinghelp(modifying“thecriminalstigma”.)2.ThisisacompoundcomplexEx.4Page158TranslatetheselectiontoEnglish.Ex.4Page158TranslatetheseMoreChoices...MoreHappiness?

MoreChoices...MoreHappiness選擇越多……越幸福嗎？選擇越多……越幸福嗎？Itseemsasimplematteroflogicthatincreasedchoiceimproveswell-being.Itseemsasimplematteroflo選擇越多，人們越幸福，這看似符合邏輯，選擇越多，人們越幸福，這看似符合邏輯，Butinfact,theoppositeistrue.Butinfact,theoppositeist而實際情況卻相反。而實際情況卻相反。RespectedsocialscientistssuchaspsychologistDavidG.MyersandpoliticalscientistRobertE.Lanetellusthatincreasedchoiceandincreasedaffluence（

['?fl??ns]n.富裕；豐富；流入；匯聚）have,infact,beenaccom