國外組織行為學(xué)課件皮爾森ch3

Chapter4Values,Attitudes,andWorkBehaviourCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.LearningObjectivesDefinevaluesanddiscusstheimplicationsofcross-culturalvariationinvaluesfororganizationalbehaviour.Defineattitudesandexplainhowpeopledevelopandchangeattitudes.Explaintheconceptofjobsatisfactionanddiscusssomeofitskeycontributors,includingdiscrepancy,fairness,disposition,mood,andemotioninpromotingjobsatisfaction.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.LearningObjectives(continued)4. Outlinethevariousconsequencesofjobsatisfactionandexplaintherelationshipbetweenjobsatisfactionandabsenteeism,turnover,performance,organizationalcitizenshipbehaviour,andcustomersatisfaction.5. Differentiateaffective,continuance,andnormative

commitmentandexplainhoworganizationscanfosterorganizationalcommitment.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatAreValues?

Abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers.Valueshavetodowithwhatweconsidergoodandbad.Valuesaremotivationalandverygeneral.Peopletendtoholdvaluesstructuredaroundsuchfactorsasachievement,power,autonomy,conformity,tradition,andsocialwelfare.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.GenerationalDifferencesinValues

Therearefourdistinctivegenerationsintheworkplacetoday:Traditionalists(1922-1945)BabyBoomers(1946-1964)GenerationX(1965-1980)Millennials(GenerationY)(1981-2000)Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.GenerationalDifferencesinValues(continued)

Thesegenerationsgrewupunderratherdifferentsocializationexperiences.Thesedifferenceshaveledtonotablevaluedifferencesbetweenthegenerations.Suchvaluedifferencesmightthenunderliethedifferentialassetsandpreferencesforleadershipstyle.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.FourGenerationsinToday’sWorkplaceCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.GenerationalStereotypesTraditionalists:Respectfulofauthorityandahighworkethic.Boomers:Optimisticworkaholics.GenX:Cynical,confident,andpragmatic.GenY:Confident,social,demandingoffeedback,andsomewhatunfocused.Arethesestereotypesaccurate?Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.GenerationalDifferencesinValues(continued)

Mostresearchpointstomoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinvaluesacrossgenerations.SomeindicationthatGenXandYaremoreinclinedtovaluestatusandrapidcareergrowththanareboomers.GenYsespeciallyvalueautonomyandXers,comparedtoboomers,arelessloyal,morewantingofpromotion,andmoreinclinedtowardwork-lifebalance.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.GenerationalDifferencesinValues(continued)

Someresearchhasconcludedthatallworkgenerationssharethesamevaluesbutexpressthemdifferently.Generationaldifferencesinworkvaluesorthewayvaluesareexpressedisimportantbecauseagood“fit”betweenaperson’svaluesandthoseoftheorganization(person-organizationfit)leadstomorepositiveworkattitudesandbehaviours.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.CulturalDifferencesinValuesTherearebasicdifferencesinwork-relatedvaluesacrosscultures.Alackofunderstandingofcross-culturaldifferencescancauseforeignassignmentstoterminateearlyandbusinessnegotiationstofail.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WorkCentralityWorkisvalueddifferentlyacrosscultures.Therearecross-nationaldifferencesintheextenttowhichpeopleperceiveworkasacentrallifeinterest.Peopleforwhomworkwasacentrallifeinterestworkmorehours.Cross-culturaldifferencesinworkcentralitycanleadtoadjustmentproblemsforforeignemployeesandmanagers.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Hofstede’sStudyGeertHofstedequestionedover116,000IBMemployeesin40countriesabouttheirwork-relatedvalues.Hediscoveredfourbasicdimensionsalongwhichwork-relatedvaluesdifferedacrosscultures:PowerdistanceUncertaintyavoidanceMasculinity/femininityIndividualism/collectivismCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Hofstede’sStudy(continued)SubsequentworkwithCanadianMichaelBondthatcateredmoretoEasternculturesresultedinafifthdimension:Long-term/short-termorientationCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.PowerDistanceTheextenttowhichanunequaldistributionofpowerisacceptedbysocietymembers.Insmallpowerdistancecultures,inequalityisminimized,superiorsareaccessible,andpowerdifferencesaredownplayed.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.PowerDistance(continued)Inlargepowerdistancecultures,inequalityisacceptedasnatural,superiorsareinaccessible,andpowerdifferencesarehighlighted.Outof40societies,CanadaandtheUnitedStatesrank14and15,fallingonthelowpowerdistancesideoftheaverage.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.UncertaintyAvoidanceTheextenttowhichpeopleareuncomfortablewithuncertainandambiguoussituations.Stronguncertaintyavoidanceculturesstressrulesandregulations,hardwork,conformity,andsecurity.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.UncertaintyAvoidance(continued)Cultureswithweakuncertaintyavoidancearelessconcernedwithrules,conformity,andsecurity,andhardworkisnotseenasavirtueandrisktakingisvalued.CanadaandtheUnitedStatesarewellbelowaverageonuncertaintyavoidance.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Masculinity/FemininityMasculineculturesclearlydifferentiategenderroles,supportthedominanceofmen,andstresseconomicperformance.Feminineculturesacceptfluidgenderroles,stresssexualequality,andstressqualityoflife.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Masculinity/Femininity(continued)InHofstede’sresearch,JapanisthemostmasculinesocietyfollowedbyAustria,Mexico,andVenezuela.TheScandinaviancountriesarethemostfeminine.Canadaranksaboutmid-packandtheUnitedStatesisfairlymasculinefallingabouthalfwaybetweenCanadaandJapan.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Individualism/CollectivismIndividualisticsocietiesstressindependence,individualinitiative,andprivacy.Collectiveculturesfavourinterdependenceandloyaltytofamilyorclan.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Individualism/Collectivism(continued)TheUnitedStates,Australia,GreatBritain,andCanadaareamongthemostindividualisticsocieties.Venezuela,Columbia,andPakistanareamongthemostcollective,withJapanfallingaboutmid-pack.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Long-term/Short-termOrientationCultureswithalong-termorientationstresspersistence,perseverance,thrift,andcloseattentiontostatusdifferences.Cultureswithashort-termorientationstresspersonalsteadinessandstability,face-saving,andsocialniceties.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Long-term/Short-termOrientation(continued)China,HongKong,Taiwan,Japan,andSouthKoreatendtobecharacterizedbyalong-termorientation.CanadaandtheUnitedStatesaremoreshort-termoriented.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Cross-CultureValueComparisonsCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ImplicationsofCulturalVariationWhataretheimplicationsofculturalvariationfororganizationalbehaviour?Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ExportingOBTheoriesOrganizationalbehaviourtheories,research,andpracticesfromNorthAmericamightnottranslatewelltoothersocieties.Thebasicquestionsremainthesame––itisjusttheanswersthatwilldiffer.Agoodfitbetweencompanypracticesandthehostcultureisimportant.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ImportingOBTheoriesNotalltheoriesandpracticesthatconcernorganizationalbehaviouraredesignedinNorthAmericaorevenintheWest.Themostobviousexamplesare““Japanesemanagement”techniques,suchasqualitycircles,totalqualitymanagement,andjust-in-timeproduction.Organizationsneedtotailormanagementpracticestothehomeculture’’sconcerns.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.AppreciatingGlobalCustomersAnappreciationofcross-culturaldifferencesinvaluesisessentialtounderstandingtheneedsandtastesofcustomersorclientsaroundtheworld.Appreciatingthevaluesofglobalcustomersisalsoimportantwhenthecustomersenteryourownculture.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.DevelopingGlobalEmployeesSuccessintranslatingmanagementpracticestoothercultures,importingpractices,andappreciatingglobalcustomersdoesnothappenbyaccident.Companiesneedtoselect,train,anddevelopemployeestohaveanappreciationofdifferencesinculturalvaluesandtheimplicationsofthesedifferencesforbehaviourinorganizations.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatAreAttitudes?Anattitudeisafairlystableevaluativetendencytorespondconsistencytosomespecificobject,situation,person,orcategoryofpeople.Attitudesinvolveevaluationsdirectedtowardspecifictargets.Theyaremorespecificthanvalues.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatAreAttitudes?(continued)Attitudesaretendenciestorespondtothetargetoftheattitude.Attitudesofteninfluenceourbehaviourtowardsomeobject,situation,person,orgroup.AttitudeBehaviourCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatAreAttitudes?(continued)Wheredoattitudescomefrom?Attitudesareafunctionofwhatwethinkandwhatwefeel.Attitudesaretheproductofarelatedbeliefandvalue.Belief+Value=AttitudeBehaviourCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatAreAttitudes?(continued)Organizationsoftenattempttochangeemployeeattitudes.Mostattemptsatattitudechangeareinitiatedbyacommunicatorwhotriestousepersuasionofsomeformtomodifythebeliefsorvaluesofanaudiencethatsupportsacurrentlyheldattitude.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatAreAttitudes?(continued)Persuasionthatisdesignedtomodifyoremphasizevaluesisusuallyemotionallyoriented.Persuasionthatisslantedtowardmodifyingcertainbeliefsisusuallyrationallyoriented.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatIsJobSatisfaction?Acollectionofattitudesthatworkershaveabouttheirjobs.Twoaspectsofsatisfaction.Facetsatisfactionreferstothetendencyforanemployeetobemoreorlesssatisfiedwithvariousfacetsofthejob:TheworkitselfCompensationCareeropportunitiesRecognitionBenefitsCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatIsJobSatisfaction?(continued)Overallsatisfactionisasummaryindicatorofapersons’attitudetowardhisorherjobthatcutsacrossthevariousfacets.Anaverageortotaloftheattitudesindividualsholdtowardvariousfacetsofthejob.Twoemployeesmightexpressthesamelevelofoverallsatisfactionfordifferentreasons.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatIsJobSatisfaction?(continued)ThemostpopularmeasureofjobsatisfactionistheJobDescriptiveIndex(JDI).Itisdesignedaroundfivefacetsofsatisfaction.Employeesrespond“yes,”““no,”or“?”indescribingwhetheraparticularwordorphraseisdescriptiveofparticularfacetsoftheirjobs.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatIsJobSatisfaction?(continued)TheMinnesotaSatisfactionQuestionnaire(MSQ)isalsoacarefullyconstructedmeasureofjobsatisfaction.Respondentsindicatehowhappytheyarewithvariousaspectsoftheirjobonascalerangingfrom“verysatisfied”to“verydissatisfied.”Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatDeterminesJobSatisfaction?Wefrequentlyfinddifferencesinjobsatisfactionexpressedbyindividualsperformingthesamejobinagivenorganization.Howdoesthishappen?Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.DiscrepancyAtheorythatjobsatisfactionstemsfromthediscrepancybetweenthejoboutcomeswantedandtheoutcomesthatareperceivedtobeobtained.Thereisstrongevidencethatsatisfactionwithone’spayishighwhenthereisasmallgapbetweenthepayreceivedandtheperceptionofhowmuchpayshouldbereceived.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.FairnessIssuesoffairnessaffectbothwhatpeoplewantfromtheirjobsandhowtheyreacttotheinevitablediscrepanciesinorganizationallife.Therearethreebasickindsoffairness:DistributivefairnessProceduralfairnessInteractionalfairnessCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.DistributiveFairnessFairnessthatoccurswhenpeoplereceivewhattheythinktheydeservefromtheirjobs.Itinvolvestheultimatedistributionofworkrewardsandresources.Individualswant““what’sfair.”Equitytheoryprovidesawayofunderstandinghowpeopledeterminewhatisfair.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.EquityTheoryAtheorythatjobsatisfactionstemsfromacomparisonoftheinputsoneinvestsinajobandtheoutcomesonereceivesincomparisontotheinputsandoutcomesofanotherpersonorgroup.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.EquityTheory(continued)Equitywillbeperceivedwhenthefollowingdistributionratiosexist:Myoutcomes=Other’’soutcomesMyinputsOther’’sinputsCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.EquityTheory(continued)Inputsrefertoanythingthatpeoplegiveup,offer,ortradetotheirorganizationinexchangeforoutcomes(e.g.,education).Outcomesarefactorsthatanorganizationdistributestoemployeesinexchangefortheirinputs(e.g.,pay).Theotherintheratiomightbeaco-workerperformingthesamejob,anumberofco-workers,orevenone’’sconceptionofalltheindividualsinone’’soccupation.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.EquityTheory(continued)Equitytheoryhasimportantimplicationsforjobsatisfaction.Inequityisadissatisfyingstate,especiallywhenweareonthe“shortendofthestick.”Cross-culturaldifferencesinvaluessuggeststhattherearedifferencesacrossculturesinhowtoachieveequityanddistributivefairness.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ProceduralFairnessFairnessthatoccurswhentheprocessusedtodetermineworkoutcomesisseenasreasonable.Itisconcernedwithhowoutcomesaredecidedandallocated.Itisparticularlyrelevanttooutcomessuchasperformanceevaluations,payraises,promotions,layoffs,andworkassignments.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ProceduralFairness(continued)Inallocatingoutcomes,thefollowingfactorscontributetoperceptionsofproceduralfairness.Theallocator:Followsconsistentproceduresovertimeandacrosspeople.Usesaccurateinformationandappearsunbiased.Allowstwo-waycommunicationduringtheallocationprocess.Welcomesappealsoftheprocedureorallocation.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ProceduralFairness(continued)Proceduralfairnessisespeciallylikelytoprovokedissatisfactionwhenpeoplealsoseedistributivefairnessasbeinglow.Dissatisfactionwillbemaximizedwhenpeoplebelievethattheywouldhaveobtainedbetteroutcomesifthedecisionmakerhadusedotherproceduresthatshouldhavebeenimplemented.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.InteractionalFairnessFairnessthatoccurswhenpeoplefeelthattheyhavereceivedrespectfulandinformativecommunicationaboutanoutcome.Interactionalfairnessisimportantbecauseitispossibleforabsolutelyfairoutcomesorprocedurestobeperceivedasunfairwhentheyareinadequatelyoruncaringlyexplained.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.InteractionalFairness(continued)Peoplewhoexperienceinteractionalunfairnessaremostlikelydissatisfiedwiththeboss.Bothproceduralandinteractionalfairnesscantosomeextentoffsetthenegativeeffectsofdistributiveunfairness.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.DispositionCouldyourpersonalitycontributetoyourfeelingsofjobsatisfaction?Thedispositionalviewofjobsatisfactionisbasedontheideathatsomepeoplearepredisposedbyvirtueoftheirpersonalitiestobemoreorlesssatisfieddespitechangesindiscrepancyorfairness.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Disposition(continued)Studiesthatpointtoamissingdispositionallinkinjobsatisfaction:Identicaltwinsrearedaparttendtohavesimilarlevelsofjobsatisfaction.Jobsatisfactiontendstobefairlystableovertime,evenwhenchangesinemployeroccur.Dispositionmeasuredearlyinadolescenceiscorrelatedwithone’sjobsatisfactionasamatureadult.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Disposition(continued)Thesefindingssuggestthatsomepersonalitycharacteristicsoriginatingingeneticsorearlylearningcontributetoadultjobsatisfaction.Peoplewhoareextravertedandconscientioustendtobemoresatisfiedwiththeirjobs.Thosehighinneuroticismarelesssatisfied.Peoplewhoarehighinself-esteemandinternallocusofcontrolaremoresatisfied.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Disposition(continued)Ingeneral,peoplewhoareoptimisticandproactivereporthigherjobsatisfaction.Moodandemotionmaycontributetothisconnection.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.MoodandEmotionAffectisabroadlabelforfeelingsthatincludesemotionsandmoods.Emotionsareintense,oftenshort-livedfeelingscausedbyaparticulareventsuchasabadperformanceappraisal.Moodsarelessintense,longer-lived,andmorediffusefeelings.Howdoemotionsandmoodsaffectjobsatisfaction?Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.AffectiveEventsTheoryJobsconsistofaseriesofeventsandhappeningsthathavethepotentialtoprovokeemotionsortoinfluencemoods,dependingonhowweappraisetheseeventsandhappenings.Emotionsandmoodscaninturninfluencejobsatisfaction.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.EmotionalContagionMoodandemotioncanalsoinfluencejobsatisfactionthroughemotionalcontagion.Emotionalcontagionisthetendencyformoodsandemotionstospreadbetweenpeopleorthroughoutagroup.People’’smoodsandemotionstendtoconvergewithinteraction.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.EmotionalRegulationMoodandemotioncanalsoinfluencejobsatisfactionthroughtheneedforemotionalregulation.Emotionalregulationistherequirementforpeopletoconformtocertain““displayrules””intheirjobbehaviourinspiteoftheirtruemoodoremotions.Thisisoftenreferredtoas““emotionallabour.””Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.EmotionalLabourInsomejobs,employeesmustexaggeratepositiveemotionswhileinotherstheymustsuppressnegativeemotions.Alljobshavetheirimplicitdisplayrules,however,servicerolesareespeciallyladenwiththem.Whataretheconsequencesoftherequirementforemotionalregulation?Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ConsequencesofEmotionalRegulationThefrequentneedtosuppressnegativeemotionscanlowerjobsatisfactionandincreasestress.Someresearchsuggeststhattheneedtoexpresspositiveemotionsimprovesjobsatisfaction.Doorganizationspayapremiumforemotionallabour?Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.EmotionalLabourandCognitiveDemandsCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.HowDiscrepancy,Fairness,Disposition,Mood,andEmotionAffectJobSatisfactionCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ThefacetsthatseemtocontributethemosttofeelingsofjobsatisfactionformostNorthAmericanworkersinclude:MentallychallengingworkAdequatecompensationCareeropportunitiesPeople(friendlyorhelpfulcolleagues)SomeKeyContributorstoJobSatisfactionsCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.MentallyChallengingWorkReferstoworkthattestsemployees’skillsandabilities,allowsthemtosettheirownworkingpace,andprovidesthemwithclearperformancefeedback.Employeesusuallyperceivesuchworkaspersonallyinvolvingandimportant.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.AdequateCompensationMostemployeesexpecttoreceiveanadequateamountofcompensation.Althoughpayandsatisfactionarepositivelyrelated,noteveryoneisequallydesirousofmoney.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.CareerOpportunitiesTheavailabilityofcareeropportunitiesandopportunitiesforpromotionareimportantcontributorstojobsatisfaction.Promotionscontainmaterialandsocialsignalsaboutaperson’sself-worth.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.PeopleFriendly,considerate,good-naturedsuperiorsandco-workerscontributetojobsatisfaction.Theabilityofotherstohelpusdoourworkandattainoutcomesthatwevaluealsocontributestojobsatisfaction.Thefriendlinessaspectismostimportantinlower-leveljobswithcleardutiesaswellasdead-endjobs.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.People(continued)Theabilityofotherstohelpusdoourworkwellcontributesmoretojobsatisfactionwhenpayistiedtoperformance,jobsarecomplex,oraspromotionopportunitiesincrease.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ConsequencesofJobSatisfactionJobsatisfactionhasanumberofconsequences:AbsencefromworkTurnoverPerformanceOrganizationalcitizenshipbehaviourCustomersatisfactionandprofitCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.AbsencefromWorkAbsenteeismisanexpensivebehaviour.Lesssatisfiedemployeesaremorelikelytobeabsent.Satisfactionwiththecontentoftheworkisthebestpredictorofabsenteeism.Theabsence-satisfactionconnectionisnotverystrong.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.AbsencefromWork(continued)Severalfactorsconstraintheabilityofmanypeopletoconverttheirlikeordislikeofworkintocorrespondingattendancepatterns:Someabsenceisunavoidable.Opportunitiesforoff-the-jobsatisfactiononamisseddayvary.Someorganizationshaveattendancecontrolpolicies.Itmightbeuncleartoemployeeshowmuchabsenteeismisreasonableorsensible.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.AbsencefromWork(continued)Thenormforabsenteeismandthe“absenceculture”mighthaveastrongereffectthananindividualemployee’sjobsatisfaction.Theconnectionbetweenjobsatisfactionandgoodattendanceprobablystemsinpartfromthetendencyforjobsatisfactiontofacilitatementalhealthandsatisfactionwithlifeingeneral.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.TurnoverTurnoverreferstoresignationfromanorganizationanditcanbeveryexpensive.Researchindicatesamoderatelystrongconnectionbetweenjobsatisfactionandturnover.Less-satisfiedworkersaremorelikelytoquit.Therelationshipisfarfromperfect.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.AModelofEmployeeTurnoverCopyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Turnover(continued)Themodelshowsthatjobsatisfactionaswellascommitmenttotheorganizationandvarious“shocks””cancontributetointentionstoleave.Researchshowsthatsuchintentionsareverygoodpredictorsofturnover.Whydosatisfiedpeoplesometimesquittheirjobsanddissatisfiedpeoplestay?Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Turnover(continued)Certain“shocks””mightstimulateturnoverdespitesatisfactionwiththecurrentjob.Anemployees’dissatisfactionwithhisorherjobmightbeoffsetbyastrongcommitmenttotheoverallvaluesandmissionoftheorganization.Anemployeemightbesoembeddedinthecommunitythatheorsheiswillingtoendureadissatisfyingjobratherthanmove.Aweakjobmarketmightresultinlimitedemploymentalternatives.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.TheHoneymoon-HangoverEffectAdecreaseinjobsatisfactionoftenprecedesturnover,andthosewhoquitexperienceaboostinjobsatisfactionontheirnewjob.Someofthisboostmightbeduetoa“honeymooneffect,””inwhichthebadfacetsoftheoldjobaregone,thegoodfacetsofthenewjobareapparent,andthebadfacetsofthenewjobarenotyetknown.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.TheHoneymoon-HangoverEffect(continued)Overtime,asthebadfacetsofthenewjobarerecognized,a“hangovereffect”canoccurinwhichoverallsatisfactionwiththenewjobdecreases.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.TheHoneymoon-HangoverEffect(continued)Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.PerformanceResearchhasfoundthatjobsatisfactionisassociatedwithhigherjobperformance.However,theconnectioniscomplicated;manyfactorsinfluencemotivationandperformance.Themostimportantsatisfactionfacetisthecontentoftheworkitself.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Performance(continued)Theconnectionbetweenjobsatisfactionandperformanceisstrongerforcomplex,high-techjobsandlessstrongformoreroutinelabourjobs.Althoughjobsatisfactioncontributestoperformance,performancecouldalsocontributetojobsatisfaction.Whengoodperformanceisfollowedbyrewards,employeesaremorelikelytobesatisfied.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.Performance(continued)Manyorganizationsdonotrewardgoodperformancesufficiently.Thus,researchindicatesthatsatisfactionismorelikelytoaffectperformance,ratherthanthereverse.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.OrganizationalCitizenshipBehaviour(OCB)OCBisvoluntary,informalbehaviourthatcontributestoorganizationaleffectiveness.Inmanycases,theformalperformanceevaluationsystemdoesnotdetectandrewardit.JobsatisfactioncontributesgreatlytotheoccurrenceofOCB,morethanitdoestoregulartaskperformance.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.OrganizationalCitizenshipBehaviour(OCB)(continued)ThedefiningcharacteristicsofOCB:Thebehaviourisvoluntary.Thebehaviourisspontaneous.Thebehaviourcontributestoorganizationaleffectiveness.Thebehaviourisunlikelytobeexplicitlypickedupandrewardedbytheperformanceevaluationsystem.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.OrganizationalCitizenshipBehaviour(OCB)(continued)ThevariousformsthatOCBmighttake:Helpingbehaviourandofferingassistance.Conscientiousnesstothedetailsofwork.Beingagoodsport.Courtesyandcooperation.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.OrganizationalCitizenshipBehaviour(OCB)(continued)HowdoesjobsatisfactioncontributetoOCB?Fairnessseemstobethekey.Althoughdistributivefairnessisimportant,proceduralandinteractionalfairnessfromasupportivemanagerseemespeciallycritical.OCBisalsoinfluencedbyemployees’’moodatwork.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.OrganizationalCitizenshipBehaviour(OCB)(continued)Peopleinapleasant,relaxed,optimisticmoodaremorelikelytoprovidespecialassistancetoothers.RecentresearchhasshownthatOCBcontributestoorganizationalproductivityandefficiencyandtoreducedturnover.Asaresult,somefirmsnowtrytoformallyrecognizeOCBs.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.CustomerSatisfactionandProfitAgrowingbodyofevidencehasestablishedthatemployeejobsatisfactionistranslatedintocustomerorclientsatisfactionandorganizationalprofitability.Organizationswithhigheraveragelevelsofemployeesatisfactionaremoreeffective.Thesameappliestounitswithinlargerorganizations.Howdoesemployeesatisfactiontranslateintocustomersatisfaction?Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.CustomerSatisfactionandProfit(continued)Reducedabsenteeismandturnovercontributetotheseamlessdeliveryofservice.OCBsstimulategoodteamwork.Agoodmoodamongemployeescanbecontagiousforcustomers.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatIsOrganizationalCommitment?Organizationalcommitmentisanattitudethatreflectsthestrengthofthelinkagebetweenanemployeeandanorganization.Thislinkagehasimplicationsforwhethersomeonetendstoremaininanorganization.ResearchersJohnMeyerandNatalieAllenhaveidentifiedthreeverydifferenttypesoforganizationalcommitment.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.AffectiveCommitmentCommitmentbasedonaperson’sidentificationandinvolvementwithanorganization.Peoplewithhighaffectivecommitmentstaywithanorganizationbecausetheywantto.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.ContinuanceCommitmentCommitmentbasedonthecoststhatwouldbeincurredinleavinganorganization.Peoplewithhighcontinuancecommitmentstaywithanorganizationbecausetheyhaveto.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.NormativeCommitmentCommitmentbasedonideologyorafeelingofobligationtoanorganization.Peoplewithhighnormativecommitmentstaywithanorganizationbecausetheythinktheyshoulddoso.Copyright?2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatIsOrganizationalCommitment?(continued)Employeescanalsobecommittedtovariousconstituencieswithinandoutsidetheorganization.Eachtypeofcommitmentcouldalsoapplytoone’’sworkteam,union,orprofession.Copyright?2011P