江蘇高考英語復(fù)習(xí)定語從句

概念定語可以由形容詞、名詞、代詞、分詞、不定式以及介詞短語等來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個句子來充當(dāng)，充當(dāng)定語功能的句子稱為定語從句。定語從句“三要素”先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞指人的先行詞指物的先行詞★先行詞還可以是前面整個句子所敘述的事情。Hehaspassedthedrivingtest,whichsurprisesallofus.（which替代前面所敘述的事情）先行詞關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語的詞（1）關(guān)系詞的作用替代前面的先行詞（替代作用）連接主句和定語從句（連接作用）在定語從句中作句子成分（成分作用）（2）關(guān)系詞的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中做的句子成分種類關(guān)系代詞：在從句中做主，賓，表，定（that/which/who/whom/whose/as）關(guān)系副詞：在從句中作狀語（When/where/why）定語從句：用來做定語，修飾限定先行詞的句子定語從句的分類限制性定語從句：對先行詞起限定修飾作用。Heisateacherwhoworksatourschool.非限制性定語從句：對先行詞起補充說明作用(先行詞與定語從句之間有逗號隔開)Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,isabeautifulcitywithalonghistory.比較：Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(Perhapshehastwomoresons)定語從句的10個難點1.關(guān)系代詞的省略（限定性定語從句）關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語Sheisthegirl(whom/that)Ilovedbefore.(可以省略whom/that)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語Heisnolongertheboy(that)heusedtobe.(可以省略that)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，介詞在從句句尾時可以省略Housingpriceisaproblem(that/which)peopleareinterestedin.比較：Housingpriceisaprobleminwhichpeopleareinterested.(此時只能用which且不能省略)2.先行詞是人（that/who的區(qū)別）⑴用that的情況以疑問詞who開頭的句子中Whoisthemanthatisshoutingthere?關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時Sheisnotthegirlthatsheusedtobe.先行詞被thevery,theright,theonly修飾Thisistheverypersonthatwearelookingfor.(2)用who的情況先行詞是one,ones,anybody,all,none,those等Thosewhowanttogotothecinemawillhavetowaitatthegateoftheschool.句子中有兩個定語從句，一個用了that，另外一個用whoWhoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中Therearemanyyoungmenwhoareagainsthim.在非限定性定語從句當(dāng)中Tom,whoismybestfriend,hasgoneabroadtostudy.先行詞是物(that/which的區(qū)別)用which的情況①在非限定性定語從句中Shelostthegame,whichdepressedhergreatly.關(guān)系詞置于介詞之后，作賓語ThepenwithwhichyouwriteisJack's.先行詞是that或定語從句中套定語從句,一個關(guān)系詞用that，另一個用which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichisnewlyopentous.用that的情況先行詞是不定代詞如all,little,few,much,anything,everything,nothing,none,noone等Shedidallthatshecouldtohelpus.先行詞被all,every,no,some,little,much,theonly,hevery,therightthelast等所修飾時ThisistheverybookthatIwant.先行詞中既有人又有物時Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandheplacesthatimpressedhermost.先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.ThisisthefirstfilmthatI'veseensinceIcamehere.定語從句中套定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系詞以用which,另外一個用thatHebuiltafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞which,另一個用thatWhoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?As引導(dǎo)定語從句用法As既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句也可以用于非限定性定句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語，表語等。常用于以下句型當(dāng)中：Such/so???..as….像…..一樣thesame….as…和……同樣的Acomputerissousefulamachineaswecanuseeveryday.Heisnotthesamemanashewas.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，此時譯為“正如，像”等?？梢苑旁诰涫祝渲谢蚓淠?。AsIremember,therewereanetbarhere.TaiwanisaninseparablepartofChina,asisknowntoall.★thesameas...和thesamethat...引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別ThisisthesamebikethatIlostyesterday.（同一事物）ThisisthesamebikeasIlostyesterday.（同類事物）關(guān)系副詞的運用（1）When在定語從句中做時間狀語，先行詞為表示時間的time,day等IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.（when=onwhich）（2）Where在定語從句中做地點狀語，先行詞為表地點的place,spot等Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks?（where=inwhich）⑶Why在定語從句中做原因狀語，先行詞只有reason.Idon'twanttolistentoanyreasonwhyyouwereabsent.（why=forwhich）關(guān)系副詞=相應(yīng)的介詞+關(guān)系代詞Where引導(dǎo)的定語從句還可以修飾抽象空間的名詞如case（情形），situation,position（位置）,stage（階段），point（地步）等Whatarethesituationswherebodylanguageistheonlyformofcommunication?在哪些情況下身體語言是唯一的溝通方式。（此時where=inwhich）幾個特殊的先行詞（1）way在定語從句中做狀語時的三種引導(dǎo)方式that/inwhich/不填Thewayinwhich/that/不填heexplainsthesentencetousisquitesimple.比較：Thewaywhich/that/不填hetoldtouswasquitesimple.★way在定語中作tell的賓語(2)先行詞timetime表示“次數(shù)”時，用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句Thisisthefirsttimethatthepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.time作“一段時間”講時，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞whenThiswasthetimewhentherewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets★此時when=duringwhich在..期間⑶先行詞reason當(dāng)在定語從句中作狀語時，定語從句的4種引導(dǎo)方式why/forwhich/that/不填Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhich/that/不填hecannotcomehere.比較：Isthisthereasonthat/which/不填heexplainedtousforhisabsencefromtheconference.★reason在定語從句中做explain的賓語介詞+關(guān)系代詞★該結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系代詞只有兩種即介詞+which(指物)介詞+whom(指人)★該結(jié)構(gòu)介詞的選用原則：根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動詞的習(xí)慣搭配ThisisthebookonwhichIspent$8.ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid$8.根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣IrememberthedaysduringwhichIlivedthere.IrememberthedayonwhichIgraduatedfromuniversity.根據(jù)整個句子所表達(dá)的意思來決定Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecan'tliveiscalledoxygen.英語中為了強調(diào)某一名詞，不定式前面也可以加上關(guān)系代詞。Hereisthemoneywithwhichtobuythepiano.Sheistherightpersononwhomtodepend如果介詞后移，關(guān)系代詞可以省略Theperson(whom/who/that)youwillwritetoisTodd.有些含有介詞的動詞短語介詞不能提前如lookfor/after;takecareof;sendfor;hearfrom/of/aboutdealwith等Thisisthebabythatyouwilllookafter.定語從句的主謂一致當(dāng)先行詞是oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，定語從句的位于動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildingsthatdrawlotsofvisitoreveryyear.當(dāng)先行詞是theonly+oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，從句謂語用單數(shù)形式TheGreatWallistheonlyoneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.先行詞如果是整個句子，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.Hehaspassedthedrivingtest,whichsurprisesallofus.定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為-ing或-ed形式Thegirl(whois)dancingnowjustreturnedfromTaiwan.Ilovethestories(whichwere)writtenbyHemingway.Theman(whostands)standingthereismyfriend.定語從句的解題方法(1)判斷從句是否為定語從句(先行詞，關(guān)系詞，定語從句)(2)準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、賓、表、定、狀)從而正確選定使用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞①關(guān)系代詞whose的用法。Whose在定語從句中做定語。當(dāng)先行詞是人：whose=the+名詞+ofwhom當(dāng)先行詞是物：whose=the+名詞+ofwhichDoyouknowtheboywhoseparents/theparentsofwhomareonholiday?I'dlikearoomwhosewindow/thewindowofwhichfacesthesea.②That引導(dǎo)定語從句，名詞性從句和強調(diào)句型的區(qū)別：定語從句中的that:關(guān)系代詞，在后面的定語從句中做句子成分。名詞性從句中的that:從屬連詞，只起連接主從句的作用，在從句中不做句子成分。強調(diào)句中的that,運用于itis/was???that..結(jié)構(gòu)；判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：去掉強調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)，成分仍然完比較：ThisisthebookthatIamlookingfor.（that引導(dǎo)定語從句）ItisatBashumiddleschoolthatIhavestudiedforthreeyears.（that和前面的itis構(gòu)成強調(diào)句型）Thefa