GMAT-OG13-語法分析精品

PAGE379.6SentenceCorrectionPracticeQuestionsPAGE691Inareviewof2,000studiesofhumanbehaviorthatdatebacktothe1940s,twoSwisspsychologists,declaringthatsincemostofthestudieshadfailedtocontrolforsuchvariablesassocialclassandfamilysize,nonecouldbetakenseriously.psychologists,declaringthatsincemostofthestudieshadfailedtocontrolforsuchvariablesassocialclassandfamilysize,psychologists,declaringthatmostofthestudiesfailedinnotcontrollingforsuchvariableslikesocialclassandfamilysize,andpsychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthestudies,havingfailedtocontrolforsuchvariablesassocialclassandfamilysize,psychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthestudiesfailincontrollingforsuchvariableslikesocialclassandfamilysize,psychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthestudieshadfailedtocontrolforvariablessuchassocialclassandfamilysize,1.分詞的不正確使用導(dǎo)致句子碎片2.時態(tài)不一致3.suchlike搭配錯誤4.failtodo為正確搭配,failindoing好像沒見過,在目前看到過的fail搭配中，只有failtodo和sthfail兩種搭配5.表示舉例用suchasManufacturersratebatteriesinwatt-hours;iftheyratethewatt-hourhigher,thelongerthebatterycanbeexpectedtolast.iftheyratethewatt-hourhigher,thelongerratingthewatt-hourhigher,itisthatmuchlongerthehigherthewatt-hourrating,thelongerthehigherthewatt-hourrating,itisthatmuchlongerthatwhenthewatt-hourratingishigher,thelongeritisAlthoughasurgeinretailsaleshaveraisedhopesthatthereisarecoveryfinallyunderway,manyeconomistssaythatwithoutalargeamountofspendingtherecoverymightnotlast.haveraisedhopesthatthereisarecoveryfinallyraisedhopesfortherebeingarecoveryfinallyhadraisedhopesforarecoveryfinallybeinghasraisedhopesthatarecoveryisfinallyraisedhopesforarecoveryfinally1.主謂單復(fù)數(shù)(殺傷力最強)，注意倒裝形式中的主謂搭配（fromwhichderivesbothAandB，錯誤，因為AandB，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）2.therebe是一種冗余的結(jié)構(gòu)3.being出現(xiàn)基本不正確，但有例外4.raised的過去時用法是正確的，但用現(xiàn)在完成時更好，表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在5.過去完成時的用法就不對了，沒有過去的時間點。6.hopeforsthorhopethat……原文更想表達的是“復(fù)蘇已經(jīng)開始”的希望，所以不是單單對某種事物的希望。用后一種比較好。這個原理好像就是“事物”“事物的變化”這兩個概念的區(qū)別，很多時候我們要的是“事物在變化”，而不僅僅是“事物”。這個邏輯考察點在GMAT中也比較?？嫉?。Attheendofthe1930s,DukeEllingtonwaslookingforacomposertoassisthim—someonenotonlywhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirroringhiseccentricwritingstyleaswellinordertofinishthemanypieceshehadstartedbutnevercompleted.someonenotonlywhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirroringhiseccentricwritingstyleaswellinordertofinishsomeonewhocouldnotonlyarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butalsomirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleinordertofinishsomeonewhonotonlycouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butalsotomirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleinfinishingthatbeingsomeonewhocouldnotonlyarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirroringhiseccentricwritingstyleforfinishingbeingsomeonenotonlywhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleaswell,finishing1.notonly….Butalso….固定搭配，而且是平行的標志詞,但要注意題目中究竟是不是需要這個遞進關(guān)系的連詞，還是僅僅需要轉(zhuǎn)折，如果是后者，那么僅僅是not…..but……就可以了。2.todo>fordoing/ofdoing,（殺傷力弱）3.破折號，一個的時候當逗號；兩個的時候當可以把破折號成對的去掉。Ofallthevasttidesofmigrationthathavesweptthroughhistory,maybenoneismoreconcentratedasthewavethatbrought12millionimmigrantsontoAmericanshoresinlittlemorethanthreedecades.maybenoneismoreconcentratedasitmaybethatnoneismoreconcentratedasperhapsitisnonethatismoreconcentratedthanmaybeitisnonethatwasmoreconcentratedthanperhapsnonewasmoreconcentratedthan1.maybe不對（但注意OG上說maybe和perhaps是可以互換的）2.比較級比用than，as用錯3.時態(tài)4.it的代詞指代that從句：1.that從句在句中作主語2.that從句在句中作賓語。這里it如果是強調(diào)句，明顯改變了原句的含義。Diabetes,togetherwithitsseriouscomplications,ranksasthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,surpassedonlybyheartdiseaseandcancer.ranksasthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,surpassedonlyrankasthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,onlysurpassedhastherankofthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,onlysurpassedarethenation'sthirdleadingcausesofdeath,surpassedonlyhavebeenrankedasthenation'sthirdleadingcausesofdeath,onlysurpassed1.diabetes,是單數(shù)；而且awithb結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語看a。本句中兩個逗號之間的內(nèi)容如果全部去掉的話也可以得出用Ranks的單數(shù)形式。2.only的用法，放在被限定的詞語之前。如果放在surpass之前，意思就變成了“僅僅被超過，沒有被其他怎么樣。。”放在heartdisease之前，則說明僅僅只是被heartdisease和cancer超過，沒有被其他的超過，因此only的位置不能變。3.這里的surpassed修飾的是cause,在任何情況下，V-ed都會作為形容詞，修飾緊鄰名詞，作定語。修飾名詞，touch-rule,這個和沒有逗號的v-ing相似，還記得prep08里compare的那題么，compare可以不修飾前面的名詞，Theintricatestructureofthecompoundinsecteye,havinghundredsofminiatureevescalledommatidia,helpexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatitevolvedindependentlyofthevertebrateeye.havinghundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatithavinghundredsofminiatureeyesthatarecalledommatidia,helpsexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthattheywithitshundredsofminiatureeyesthatarecalledommatidia,helpsexplainscientists'assumingthattheywithitshundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpexplainscientists'assumingthatitwithitshundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpsexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatit1.主謂單復(fù)數(shù)，常常會在主語之后加很多的修飾語然后來考這個。目的是隔開主謂，放松警惕。2.n+that+be。冗余但是直接用N+that+be就把選項給排除了是有風險的。除非時間來不及，還是應(yīng)該要努力把其余的選項都過一下。3.they指代insecteye不合理Inlate1997,thechambersinsidethepyramidofthePharaohMenkaureatGizawereclosedtovisitorsforcleaningandrepairduetomoistureexhaledbytourists,whichraiseditshumiditytosuchlevelssothatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizingandfunguswasgrowingonthewalls.duetomoistureexhaledbytourists,whichraiseditshumiditytosuchlevelssothatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizingduetomoisturethattouristshadexhaled,therebyraisingitshumiditytosuchlevelsthatsaltfromthestonewouldcrystallizebecausetouristswereexhalingmoisture,whichhadraisedthehumiditywithinthemtolevelssuchthatsaltfromthestonewouldcrystallizebecauseofmoisturethatwasexhaledbytouristsraisingthehumiditywithinthemtolevelssohighastomakethesaltfromthestonecrystallizebecausemoistureexhaledbytouristshadraisedthehumiditywithinthemtosuchlevelsthatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizing1.A,B,D同樣犯了一個“事物”和“事物變化”的錯誤，用了介詞（dueto,becauseof）,那就是表示“事物”，但是文章所要表達的是“事物變化”，即濕氣提高了濕度，使得XXX關(guān)閉，而不是濕氣使XX關(guān)閉。這是經(jīng)?？嫉倪壿媶栴}。聯(lián)系2.its不能指代chambers,看到句子的主語，就要留意單復(fù)數(shù)的問題。3.such….sothat…..搭配錯誤4.最后不平行5.這里的so….asto是正確的搭配，表示的是“以至于”的意思，與soasto不同（表示的是inorderto）的意思，而且soasto出現(xiàn)即錯。6.Ron關(guān)于介詞指代歧義的說法：1.應(yīng)該到最后才用這個規(guī)律排除，一般不要考慮，比如這里的them會不會指代tourists2.如果有名詞取代代詞，那是正確答案出現(xiàn)的標志。In1979lackofrainreducedIndia'sriceproductiontoabout41milliontons,nearly25percentlessthanthoseofthe1978harvest.lessthanthoseofthe1978harvestlessthanthe1978harvestlessthan1978fewerthan1978fewerthanthatofIndia's1978harvest

1.在幾乎所有的those/thatof引導(dǎo)的比較問題，OG的選項前面都會有個與that/thoseof對稱的結(jié)構(gòu)來認為that/those是指代noun/nounsof中的noun/nouns2.fewer修飾可數(shù)名詞，less修飾不可數(shù)名詞。Those表示的是可數(shù)，that表示的是不可數(shù)，所以A,E就自我矛盾了。3.從語義上，應(yīng)該比的是production,所以用less，production和harvest的比較Thewidelyacceptedbigbangtheoryholdsthattheuniversebeganinanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhasbeenexpandingeversince.thattheuniversebeganinanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhasbeenexpandingthattheuniversehadbeguninanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhadbeenexpandingthatthebeginningoftheuniversewasanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagothathasexpandedthebeginningoftheuniversetohavebeenanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagothatisexpandingtheuniversetohavebeguninanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhasbeenexpanding1.賓語從句必要加that2.時態(tài)問題過去完成時沒有相應(yīng)的時間點3.動詞>形容詞>抽象名詞》動名詞》從句4.GMAT中常見的另一種邏輯錯誤是：什么是什么？比如C中說的beginning是instant，就是不符合邏輯的說法5.C中把原來平行的句子變成了從屬的關(guān)系，必錯。Ascontrastedwiththehoneybee,theyellowjacketcanstingrepeatedlywithoutdyingandcarriesapotentvenomthatcancauseintensepain.Ascontrastedwiththehoneybee,Incontrasttothehoneybee's,Unlikethestingofthehoneybee,Unlikethatofthehoneybee,Unlikethehoneybee,1.ascontrastwith搭配錯誤，應(yīng)該是incontrastto/WITH2.like后面只能跟名詞，但不能放在句尾，會出現(xiàn)歧義Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,arenowdrawingsolidconclusionsabouthowthehumanbraingrowsandhowbabiesacquirelanguage.Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,areNeuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepasttwentyyears,andareNeuroscientistsamassingawealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepasttwentyyears,andareNeuroscientistshaveamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,Neuroscientistshaveamassed,overthepasttwentyyears,awealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,D.句子的語法地位發(fā)生了改變（但這個不能當做絕對的排除依據(jù)，寫信的那道題目就沒有忠實原來的語法地位）Ron關(guān)于”，ing”的說法：首先，itshouldapplymostnearlytothesubjectoftheprecedingclause其次，itshouldhaveoneofthefollowingRELATIONSHIPStothatclause:*immediateconsequence（必定的結(jié)果）*simultaneous,butlower-priority,action（D,E一條都沒滿足）Overthepasttwentyyears在B，C中位置不同會導(dǎo)致修飾歧義正確答案是A,也出現(xiàn)了，VING的結(jié)構(gòu)，但是這個和放在句子末尾的，VING還是有區(qū)別的，如果放在句子中間了，應(yīng)該當成修飾成分來看。Tropicalbatsplayimportantrolesintherainforestecosystem,aidinginthedispersalofcashew,date,andfigseeds;pollinatingbanana,breadfruit,andmangotrees;andindirectlyhelpproducetequilabypollinatingagaveplants.pollinatingbanana,breadfruit,andmangotrees;andindirectlyhelpproducepollinatingbanana,breadfruit,andmangotrees;andindirectlyhelpingtoproducepollinatingbanana,breadfruit,andmangotrees;andtheyindirectlyhelptoproducetheypollinatebanana,breadfruit,andmangotrees;andindirectlyhelpproducingtheypollinatebanana,breadfruit,andmangotrees;indirectlyhelpingtheproducingof這里是分號的特殊用法，用于分割句子中間本身有逗號的并列短語一般而言，分號后面跟的是獨立的句子。Noneoftheattemptstospecifythecausesofcrimeexplainswhymostofthepeopleexposedtotheallegedcausesdonotcommitcrimesand,conversely,whysomanyofthosenotsoexposedhave.havehasshalldocouldInvirtuallyalltypesoftissueineveryanimalspecies,dioxininducestheproductionofenzymesthataretheorganism'stryingtometabolize,orrenderharmless,thechemicalthatisirritatingit.tryingtometabolize,orrenderharmless,thechemicalthatisirritatingittryingthatitmetabolize,orrenderharmless,thechemicalirritantattempttotrytometabolize,orrenderharmless,suchachemicalirritantattempttotryandmetabolize,orrenderharmless,thechemicalirritatingitattempttometabolize,orrenderharmless,thechemicalirritant1.try的用法：trytodo;trydoing(suspect的用法)；Trythat(必錯)2.attempt（名詞）優(yōu)于trying(動名詞)EmilyDickinson'sletterstoSusanHuntingtonDickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan'smarriagetoEmily'sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily'sdeathin1886,outnumberingherletterstoanyoneelse.DickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan'smarriagetoEmily'sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily'sdeathin1886,outnumberingDickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodthatbeginsafewyearsbeforeSusan'smarriagetoEmily'sbrotherandendedshortlybeforeEmily'sdeathin1886,outnumberDickinson,writtenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan'smarriagetoEmily'sbrotherandthatendsshortlybeforeEmily'sdeathin1886andoutnumberingDickinson,whichwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan'smarriagetoEmily'sbrother,endingshortlybeforeEmily'sdeathin1886,andoutnumberingDickinson,whichwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan'smarriagetoEmily'sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily'sdeathin1886,outnumber1.之所以不用A，是因為outnumber不是寫信的必然結(jié)果，所以不能用逗號ing的用法。這個和科學家那個題目很類似，積累信息并不能直接得出drawaconclusion,所以兩個句子的構(gòu)成也是極其相似的，中間來一個很長的修飾部分，謂語動詞放在最后。2.這里還要注意的是outnumber的謂語單復(fù)數(shù)的問題。中間隔了這么長的內(nèi)容，很容易把這個搞錯。PaleontologistsbelievethatfragmentsofaprimatejawboneunearthedinBurmaandestimatedat40to44millionyearsoldprovideevidenceofacrucialstepalongtheevolutionarypaththatledtohumanbeings.at40to44millionyearsoldprovideevidenceofasbeing40to44millionyearsoldprovidesevidenceofthatitis40to44millionyearsoldprovidesevidenceofwhatwastobe40to44millionyearsoldprovideevidenceofas40to44millionyearsoldprovidesevidence1.estimatedtobe固定用法2主謂一致Unliketheconvictionheldbymanyofhercolleaguesthatgeneswererelativelysimpleandstatic,BarbaraMcClintockadheredtoherownmorecomplicatedideasabouthowgenesmightoperate,andin1983,attheageof81,wasawardedaNobelPrizeforherdiscoverythatthegenesincornarecapableofmovingfromonechromosomalsitetoanother.UnliketheconvictionheldbymanyofhercolleaguesthatgeneswereAlthoughmanyofhercolleagueswereoftheconvictionofgenesbeingContrarytomanyofhercolleaguesbeingconvincedthatgeneswereEventhoughmanyofhercolleagueswereconvincedthatgeneswereEvenwithmanyofhercolleaguesconvincedofgenesbeingcontrarytoX，Ythe'X'inyourwriteupmustbeanoun,oraphrasethatstandsinforanoun(asin'contrarytowhattheyhadtoldme,...')Galileowasconvincedthatnaturalphenomena,asmanifestationsofthelawsofphysics,wouldappearthesametosomeoneonthedeckofashipmovingsmoothlyanduniformlythroughthewaterasapersonstandingonland.waterasawaterastoa(C)water;justasitwouldtoawater,asitwouldtothewater;justastothe1.分號的大部分（有極個別的例外）用法是用來分割獨立的句子，所以C,D的句子不完整，有碎片2.naturalphenomena,是復(fù)數(shù)，所以代詞指代要用they,c,d錯誤。Becauseanoversupplyofcomputerchipshassentpricesplunging,themanufacturerhasannouncedthatitwillcutproductionbyclosingitsfactoriesfortwodaysamonth.Becauseanoversupplyofcomputerchipshassentpricesplunging,Becauseofplungingpricesforcomputerchips,whichisduetoanoversupply,Becausecomputerchippriceshavebeensentplunging,whichresultedfromanoversupply,Duetoplungingcomputerchippricesfromanoversupply,Duetoanoversupply,withtheresultthatcomputerchippriceshavebeensentplunging,1.which只能修飾就近的名詞，而不能修飾整個句子，2.dueto/inthat必錯Beyondtheimmediatecashflowcrisisthatthemuseumfaces,itssurvivaldependsonifitcanbroadenitsmembershipandleaveitscrampedquartersforasitewhereitcanstoreandexhibititsmorethan12,000artifacts.ifitcanbroadenitsmembershipandleavewhetheritcanbroadenitsmembershipandleavewhetherornotithasthecapabilitytobroadenitsmembershipandcanleaveitsabilityforbroadeningitsmembershipandleavingtheabilityforittobroadenitsmembershipandleave By1940,thepilotJacquelineCochranheldseventeenofficialnationalandinternationalspeedrecords,andsheearnedthematatimewhenaviationwasstillsonewformanyoftheplanessheflewtobeofdangerouslyexperimentaldesign.andsheearnedthematatimewhenaviationwasstillsonewformanyoftheplanessheflewtobeearningthematatimethataviationwasstillsonewformanyoftheplanessheflewtobeearningtheseatatimewhereaviationwasstillsonewthatmanyoftheplanessheflewwereearnedatatimeinwhichaviationwasstillsonewsuchthatmanyoftheplanessheflewwereearnedatatimewhenaviationwasstillsonewthatmanyoftheplanessheflewwere“，ved”修飾的是前面的名詞1.做題的時候還是要弄清楚句子的意思是遞進還是轉(zhuǎn)折,如果是遞進notonly...butalso沒問題,如果是轉(zhuǎn)折的話,就要考慮一下是否是GMAC的陷阱了,but/butalso才是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的意思.所以當butalso單獨出現(xiàn)時，不要以為沒有notonly就認為結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，因為有可能是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的意思。這道題目就是這個情況。2.notonly….butalso…要連接兩個并列對稱的部分在正常語序中:短語本身不可以加入其它成份，比如變成：notonly...butitalso...是錯誤的（因為破壞了平衡notonly…butalso連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞要和與其最近的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致5notonly…butalso連接兩個分句，并且notonly位于句首時，第一個分句中的主語和謂語要部分倒裝6.在倒裝的情況下,butalso是可以被主語拆開的.notonlydidsbdosth,butsbalsodidsthDiscourseonWomen,*關(guān)于于主系表結(jié)構(gòu)難以套用到SVO,Ving下述原則中，因為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中前面的主句中不是一個事件或者是一個動作，而只是闡明了主語的一種屬性：在這種情況下需要判斷的是這個v-ing結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理的闡明了前面句子成分的一種屬性、狀態(tài)、用途、目的等等等。（動作也是一種狀態(tài)，比如我正在吃飯，和我現(xiàn)在是學生一樣都是表明了我的一個狀態(tài)，把狀態(tài)理解為一個廣義上的action,會比較好理解。IamaHarvardstudent,enteringmysenioryear,應(yīng)該就是滿足了2）A的條件，是伴隨的意思吧。）(OG-1230獸皮盔甲)COMMA+-INGdoesmodifyactions(whatyoumeanby"verbmodifier")(Ron)thesubjectoftheclausethat'sbeingmodifiedmustalsobethesubjectofthe-INGform.subjectshouldbetheperson/thingwhoseactionismostproximatelyresponsiblefortheeffectdescribedinthe-INGmodifieressentiallyunavoidableresult）Todevelopmoreaccuratepopulationforecasts,demographershavetoknowagreatdealmorethannowaboutthesocialandeconomicdeterminantsoffertility.havetoknowagreatdealmorethannowaboutthesocialandeconomichavetoknowagreatdealmorethantheydonowaboutthesocialandeconomicalwouldhavetoknowagreatdealmorethantheydonowaboutthesocialandeconomicalwouldhavetoknowagreatdealmorethantheydonowaboutthesocialandeconomicwouldhavetoknowagreatdealmorethannowaboutthesocialandeconomic1.Ron認為這里的wouldhaveto和haveto其實差別不大，不用太過糾結(jié)。比較對象的對等問題。Know和know的比較，所以補出助動詞do是必須的。不然就是和時間比較。LaoshasalandareaaboutthesameasGreatBritainbutonlyfourmillioninpopulation,wheremanyaremembersofhilltribesensconcedinthevirtuallyinaccessiblemountainvalleysofthenorth.aboutthesameasGreatBritainbutonlyfourmillioninpopulation,wheremanyofaboutthesamesizeasGreatBritainis,butinLaosthereisapopulationofonlyfourmillion,andmanythatisaboutthesamesizeasGreatBritain'slandarea,butinLaoswithapopulationofonlyfourmillionpeople,manyofthemcomparabletothesizeofGreatBritain,butonlyfourmillioninpopulation,andmanycomparabletothatofGreatBritainbutapopulationofonlyfourmillionpeople,manyofwhomarea（區(qū)域；面積）1.比較對象，兩個國家的landarea比較，但是A中把area和GB比較，2.therebe+抽象名詞必錯，把附屬的成分變成了主句的部分（B,C,D）3.N+thatbe,必錯，4.landarea和size的比較TheplotofTheBostonianscentersontherivalrybetweenOliveChancellor,anactivefeminist,withhercharmingandcynicalcousin.BasilRansom,whentheyfindthemselvesdrawntothesameradiantyoungwomanwhosetalentforpublicspeakinghaswonheranardentfollowing.rivalrybetweenOliveChancellor,anactivefeminist,withhercharmingandcynicalcousin,BasilRansom,rivalsOliveChancellor,anactivefeminist,againsthercharmingandcynicalcousin,BasilRansom,rivalrythatdevelopsbetweenOliveChancellor,anactivefeminist,andBasilRansom,hercharmingandcynicalcousin,developingrivalrybetweenOliveChancellor,anactivefeminist,withBasilRansom,hercharmingandcynicalcousin,activefeminist,OliveChancellor,andtherivalrywithhercharmingandcynicalcousinBasilRansom,1.rivalsxandy固定搭配Quasars,atbillionsoflight-yearsfromEarththemostdistantobservableobjectsintheuniverse,believedtobethecoresofgalaxiesinanearlystageofdevelopment.believedtobearebelievedtobesomebelievethemtobesomebelievetheyareitisbelievedthattheyare句子碎片InancientThailand,muchofthelocalartisans'creativeenergywasexpendedforthecreationofBuddhaimagesandwhentheyconstructedanddecoratedthetemplesthatenshrinedthem.muchofthelocalartisans'creativeenergywasexpendedforthecreationofBuddhaimagesandwhentheyconstructedanddecoratedthetemplesthatenshrinedthemmuchofthelocalartisans'creativeenergywasexpendedonthecreationofBuddhaimagesandonconstructionanddecorationofthetemplesinwhichtheywereenshrinedmuchofthelocalartisans'creativeenergywasexpendedonthecreationofBuddhaimagesaswellasconstructinganddecorationofthetemplesinwhichtheywereenshrinedcreatingimagesofBuddhaaccountedformuchofthelocalartisans'creativeenergy,andalsoconstructinganddecoratingthetemplesenshriningthemthecreationofBuddhaimagesaccountedformuchofthelocalartisans'creativeenergyaswellasconstructionanddecorationofthetemplesthatenshrinedthem1.expend（耗盡，用光），用法是：expendon….2.關(guān)于代詞指代的兩點：1.代詞是不能指代賓格的，所以A選項中的they的指代就是自行矛盾，因為從語義上看they必須指代artisan’s,此外，them的指代是images，所以又犯了同一代詞指代不同事物的矛盾。注意，RON說類似their物去指代artisans’是可以的，沒問題的。In1713,AlexanderPopebeganhistranslationoftheIliad,aworkthat,takinghimsevenyearsuntilcompletion,andthatliterarycriticSamuelJohnson,Pope'scontemporary,pronouncedthegreatesttranslationinanylanguage.histranslationoftheIliad,aworkthat,takinghimsevenyearsuntilcompletion,andthatliterarycriticSamuelJohnson,Pope'scontemporary,pronouncedhistranslationoftheIliad,aworkthattookhimsevenyearstocompleteandthatliterarycriticSamuelJohnson,Pope'scontemporary,pronouncedhistranslationoftheIliad,aworkthathadtakensevenyearstocompleteandthatliterarycriticSamuelJohnson,Pope'scontemporary,pronounceditastranslatingtheIliad,aworkthattooksevenyearsuntilcompletionandthatliterarycriticSamuelJohnson,Pope'scontemporary,pronounceditastranslatingtheIliad,aworkthathadtakensevenyearstocompleteandliterarycriticSamuelJohnson,Pope'scontemporary,pronouncedit1.跳躍修飾，work修飾trsanslationItiscalledasea,butthelandlockedCaspianisactuallythelargestlakeonEarth,whichcoversmorethanfourtimesthesurfaceareaofitsclosestrivalinsize,NorthAmerica'sLakeSuperior.Itiscalledasea,butthelandlockedCaspianisactuallythelargestlakeonEarth,whichcoversAlthoughitiscalledasea,actuallythelandlockedCaspianisthelargestlakeonEarth,whichcoversThoughcalledasea,thelandlockedCaspianisactuallythelargestlakeonEarth,coveringThoughcalledaseabutitactuallyisthelargestlakeonEarth,thelandlockedCaspiancoversDespitebeingcalledasea,thelargestlakeonEarthisactuallythelandlockedCaspian,covering這里的A選項中which的修飾問題，是不能作為絕對的判斷標準的，只有好壞之說。治理有更好的，就選其他的；要是沒有更好的，就會選這個。首先要從其他的考點進行篩選！補充一些modifier的知識：（modifier是一個比較重要的考點）1.Anicesheetcovers80percentofthesurfaceoftheGreenland,anarearoughlythesizeofAlaska.anarearoughlythesizeofAlaska修飾的不是Greenland,而是80percentofthesurfaceoftheGreenland.2.名詞和修飾的部分之間可以加入一個non-modifier的插入語OursystemofPresidentelectionsfavorsstates,suchasDelaware,thatbypopulationareover-representedintheElectoralCollege.3.Certainhuman’sparasite:有修飾歧義，certain到底是修飾human還是parasite;應(yīng)該改成certainparasitesinthehuman.4.區(qū)別who,whom和whose，who和whom只能修飾人，whose能修飾人和物5.有逗號的是非必須的修飾語；沒逗號的是必須的修飾語。而區(qū)分是否是必須的修飾語的關(guān)鍵是你是否需要這個修飾語來確定這個名詞。6.V-ing的時態(tài)是以主句的時態(tài)為準，但如果從含以上講V-ing和主句的謂語動詞時態(tài)是不一致的，那就不能用v-ing來進行修飾，這時就要用that從句來修飾，有了從句就有了改變時態(tài)的空間。7.關(guān)于essential-modifier和nonessential-modifierofalltheearthquakesinEuropeanhistory,theearthquake,whichdestroyedLin1775,isperhapsthemostfamous.這個題專門訓練判斷non-essential和essentialmodifier?！癟heearthquake”用的是“the”不是“this”，需要后面的“destroyedLin1775”來進行修飾，以便完全確定是哪一個“地震”事件，因此應(yīng)該用essentialmodifier。兩個逗號里的修飾成分是非必須修飾，沒有逗號的是必須的修飾。做題時先判斷是不是必須的，然后判斷逗號有沒有用錯。（曼哈頓對于這一點說的很清晰，逗號里的一定是非必須的修飾）7.where的修飾問題，不能修飾situation/case/codition/aggrangement，要用inwhich代替。1）給一個ron對此問題的系統(tǒng)解釋：AofB,which結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)于which的修飾問題，首先which可以修飾1）thenearestnoun;2)prep+thenearestnoun.但是他指出，一般在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果which要指代A的話都只出現(xiàn)在：1）B是人，不能用which指代，所以which很自然地指代了A；2）B的單復(fù)和which后的動詞單復(fù)不一樣，所以which指代了A。在其它情況下一般默認which指代B，而不是A。當然ron也說明了這是他整理了所有官方題目的的總結(jié)，所以他也沒有說的十分肯定。但是我估計，既然ron做過那么多題目，本人也那么N，這應(yīng)該反映了99%的情況~其它情況下即使有例外也不會以此作為split點~我覺得還是要看每道題考察的側(cè)重點

AofB修飾整體還是部分一定要看題目考察的split，這是非常非常重要的，你看lliad這題明顯是做出了區(qū)分

而在journalist那題中更大的考點在哪里？我想不是這里關(guān)于AofB這個細節(jié)吧

我想，對付這些有點自相矛盾的知識點，都用對付pronounissue的方法就能解決

做出了split，而且非常明顯，就去考慮；在考慮完主要的非常顯眼的考點之后，這是當然的

沒做出split就默認修飾最符合邏輯的修飾對象了OG的解釋當然都是這樣的，只要A不選，當然想挑錯誤肯定是能挑的，就像OG說A選項which指代不清一樣但是如果是我做題的話

這個which我只會覺得它不好，比較敏感一點，先放著，不會直接排除，然后直接和其他選項對比擇更好的

當然，從另一個角度來看，split是whichclausevscomma+ving（ABvsCE）

whichclause前面是AofB結(jié)構(gòu)，comma+ving前面只有一個clause

which這個nounmodifier就存在到底是修飾B還是AofB這個結(jié)構(gòu)的歧義

當然comma+ving不存在，因為就是修飾最近的clause

PS：這只是從語法的角度上來討論

如果要糾結(jié)到which修飾noun的合理性的話，上面的話肯定就會有漏洞了

我也只是針對OG的解釋給出我自己的看法~當一個句子有較多修飾成分修飾主語時,應(yīng)該將修飾成分合理的分布在主語前后,常用的方法是:分詞結(jié)構(gòu),主語,修飾成分1,修飾成分2,謂語……但有時會在主語之前存在兩個修飾，這時候不能直接認為是錯誤的，因為前面的第二個修飾有可能是修飾前面的修飾語中的成分，而不是主語，這時要認為是可以的。Alreadyarenownedcomposerofsymphonies,someofwhichhavebeenperformedbytheworld'sbestorchestras,SmithisnowturninghisattentiontowritingBroadway-stylemusicals.（RON）AOFBthat，雖然在曼哈頓的TOUCH-rule例外一章中說到that修飾的是A，d但是that也可以修飾B,都是可以的，但要注意謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問題。Theautomotiveconveyor-beltsystem,whichHenryFordmodeledafteranassembly-linetechniqueintroducedbyRansomOlds,reducedfromadayandahalfto93minutestherequiredtimeofassemblingaModelT.from