英語一歷年真題版

入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題Section StructureandPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)IhavebeentotheGreatWallthree Thesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhad thelasttohavetohavingAsitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty, soneedn’tdressdidnotneedhavedresseddidnotneeddressneedn’thavedressedIapologizeif you,butIassureyouitwashadshouldhavemighthaveAlthoughateenager,Fredcould whattodoandwhatnottotobehavingbeenbeingtohavebeenGreatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistocanwillhasngyourisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrueitcomestoclassroomtests.Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatter hedoes.I’vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasat twentyyearsHewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety, insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.beingtobehaving forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.HaditnotWereitBeitShoulditnotPartBEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibition,which[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Part[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibition,wheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C].AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaA

abilityforB

naturallyselectedandpassedontoD

NeitherrainnorsnowA

thepostmanfromdeliveringourlettersB

wesoClookforwardtoDIftheywillnotacceptacheck,weshallhavetopaythecash,thoughitwouldbeAtroubleforboth

HavingA

robbedB

economicimportance,thosestatesareC

likelytocount

ininternationalpoliticalThemessagewillA

neitherthemarketnor ernmentiscapableofdealingwithofC

uncontrollableDThelogicofscientificdevelopmentisA

thatB

groupsofmenworkingC

sameprobleminfar-D

laboratoriesarelikelytoarriveatthesameanswerattheYetnotalloftheseracesareinlectualinferiorA

theEuropeanraces,B

somemayhaveC

freshnessandvitalitythatcanrenewtheD

ofmoreadvanced

morethan50,000nuclearweaponsinthehandsofvariousnationstodayaremoreBampleC

everycityintheworldseveraltimesDTheuniverseworksinawaysofarA

fromwhatcommonsenseB

allowCwordsofanykindmustnecessarilybeinadequatetoexplainDTheintegrationofindependentstatescouldbestA

broughtaboutbyB

creatingaorganizationwithC

overD

economicPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)ThelostcaroftheLeeswas inthewoodsofftheThesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].Themachineneedsa sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenThereweremanypeoplepresentandheappearedonlyforafewseconds,soIonlycaughtaofhim.Idon’tthinkit’swiseofyouto yourgreaterknowledgeinfrontofthedirector,foritmayoffendhim.showshowshowshowThereturnsintheshort maybesmall,butoveranumberofyearstheinvestmentwillbewellrepaid.Athoroughstudyofbiologyrequires withthepropertiesoftreesandplants,andthehabitofbirdsandbeasts.Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresultswould herlongI’mverygladtoknowthatmybosshasgenerouslyagreedto mydebtinreturnforcertainservices.takecutwriteclearSomejournalistsoftenoverstatethesituationsothattheirnewsmaycreatea Accordingtowhatyouhavejustsaid,amItounderstandthathisnewpost responsibilitywithitatall?Sometimesthestudentmaybeaskedtowriteabouthis toacertainbookorarticlethathassomebearingonthesubjectbeingstudied. yourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,sincethelawforbidsWithoutephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsof operationinthewholecountry.Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110billion, the$160billiontheisstrugglingtogetthroughtheCongress.inproportioninreplyinrelationincontrastHeisplanninganothertourabroad,yethispassport attheendofthisAlltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyread lettersfromtheirSeveralinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelyto ,oratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.Iwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolved,somychoicewas ThelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepriceofvegetablesnoaccordingtotheThepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot theirprospectofpromotion.Inwhat toalastminutestayofexecution,acouncilannouncedthatemergencyfundingwouldkeepalivetwoagingsa Section ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution. thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingfor man.Buttheyinsistedthatits resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe oftheEnglishpopulation. contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstill agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview, ,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists historyandeconomics, twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750 greatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D]comple[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D]SectionIIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhas easymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,in,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheses.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobeThethirdsentenceofParagraph1implies peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestotheblindcouldbehappierthantheover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalfascinationmakespeoplelosetheirInParagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefers areasshortofdamswithoutpowerpoorcountriesaroundcommonpeopleintheNarmadaDamWhatisthemythconcerninggiantTheybringinmorefertileTheyhelpdefendtheTheystrengtheninternationalTheyhaveuniversalcontroloftheWhattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpreted “It’snousecryingoverspilt“Morehaste,less“Lookbeforeyou“HewholaughslastlaughsWell,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,chopoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--“theworstsortofambulanceAccordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituation notasgoodasitatitsturningmuchbetterthanitneartocompleteTheofficialstatisticsonproductivity excludetheusualreboundinabusinessfallshortofbusinessmen’smeettheexpectationofbusinessfailtoreflectthetruestateofTheauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?” hequestionsthetruthof“nogainwithouthedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionhewondersiftheofficialstatisticsarehehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedintheRadicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofNewwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseThereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termTheconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreits--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science”inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,”heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,”whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxtoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindanger ing“Theterm‘a(chǎn)nti-science’canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,”notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.“TheyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreTheword“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans [A]Paragraphs2and3arewritten discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience’sshowtheauthor’ssympathywithexplainthewayinwhichscienceexemplifythedivisionofscienceandtheWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheEnvironmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanPoliticiansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-The“moreenlightened”tendtotagothersasanti-Taggingenvironmentalistsas“anti-science”isTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-science” Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelomoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople--numericallythethird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarII,andpatternstillThreesun-beltstates--Florida,TexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th--withClevelandandWashington.D.C.,dropoutofthetop10.Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances—Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquare.TheflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableNowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandothersofurbanizationintheGoldenAsaresult,California’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s’growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinwitnessedasouthwesternshiftofunderwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationbroughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarThecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementin.itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofitrevealstheAmericans’newpursuitofspaciousitelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday’s“babyWecanseefromtheavailablestatistics Californiawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholethetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedinthecitieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfromArizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofTheword“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobably peopleinfavorofthetrendofadvocatesofmigrationbetweenscientistsengagedinthestudyofconservativesclingingtooldpatternsofScatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaretonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowdispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromanysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).Theauthorbelieves themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearth’sthegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobethehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositethemovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefact thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositetheyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicaltheAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionover100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheThehotspottheorymayproveusefulin thestructureoftheAfricantherevivalofdeadthemobilityofthetheformationofnewThepassageismainly thefeaturesofvolcanictheimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingthesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicaltheprocessoftheformationofSectionIVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersalite--Cobe--haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathas eknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikecl