最新版六級翻譯答案50篇

Topic1文化概述在中國五千年的文明史上，中國人有無數(shù)的發(fā)明和創(chuàng)造，如漢字、中醫(yī)、絲綢、瓷器(porcelain)、指南針、造紙術(shù)、印刷術(shù)和火藥(gunpowder)。這些獨(dú)特的發(fā)明和創(chuàng)造是中國人對世界文明的偉大貢獻(xiàn)，證明中華民族是一個(gè)富于原創(chuàng)性的民族。與此同時(shí)，中國人又有一種開放的胸懷，歡迎遠(yuǎn)方來的朋友，并以極高的熱情吸收和包容外來的文化。大唐盛世和明代鄭和七下西洋都表明，中華文明具有開放性和包容性。Overahistoryof5000years,Chinesepeoplehaveproducednumerousinventions.Theseuniqueinventions,includingChinesecharacters,traditionalChinesemedicine,silk,porcelain,compass,papermaking,printingandgunpowder,aresignificantcontributionsChinesemadetotheglobalcivilization,provingthattheChinesenationisfullofcreativity.Inthemeanwhile,theChinesepeoplehavealwayskeptanopenmindtowardforeignfriendsandabsorbedforeigncultureswithgreatenthusiasm.BoththeprosperityofTangDynastyandZhengHe’ssevenlongvoyagestotheWestTopic2四大發(fā)明說到中國古代的科技文明，就不能不說四大發(fā)明（theFourGreatInventions）。人們普遍認(rèn)為，指南針、火藥(gunpowder)、造紙術(shù)和印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明對中國古代的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了巨大的推動作用；并且，這些發(fā)明經(jīng)由各種途徑傳至西方，也影響著世界的文明進(jìn)程。從歷史發(fā)展的角度來看，中國古代的四大發(fā)明是為人類社會生活帶來革命性變化的科學(xué)發(fā)明，這是中國人對世界文明的偉大貢獻(xiàn)。中國的四大發(fā)明在人類科學(xué)文化史上留下了燦爛的一頁，推動了人類歷史的前進(jìn)。WhenitcomestoscienceandtechnologyinancientChina,theFourGreatInventions,includingcompass,gunpowder,papermakingandprinting,shouldalwaysbediscussed.ItiscommonlybelievedthattheFourGreatInventionshavepromotedthedevelopmentofpolitics,economyandcultureofancientChinadramatically;moreover,theseinventionshaveagreatimpactonthecivilizationoftheworldsincetheyhavebeenintroducedintotheWesternworldinvariousways.Fromtheperspectiveofhistoricaldevelopment,theFourGreatInventionsofancientChinaarescientificinventionsthatbringrevolutionarychangestothesociallifeofhumanbeings,whicharegreatcontributionsChinesemadetothecivilizationoftheworld.TheFourGreatInventionsofancientChinaarebrilliantinthehistoryofhumanscienceandcultureandpromotetheprogressofhumanhistory.Topic3長城說到中國文化，不得不提到長城。從公元前7世紀(jì)到公元16世紀(jì)，在大約2200年的時(shí)間里，先后有19個(gè)朝代修建過長城，所修的長城累計(jì)有10萬千米以上。主要的長城修建工程是在秦代、漢代和明代?，F(xiàn)今存有遺跡的主要是明長城，從東邊人?？诘纳胶ｊP(guān)(ShanhaiPass)開始，一直到沙漠深處的嘉峪關(guān)(JiayuPass)，全長6700千米。長城是世界歷史上最偉大的工程，其建造時(shí)間之長、參與人數(shù)之多、工程難度之大，在世界上無出其右。WhenitcomestoChineseculture,theGreatWallistheonethatwillbedefinitelyreferredto.Fromthe7thcenturyBCtothe16thcentury,throughabout2200years,theGreatWallwasbuiltin19dynastiesandreachedalengthofmorethan100000kilometers.MajorconstructionwascarriedoutinQin,HanandMingDynasties.TheGreatWallwevisitnowadaysismainlytheGreatWallofMingDynasty,stretching6700kilometersfromShanhaiPassontheeasternseashoretoJiayuoftheworldforitsunparalleledspanofconstruction,numberoflaborsanddifficulty.Topic4移民現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)在，很多人選擇在國外生活，這引起了人們極大的關(guān)注。越來越多的人，特別是大量知識分子(intellectual)，移民到美國、英國和加拿大等發(fā)達(dá)國家。并且，很多在國外學(xué)習(xí)和工作的人都在為“綠卡”而奮斗。造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因有很多，其中，追求高質(zhì)量的生活是關(guān)鍵。再者，這些人中大多數(shù)人移居國外是想讓孩子在那兒接受良好的教育。此外，一些人只是想體驗(yàn)他們所喜歡的異域文化。以上這些就是造成他們決定移居他國的原因。Nowadaysmanypeoplechoosetoliveinaforeigncountry,whichhasarousedgreatconcern.Moreandmorepeople,especiallyplentyofintellectuals,migratetosomedevelopedcountries,suchasAmerica,BritainandCanada.Inaddition,therearestillmanypeoplestudyingandworkinginforeigncountriesstrugglingforgreencards.Therearemanyreasonsaccountingforthisphenomenon.Amongallthesefactors,pursuinghigh-qualitylifeplaysacriticalrole.Moreover,mostofthemmigratetosomeforeigncountrieswithaviewtomakingtheirchildrenReceivegoodeducationthere.Besides,somepeoplejustwanttoexperiencetheforeignculturetheylike.Alltheseabovefactorscontributetotheirchoicetomigratetoanothercountry.Topic5中國漢字近年來，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長，中國的國際影響力提升了，世界上學(xué)漢字的人也多了起來。這套獨(dú)特的符號系統(tǒng)積淀了豐富的歷史文化內(nèi)容，西方人在學(xué)漢字的過程中甚至能體會到這個(gè)東方民族的微妙心靈。如今在中國，漢字也越來越受到人們的重視。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一文字符號包含著豐富的文化內(nèi)涵和審美意蘊(yùn)，在科技飛速發(fā)展的今天，反而越來越顯示出它的光彩。古老的文字在現(xiàn)代的文化生活中煥發(fā)出新的魅力。Withitsrapideconomicdevelopmentinrecentyears,China’sinternationalinfluencehasgreatlyincreased,sothenumberofChinesecharacterlearnersacrosstheworldhasbeenontherise.Thisuniquesymbolsystemaccumulatestherichhistoricalandculturalcontentinit.WhenWesternpeoplelearnChinesecharacters,theymayevenunderstandthedelicatethoughtsofthisorientalnation.Nowadays,greatimportanceisattachedtoChinesecharactersinChina.Itisfoundthattheglamourofthesecharactersymbolswithrichculturalandaestheticconnotationisgreatlyshownespeciallyinthecurrentsocietywithrapidscientificdevelopment.Theseancientcharactersarerevitalizedinmoderncivilization.Topic6鄭和下西洋公元1405年7月11日，地球藍(lán)色的海洋上出現(xiàn)了一支龐大的船隊(duì)，前后有208艘船，這是有史以來最大的一支船隊(duì)，船上所載的各類人員有27500多人，也是有史以來最多的航海人員。船隊(duì)由一位叫鄭和的人統(tǒng)帥。船隊(duì)帶著中國這個(gè)古老國家的瓷器、絲綢、茶葉等數(shù)不盡的珍奇，穿越南海、馬六甲海峽(theStraitofMalacca)，橫跨印度洋，到達(dá)亞洲、非洲的很多國家。在此后的28年間，鄭和一共六次下西洋，隨船人員共計(jì)10萬多人，訪問了30多個(gè)國家。OnJuly11,1405,ahugefleetconsistingof208shipsappearedontheblueseaoftheearth.Itwasthegreatestfleetwithmorethan27500crewsthattheworldhadeverseen.TheCommanderofthisfleetwasZhengHe.Carryingporcelain,silk,teaandothernumerousTreasuresfromChina,acountrywithalonghistory,thefleetpassedthroughtheSouthChinaSeaandtheStraitofMalacca,traversedtheIndianOceanandarrivedatmanycountriesinAsiaandAfrica.Overthenext28years,ZhengHeledsixmorefleetswithcrewmembersaddinguptomorethan100000people,andvisitedmorethan30countries.Topic7中國藝術(shù)中國人創(chuàng)造了很多獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)形式，如純凈的瓷器，千古傳誦的唐詩(Tangpoetry)，以演員表演為中心的京劇等。這些藝術(shù)形式呈現(xiàn)了中國人的心靈世界，顯現(xiàn)了中國人獨(dú)特的美感，成為展示中國人生命力和創(chuàng)造力的窗口，具有永恒的魅力。中國人將藝術(shù)當(dāng)作提升生活品質(zhì)、慰藉(soothe)心靈的媒介，藝術(shù)是中國人人生哲學(xué)的延伸。中國的藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)是一部記載著中國人生活品位和美感世界的活的圖畫，反映出中國人的優(yōu)雅心態(tài)。TheChinesehavecreatedmanyuniqueformsofart,suchaspureporcelain,enduringTangpoetryandactor-centeredPekingOpera,etc.TheseartformswitheternalcharmrevealtheinnerworldoftheChinesepeople,demonstratetheiruniquesenseofaestheticsandbecomethewindowsthatshowthevitalityandcreativityofChinesepeople.TheChineseregardartasawaytoenhancethequalityoflifeandtosoothethemind.ArtisanextensionoftheChinesephilosophyoflife.ChinesearttraditionisavividpictureofChinesepeople’slifestyleandaesthetics,reflectingChineseelegance.Topic8中國園林中國人建造園林有兩干多年的歷史，主要有皇家園林(imperialgarden)、寺院園林和私家園林?，F(xiàn)存的皇家園林，如北京頤和園，都是舉世聞名的園林。中國的佛教和道教寺院也多建有園林，如杭州靈隱寺。在這中間，私家園林獨(dú)具風(fēng)味。今天，在江南(South“theYangtzeRiver)和長江沿岸的蘇州、揚(yáng)州等地所見的私家園林，多是明清兩代留下的，它們?nèi)缤环剿?thelandscapepainting)，展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)特的魅力。中國園林藝術(shù)有豐富獨(dú)特的創(chuàng)造，是理解中華民族美感特點(diǎn)的一個(gè)重要領(lǐng)域.Chinesepeoplestartedtobuildgardensmorethan2000yearsago,mainlyincludingthreestylesofgarden:theimperialgarden,thetemplegardenandtheprivategarden.Theextantimperialgardenstoday,suchastheSummerPalaceinBeijing,areworld-famousgardens.ManygardenswerealsobuiltinChina’sBuddhistandTaoisttemples,suchastheLingyinTempleinHangzhou.WhileamongtheChinesegardens,theprivategardenshaveauniqueambience.ScatteredinSouthoftheYangtzeRiverandSuzhou,YangzhouandotherplacesalongtheYangtzeRiver,theprivategardensaremostlylegaciesfromMingandQingDynasties.Theyresemblethelandscapepaintingswithdistinctivecharm.RichanduniquecreativitycouldbefoundinChinesegardens,whichisanimportantfieldtounderstandChineseaesthetics.Topic9中國詩歌中國是詩的國度。尤其到了唐代，中國古典詩歌進(jìn)人了全盛時(shí)期(heyday)。唐代近三百年間，涌現(xiàn)出了大批優(yōu)秀詩人和杰出的詩歌作品。唐代詩歌數(shù)量極大，題材廣泛，意象(image)和風(fēng)格多樣化，出現(xiàn)了大量思想性和藝術(shù)性完美結(jié)合的作品。唐詩是中國人的千古絕唱。唐代的偉大詩人不勝枚舉，其中李白、杜甫、王維因其詩歌所蘊(yùn)含的中國文化的意味和情趣而最具代表性。Chinaisacountryofpoetry.EspeciallyinTangDynasty,ChineseclassicalpoetryreacheditsHeyday.Duringthenearlythree-hundred-yearreignofTangDynasty,largenumbersofexcellentpoetsandoutstandingpoemsmushroomed.PoetryofTangDynastyfeaturedlargequantities,widethemesanddiversifiedimagesandstyles,andmanymasterpieceswithperfectcombinationofgreatthoughtsandartistryemerged.PoetryofTangDynastyisChineseeternallegacies.LiBai,DuFuandWangWeiaretherepresentativesofgreatpoetsofTangDynastyduetotheuniquemeaningandtemperamentofChinesecultureintheirpoems.Topic10茶館文化中國很多地區(qū)依然保留著傳統(tǒng)的茶館文化，尤其是在四川省的省會成都，茶館遍布城市的各個(gè)角落：路邊、橋下、公園里，甚至寺院和其他歷史景點(diǎn)。泡茶館（relaxinginteahouse）是當(dāng)?shù)厥忻褡钕矚g的消遣方式之一。工作日的下午三點(diǎn)鐘，茶館里往往人滿為患。當(dāng)?shù)厝俗诠派畔愕闹褚卫?，所用的茶具本身可能也是古董。服?wù)人員托著一大堆茶具急匆匆地跑來跑去，將長嘴壺（long-spoutkettle）里倒出來的水注滿茶杯，為顧客沖泡最優(yōu)質(zhì)的茶葉。TraditionalteahouseculturestillexistsinmanypartsofChina,especiallyinChengdu,thecapitalofSichuanProvince.Teahousesareeverywhere:onthesidesofroads,underbridges,intheparksandeveninsidetemplesandotherhistoricalsites.RelaxinginteahouseisoneofthefavoritepastimesofthelocalsinChengdu.Ateahousefulltothebrim-atthreeo’Topic11京劇角色“生、旦、凈、丑”是京劇中的角色分類?！吧笔悄行哉娼巧暗笔桥哉娼巧?，“凈”是性格鮮明的男性配角(supportingrole)，“丑”是幽默滑稽或反面角色。每種角色又有表明身份的險(xiǎn)譜(facialmake-up)、扮相(costume)等，只要演員一上場，你一看便知。在人的臉上涂上某種顏色以象征這個(gè)人的性格和品質(zhì)、角色和命運(yùn)，是京劇的一大特點(diǎn)，也是理解劇情的關(guān)鍵。簡單地講，紅臉含有褒義，代表忠勇(valor)；黑臉為中性，代表猛(vigor)智；黃臉和白臉含貶義，代表兇詐。Sheng,dan,jing,chourefertodifferenttypesofrolesinPekingOpera.Shengisthepositivemalerole,danisthepositivefemalerole,whilejingisasupportingmalerolewithadistinctivecharacterandchouistheclownoranegativecharacter.Eachtypeofrolehasitsownfacialmake-upandcostumethatexposeitsidentityassoonashe/sheappearsonthestage.OnemajorcharacteristicofPekingOperaisthecolorpaintedonthefaceofacharacterthatshowspersonality,quality,roleandfate.Itisalsothekeytounderstandingtheplot.Toputitsimply,redisappreciative,standingforloyaltyandvalor;blackrepresentsaneutralrole,representingvigorandwisdom;yellowandwhitebothsuggestcunning,negativecharacters.Topic12羊羊是一種本性溫順（docile）、易于管理的動物。從巖畫（rockpainting）上原始人鐫刻的形態(tài)各異的羊形象中，我們可以看出人類與羊的親善、和諧關(guān)系。羊?yàn)槿藗兊纳罨蚣漓攵鵂奚?，是“有義personalloyalty之物”。羔羊似乎懂得母親的艱辛與不易，所以吃奶時(shí)是跪著的。羔羊的“跪乳”被人們賦予了“孝順”和“懂禮”的意義。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記載，人們很早就把羊的美德視為人的道德準(zhǔn)則和榜樣，這反映了人們對羊的精神感受和對羊的秉性的人格化概括。Thesheepisananimalthatisdocileinnatureandeasytomanage.Fromthesheepimagesofvariousshapesontherockpaintingscarvedbyprimitivemen,wecanseethegoodandharmoniousrelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandsheep.Sheepsacrificetheirlivesforpeople’slivingorworship,andthereforearedeemedasembracingpersonalloyalty.Thelambseemstoknowthehardshipofitsmother,suckingthebreastonbentknees.Suchbehaviorisconsideredbypeopletohavesymbolicmeaningsoffilialpietyandcourtesy.Accordingtothedocuments,peoplehavelongregardedthismoralityofsheepasamoralcodeandexampleforhumanbeings,whichisareflectionofpeople’sfeelingtowardsheepandapersonalizedsummaryofsheep’snature.Topic13聯(lián)合國中文日聯(lián)合國中文日是聯(lián)合國語言日的一部分。根據(jù)傳說，倉頡(CangJie)創(chuàng)造了中國最原始的象形文字(hieroglyph)。上蒼因倉頡造字而感動，為其降下一場谷子雨，這就是“谷雨”(theGrainRain)的由來。中文日因此被定在每年中國農(nóng)歷的“谷雨”，以紀(jì)念漢字始祖?zhèn)}頡。從2010年開始，聯(lián)合國每年都在中文日前后舉行多種形式的慶?；顒?。例如：2014年，紐約聯(lián)合國總部以書畫展、茶藝表演(tea-makingperformance)、歌曲演唱和書法講座等形式慶祝中文日。TheChineseLanguageDayispartoftheUNLanguageDays.Accordingtolegend,CangJiecreatedtheoriginalhieroglyphusedinChina.TheHeavenwasmovedandrainedgraininpraiseofhim,whichistheoriginoftheGrainRain.Asaresult,theChineseLanguageDayissetontherainRainaccordingtotheChineselunarcalendarinmemoryofCangJie,theancestoroftheChinesecharacters.Since2010,theUNhasbeenholdingallkindsofcelebratingactivitiesaroundthisdayeveryyear.Forexample,in2014,theUNHeadquartersinNewYorkcelebratedthisdaywithpaintingandcalligraphyexhibitions,tea-makingperformances,singingperformances,calligraphylectures,etc.Topic14筷子筷子由兩根長短相同的木棍組成，是中國的傳統(tǒng)餐具(eatingutensil)。筷子出現(xiàn)在三千多年前，它的出現(xiàn)不僅是中國烹飪文化的變革，也是人類文明的標(biāo)志。此外，筷子在烹飪技巧的發(fā)展過程中也起著推動作用。如今，筷子不僅是一種餐具，還成為一種獨(dú)特的文化形式，對于我們來說，筷子可以作為藝術(shù)品來欣賞、研究和收藏?？曜与m小，但仍被世界上許多人所推崇。一項(xiàng)有趣的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，當(dāng)你在使用筷子的時(shí)候，許多關(guān)節(jié)和肌肉都會得到鍛煉。Chopsticks,thetraditionaleatingutensilsinChina,areapairofequallengthsticks.Chopsticksappearedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.TheappearanceofchopsticksisnotonlyarevolutionofChinesecuisineculture,butalsoasymbolofhumancivilization.Besides,chopstickshavepromotedthedevelopmentofcookingtechniques.Today,chopsticksnotonlyareakindoftableware,butalsohavebecomeauniquecultureform,cominginfrontofusasaworkofartforappreciation,researchandcollection.Chopsticksaresmall,buttheyareadoredbymanypeopleintheworld.Aninterestingexperimentshowsthatmanyjointsandmusclescanbeexercisedwhenyouusechopsticks.Topic15風(fēng)箏風(fēng)箏起源于中國，在這個(gè)國家，制作風(fēng)箏的理想材料一應(yīng)俱全：絲織品用來做帆，極具韌性的(high-tensile-strength)絲線可以制作風(fēng)箏線，輕盈的骨架則由韌性十足的竹子制成。據(jù)說，風(fēng)箏是墨子和魯班在公元前5世紀(jì)時(shí)發(fā)明的。在13世紀(jì)末期，馬可·波羅首次將與風(fēng)箏有關(guān)的故事介紹到歐洲。盡管風(fēng)箏最初只被看作是珍奇物品(curiosity)，但自18世紀(jì)開始，風(fēng)箏被用作科研工具?，F(xiàn)在，風(fēng)箏節(jié)已經(jīng)成為一種流行的娛樂形式，最為著名的就是中國的濰坊風(fēng)箏節(jié)。KitesoriginatedinChina,whereidealmaterialsformakingkiteswerereadilyavailable:silkfabricforthesail;high-tensile-strengthsilkthreadfortheflyingstring;andresilientbambooforthelightframework.ItissaidthatkiteswereinventedbyMoZiandLuBaninthe5thcenturyBC.StoriesofkiteswerefirstintroducedtoEuropebyMarcoPolointhelate13thcentury.Althoughkiteswereinitiallyregardedascuriosities,sincethe18thcenturytheyhavebeenusedasavehicleforscientificresearch.Now,kitefestivalshavebecomeapopularformofentertainment,andthemostfamousoneisChina’sWeifangKiteFestival.Topic16銅鼓銅鼓（bronzedrum）文化是遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代在長江以南及東南亞的廣大地區(qū)流行的一種典型文化代表。在古代，銅鼓多用于祭神、征戰(zhàn)和節(jié)日活動。在祭神時(shí)，它是神圣的法器（artifact）；征戰(zhàn)時(shí)，它是號令軍隊(duì)振作士氣的軍樂器；在節(jié)日里，它又成為最激動人心的打擊樂器（percussioninstrument）。銅鼓給人們帶來的不僅是精神層面的東西，它還有重要的實(shí)用價(jià)值。許多少數(shù)民族依然保留著在傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日及婚娶和喪葬等場合使用銅鼓的習(xí)俗，ThebronzedrumwasakindoftypicalculturepopularizedinthewideareaofSouthoftheYangtzeRiverinChinaandSoutheastAsiainancienttimes.Moreoftenthannot,itwasusedonsuchoccasionsassacrificeceremoniestogods,launchingceremoniesforthewarandfestivalactivities.Itwassacredartifactonthesacrificeceremonies,militarymusicalinstrumenttransmittingorderstosoldiersandrevivingthemoraleinthewar,excitingpercussioninstrumentinfestivals.Inadditiontoitsspiritualcontent,thebronzedrumalsobenefitspeoplewithitsimportantvalueofpracticaluse.Manyminoritygroupsstilladoptthetraditionofplayingthebronzedrumsontheoccasionsoftraditionalfestivals,weddingceremony,funeralceremony,etc.Topic17十二生肖之鼠鼠相貌猥瑣，鬼鬼祟祟，破壞力強(qiáng)，落得個(gè)“老鼠過街，人人喊打”的千古罵名。但它居于中國三生肖(thetwelvesymbolicanimals)之首，自古以來就令人不可思議。一個(gè)較為合理的解釋是：鼠常在夜里23時(shí)至凌晨1時(shí)四處活動，這是一天當(dāng)中最黑暗的時(shí)候，老鼠此時(shí)出沒便于隱藏行跡。由此看來，鼠晝伏夜出的（nocturnal）習(xí)性是使它能夠在十二生肖中獨(dú)占鰲頭的主要原因，與其口碑不佳及相貌可鄙沒有關(guān)系。Ratlooksmeanandstealthy,andalwayscausesmassdestruction,winningitthenotoriousreputationfor“Aratcrossingthestreetischasedbyall.”However,itranksfirstamongthetwelvesymbolicanimals,whichhasalwaysbeenawondersinceancienttimes.Amorereasonableexplanationis;Ratsoftenmovearoundfrom11pmto1am,thedarkesthoursinadaythatisconvenientfortheratstohidethemselves.Judgingfromthis,thehabitofbeingnocturnalisthemainreasonwhyratisputinthefirstplaceinthetwelvesymbolicanimals,whichhasnothingtodowithitsbadreputationorcontemptiblelooks.Topic18中國寄宿幼兒園20世紀(jì)90年代，中國寄宿幼兒園(boardingkindergarten)的孩子數(shù)量達(dá)到頂峰，在當(dāng)時(shí)送孩子去這樣的學(xué)校是一種地位的象征。不過最近，這一體系不再像當(dāng)初那樣流行。一些私立和公立的(state-run)寄宿幼兒園都陸續(xù)關(guān)門，其他的幼兒園正在從寄宿變?yōu)槿胀?。位于上海的中國福利協(xié)會幼兒園(TheChinaWelfareInstituteKindergarten)以前是寄宿幼兒園，但現(xiàn)在22個(gè)班里只有3個(gè)寄宿班。中國家長現(xiàn)在開始意識到，孩子很小的時(shí)候要多花時(shí)間陪陪他們，這點(diǎn)很重要，因?yàn)楹⒆觽冋幱趯W(xué)習(xí)的階段，這是成長過程中一個(gè)很重要的階段。ThenumberofkidssenttoboardingkindergartensinChinapeakedinthe1990s,whensendingayoungchildtosuchschoolswasasymbolofstatus.Recently,however,thesystemhasbecomelesspopular.Someboardingkindergartens,bothprivateandstate-run,areclosingoneafteranother.Othersareswitchingfromboardingclassestodaycare.TheChinaWelfareInstituteKindergarteninShanghaiusedtobeaboardingkindergarten,butnowinthe22classes,only3classesforyoungchildrenareresidential.Chineseparentsarenowstartingtorealizethatit’simportanttospendmoretimewiththeirkidswhentheyareveryyoung,becausetheyarelearninginthisperiodandit’saveryimportantstageofgrowth.Topic19家庭觀念中國人重團(tuán)圓、重親情、講孝道（filialpiety），并強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭的和睦。中國人最期望的就是“家和萬事興”。當(dāng)家庭中出現(xiàn)矛盾的時(shí)候，中國人最忌諱把這些矛盾暴露在外人面前，所以中國人常說“家丑不可外揚(yáng)”。中國人在家庭中還特別重視父母、長輩的意見，“不聽老人言，吃虧在眼前”便是強(qiáng)調(diào)長輩的經(jīng)驗(yàn)對年輕人具有重要的作用。中國人還強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭教育對孩子人格形成的重要影響，常說“子不教，父之過”。Chinesepeopleattachgreatimportancetoreunion,familylove,filialpietyandaharmoniousrelationshipamongthefamilymembers.Whattheyexpectmostis“thefamilybeinginharmonyandallaffairsprosperous”.Whenthereemergesaconflictinthefamily,itisatabooforChinesepeopletoexposetheproblemtoothers.ThereforeitisoftensaidbyChinesepeople,“You’reyourdirtylinenathome.”InaChinesefamily,theopinionsofparentsandtheeldersaregreatlyrespected.Itisoftenquoted,“Youwillsufferlossesifyoucloseyourearstotheelders”,whichreflectsthattheelders’experienceisofgreatimportancetotheyoungergeneration.AndChinesepeopleplaceemphasisonfamilyeducationwhichisbelievedtohavegreatinfluenceonchildren’scharacterbuilding,andthiscanbedemonstratedbytheproverb“Failingtoeducatethechildrenisthefaultofthefather.“Topic20科舉考試科舉考試（Keju）是中國古代人才選拔的一種方式。由于采用分科目選舉人才的辦法，所以叫作科舉。隋煬帝于公元605年開設(shè)進(jìn)士科，用考試的辦法來選拔人才，這標(biāo)志著科舉制度的開始。它把讀書、考試和做官三者緊密結(jié)合起來，揭開了中國人才選拔史上嶄新的一頁。唐朝承襲了隋朝的人才選拔制度，并進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步的完善。因此，科舉制度逐漸完備起來?？婆e考試實(shí)行了1000多年，在實(shí)踐中逐漸形成的一些較好的制度至今仍在我們的社會生活中發(fā)揮著作用。Keju,ortheimperialexamination,isameanstoselecttalentsheldinancientChina.Itgotitsnamesinceitadoptedthemethodofselectingtalentsthrougharangeofdifferentsubjects.In605AD,EmperorYangofSuiestablishedtheimperialexaminationsystemtoselecttalents,whichsymbolizedtheofficialformationofKeju.Thesysteminterconnectedlearning,examination,andtheselectionofofficialsclosely,openingupanewpageintheannalsoftalentsselectionsystem.TheTangDynastyfollowedandfurtherimprovedthetalentsselectionsystemoftheSuiDynasty.Consequently,theimperialexaminationsystemgraduallybecameperfect.Duringtheover1000years’implementationoftheimperialexamination,somegoodsystemshavebeensetupinpractice,exertinganinfluenceonoursociallifetilltoday.Topic21造紙術(shù)東漢(EasternHanDynasty)末年，蔡倫的造紙術(shù)被廣泛應(yīng)用。到了公元3至5世紀(jì)的兩晉時(shí)期(periodofEasternandWesternJinDynasties)，人們開始在紙上寫字，并由此發(fā)展出寫在紙上的書法藝術(shù)。中國的造紙術(shù)先后傳到了現(xiàn)在的越南、朝鮮和日本。公元7世紀(jì)左右，又傳到了印度。造紙術(shù)還通過陸上絲綢之路傳到了西亞和歐洲。歐洲的造紙業(yè)大致從公元12世紀(jì)開始，在之前，歐洲人主要使用羊皮等來書寫，據(jù)說書寫一本《圣經(jīng)》需要300多張羊皮，可見其昂貴程度。造紙業(yè)的興盛開創(chuàng)了人類文明的新紀(jì)元。InthelateofEasternHanDynasty,CaiLun’spapermakingtechnologywidelycameintouse.IntheperiodofEasternandWesternJinDynasties(the3rdto5thcenturyAD),peoplebegantowriteonpaperandcalligraphyonpaperwasdevelopedcorrespondingly.ChinesepapermakingtechnologywasintroducedtoVietnam,DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreaandJapan,andaroundthe7thcenturywasintroducedintoIndia.PapermakingtechnologywasalsointroducedtoWestAsiaandEuropethroughtheSilkRoad.ThepapermakingindustryinEuropestartedinaboutthe12thcentury.Beforethat,theEuropeansmainlywroteonsheepskin.ItissaidthatwritingaBibleneededmorethan300sheepskins,indicatingtheexpensivenessofit.Theriseofpapermakingindustrystartedaneweraofhumancivilization.Topic22中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展勢頭當(dāng)前我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展勢頭良好，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的內(nèi)在機(jī)制（theinternalmechanism）不斷增強(qiáng)，基本做到了速度、質(zhì)量和效益的統(tǒng)一。但是，我們也要清醒地看到，世界上沒有一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展可以長盛不衰，永遠(yuǎn)保持高速度。中國也不例外。改革開放取得的成就是有目共睹的，但是新的矛盾和問題也出現(xiàn)了，如國企（state-ownedenterprise）改革問題、貧富分化問題、腐敗問題、金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問題、生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞問題等。這些問題都需要我們高度重視，盡快找到有效的解決辦法。Atpresentoureconomyenjoysgoodmomentumofgrowth.Theinternalmechanismforeconomicgrowthhasbeenincreasinglystrengthened.Wehave,toalargeextent,strucktherightbalanceamongspeed,qualityandeconomicbenefit.Butwemustkeepaclearmindandrealizethattherearenocountriesintheworldthatcankeepaneconomicboomwithhigh-speedgrowth.Chinawon’tbeanexception.Theachievementsofthereformandopening-upareobvioustoall.Butnowtherearealsosomenewproblems.Theseincludetheproblems.Inthereformofstate-ownedenterprises,theenormousgapbetweentherichandthepoor,corruption,risksinthefinancialsectoraswellasecologicalandenvironmentaldamage.Weneedtopayhighattentiontotheproblemsmentionedaboveandfindeffectivesolutionsintheshortesttime.Topic23上海自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)發(fā)展中國（上海）自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)(China(Shanghai)PilotFreeTradeZone)是國家戰(zhàn)略，是深化改革、擴(kuò)大開放的重大舉措，意義深遠(yuǎn)。這項(xiàng)重大改革以制度創(chuàng)新為著力點(diǎn)，重在提升軟實(shí)力(softpower)，各項(xiàng)工作影響大、難度高。建設(shè)中國（上海）自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)是順應(yīng)全球經(jīng)貿(mào)發(fā)展新趨勢，實(shí)行更加積極主動開放戰(zhàn)略的一項(xiàng)重大舉措。建設(shè)自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)的主要任務(wù)是探索中國對外開放的新路徑和新模式，推動加快轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能和行政體制改革(reformofadministrativeSystem)，促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式和優(yōu)化經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。DevelopingtheChina(Shanghai)PilotFreeTradeZoneisanationalstrategy,andamajorinitiativefordeepeningthereformandexpandingopening-up,whichhasaprofoundandimportantinfluence.Thismajorinitiativefocusesoninstitutionalinnovationandemphasizesonpromotingsoftpower.Alltheworkissignificantbutingreatdifficulty.BuildingtheChina(Shanghai)PilotFreeTradeZoneisamajormovetoconformtothenewtrendofglobaleconomicandtradedevelopmentandimplementamoreproactiveopening-upstrategy.ThemaintaskofthisactionistoexplorethenewpathandpatternofChineseopening-up,speedupthetransformationofgovernmentfunctionandthereformofadministrativesystem,fosterthetransformationoftheeconomicgrowthpatternandoptimizetheeconomicstructure.Topic24科技園區(qū)建設(shè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)增速放緩的大背景下，作為推動新型城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的重要載體，科技園區(qū)(high-techZone)的建設(shè)至關(guān)重要。在創(chuàng)新成為重要經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動力的今天，科技園區(qū)作為全球知識經(jīng)濟(jì)中企業(yè)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)的創(chuàng)新、創(chuàng)業(yè)最佳棲息地，不僅承載著推動技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、加速知識轉(zhuǎn)移（knowledgeTransfer)、加快經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的使命，也是城市經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與競爭力的重要來源?？萍紙@區(qū)如何充分發(fā)揮其在“新型城鎮(zhèn)化”進(jìn)程中的巨大作用，已經(jīng)成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。Inthecontextofsloweconomicgrowth,theconstructionofhigh-techzoneiscrucialasanimportantcarriertopromotethenewurbanization.Todaywheninnovationbecomesamajoreconomicdriver,high-techzone,thebesthabitatfortheinnovationandnewbusinessofenterprisesandresearchinstitutesintheglobalknowledgeeconomy,notonlytakesonthemissionofpromotingtechnologicalinnovationandacceleratingknowledgetransferandeconomicgrowth,butalsoplaysanimportantroleasasourceofeconomicgrowthandcompetitivenessincities.Howthehigh-techzonegivesfullplaytoitsgreatfunctionduring“new-typeurbanization”hasbeenfocusedon.Topic25中國經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的改善中國經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了明顯的結(jié)構(gòu)改善的跡象。一方面，貿(mào)易順差(tradesurplus)出現(xiàn)了明顯的而且是持續(xù)的下降，其主要原因不是出口的放緩，而是進(jìn)口的加速；另一方面，居民消費(fèi)占GDP的比重并不像統(tǒng)計(jì)所說的持續(xù)下降，而是從2007年開始就持續(xù)上升。這些結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整方面的明顯改進(jìn)并不是具體政策調(diào)整所帶來的，而應(yīng)歸功于市場，是市場的力量推動結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。中國經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)該堅(jiān)定不移地沿著市場化(marketalization)的方向走下去。ItisshownthatthestructureofChineseeconomyhasbeen’obviouslyimproved.Foronething,tradesurplushasdeclineddramaticallyandcontinuously.Theprimaryreasonisnottheslowdownintheexportbuttheaccelerationofimport.Foranother,theproportionofresidents’consumptiononGDPdoesnotkeepdecliningasstatisticsshow,buthaskeptrisingsince2007.Theobviousimprovementofstructurecomesupowingtothemarketratherthansomespecificpolicyadjustment.Itisthepowerofthemarketthatpromotesstructureadjustment.Chineseeconomyshouldunswervinglygoonthepathofmarketalization.Topic26會展業(yè)會展業(yè)(exhibitionindustry)在中國被譽(yù)為朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè)。目前，中國的會展業(yè)已經(jīng)成為新的經(jīng)濟(jì)點(diǎn)。北京奧運(yùn)會和上海世博會的成功舉辦對中國的會展業(yè)發(fā)展意義深遠(yuǎn)。這兩件國際盛事不僅讓世界認(rèn)識了中國，更為重要的是，為中國會展業(yè)引入了大量的外國資金、技術(shù)和人才。但是，我們也必須清醒地認(rèn)識到制約中國會展業(yè)發(fā)展的因素。中國的會展業(yè)起步較晚，直至最近才發(fā)展成一個(gè)獨(dú)立產(chǎn)業(yè)，其出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展都帶有自發(fā)性和隨意性。Exhibitionindustryisreferred_to,inChina,assunriseindustry.Atpresent,China’sexhibitionindustryhasbecomeaneweconomicgrowthpoint.TheBeijingOlympicGamesandtheShanghaiWorldExpoweresuccessfullyheld,whichexertedafar-reachingimpactonthedevelopmentofexhibitionindustry.ThetwointernationaleventshavenotmerelymadeChinaknowntotheworld.Moreimportantly,theyhaveintroducedabundantforeigncapital,technologiesandtalentstotheexhibitionindustryofChina.However,wemustalsobewellawareoftheconstrainingfactorsofChina’sexhibitionindustry.Startingrelativelylate,China’sexhibitionindustrydidnotdevelopintoanindependentindustryuntilveryrecently.Boththeemergenceandthedevelopmentoftheindustryarespontaneousandrandom.Topic27貿(mào)易爭端中國加入世貿(mào)組織以后，中國與美國和歐盟通過協(xié)商、磋商，已經(jīng)解決了大量的貿(mào)易爭端。中國的傳統(tǒng)是提倡“以和為貴”，做生意就要和氣生財(cái)，希望和美國、歐洲的商人能夠和氣相處，能夠共同解決出現(xiàn)的貿(mào)易問題。在遇到貿(mào)易爭端的時(shí)候，一些國家不是尋求妥善解決問題的辦法，而是動輒設(shè)限，這種作風(fēng)無益于解決貿(mào)易爭端，也會有損他們的形象。作為禮儀之邦(etiquette）中國一般的做法是首先勸說他們多傾聽大家的意見。SincetheentryintoWTO,ChinahassettlednumeroustradingdisputeswithAmericaandEuropeanUnionthroughconsultationsandnegotiations.Withthetraditionalconceptofharmonyinmind,Chinafirmlybelievesthatharmony,oncerealizedinbusiness,canbringwealth.Therefore,ChinahasbeenexpectingaharmoniousexistencewithAmericanandEuropeanbusinessmenandajointefforttosolvetradingproblems.Confrontedwithtradingdisputes,insteadofseekingoutappropriatesolutions,somecountriesfrequentlysetlimits,whichisnogoodforsolvingproblemsandatthesametimedamagestheirimages.Onthecontrary,China,bearingthenameof“statewithetiquette”,generallytalksthemintolisteningmoretoothers’proposalsfirst.Topic28投資環(huán)境中國正在努力改善其投資環(huán)境以吸引更多外資。迄今為止，中國的對外投資領(lǐng)域已從工業(yè)擴(kuò)展到金融、房地產(chǎn)(realestate)、外貿(mào)及服務(wù)業(yè)。根據(jù)最新的調(diào)查，歐盟對中國的投資迅速上升，然而來自美國的實(shí)際投資卻有所下降。東南亞依舊是重要的投資來源，并且投資結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)有所改善。外國投資者對高科技領(lǐng)域及研發(fā)中心(R＆Dcenter)的投資表現(xiàn)出極大的興趣。此外，對通信設(shè)備、計(jì)算機(jī)、電子產(chǎn)品及運(yùn)輸設(shè)備的投資也大幅增加。Chinaisworkinghardtoimproveitsenvironmenttoattractmoreforeigninvestment.Uptonow,foreigninvestmentinChinahasextendedfromindustrytofinance,realestate,foreigntradeandservice.Accordingtothelatestsurvey,theinvestmentfromEuropeanUnionhasincreasedrapidlywhilethatfromAmericahasexperiencedamoderatedecrease.SoutheastAsiaremainsanimportantsourceofforeigninvestment,andthestructureofinvestmenthasbeenimproved.Foreigninvestorsareshowinggreatinterestintheinvestmentofhigh-techfieldsandR&Dcenters.Inaddition,theyhavealsoincreasedsubstantiallytheinvestmentintelecomequipment,computer,electronicsandtransportationequipment.Topic29生態(tài)觀光從20世紀(jì)80年代初起，以探險(xiǎn)和自然觀光為主題的旅游活動越來越受歡迎。伴隨著全球環(huán)境意識的增強(qiáng)及對多元文化的尊重，生態(tài)觀光(ecotourism)已經(jīng)成為旅游業(yè)中快速發(fā)展的一個(gè)組成部分。度假者可以享受都市里五星級酒店的舒適，可以品味高雅餐廳的宜人，而爬山、徒步旅行則成為另一種誘人的選擇。但是，生態(tài)觀光并不只是到偏遠(yuǎn)的(remote)地方旅行，這一概念也強(qiáng)調(diào)教育游客去認(rèn)識當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)土人情和文化遺產(chǎn)。Sincetheearly1980s,tourismcenteringonadventureandnaturalsightseeinghasbecomeincreasinglypopular.Withtheenhancementofglobalenvironmentalconsciousnessandincreasingrespectshownforculturaldiversity,ecotourismhasbecomeoneofthefastestgrowingsectorsofthet