托福閱讀強(qiáng)化課講義版本

托福強(qiáng)化閱讀電子講義托福閱讀強(qiáng)化課程第一章考試概述一、考試規(guī)則機(jī)考界面一、考試規(guī)則幾個(gè)數(shù)字：分鐘/篇750-800字/篇12-14道題/篇3篇或4篇一、考試規(guī)則文章內(nèi)容：生命科學(xué)類天文地理類歐美歷史類文藝發(fā)明類社會(huì)學(xué)心理學(xué)考古學(xué)一、考試規(guī)則注意問題：你能連續(xù)屏幕閱讀 1小時(shí)以上嗎？你能達(dá)到110字/分鐘閱讀速度嗎？您能做到平均1分鐘完成1道題目嗎？速度優(yōu)先還是準(zhǔn)確度優(yōu)先？二答題順序第一步：瀏覽標(biāo)題第二步：閱讀第一段全部題干第三步：閱讀第一段文章第四步：完成第一段全部問題第五步：簡要筆記第一段主旨第六步：逐段答題，重復(fù)上述步驟第七步：利用各段主旨筆記完成最后大題第二章題型精講綜覽VocabularyQuestion 3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2十大題型考察能力綜覽VocabularyQuestion 3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1十大題型考察能力綜覽VocabularyQuestion 3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2十大題型考察能力綜覽VocabularyQuestion 3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2ProsesummaryQuestion0-1Fillinatable0-1十大題型考察能力綜覽VocabularyQuestion3-5ReferenceQuestion0-2SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1InsertTextQuestion0-1FactualInformationQuestion3-6NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2InferenceQuestion0-2RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2ProsesummaryQuestion0-1Fillinatable0-1詞匯題1.1題目識別Theword Xinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto詞匯題1.2答題步驟第一步：認(rèn)識單詞直接選第二步：如為生詞讀原文第三步：根據(jù)上下文含義推測含義第四步：少量單詞可由詞根驗(yàn)證答案詞匯題1.3基本思路1.31 論點(diǎn)對論據(jù) TS+DCommensalassociationssometimesinvolveonespecies'obtainingfoodthatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.Forinstance,severalkindsofbirdsfeedoninsectsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingcattle.Thewordinadvertentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Indefensibly○Substantially○Unintentionally○Partially1.31 論點(diǎn)對論據(jù) TS+D標(biāo)志詞： ForexampleForinstanceTake forexampleEvidencescomefromLike /As1.32前后搭配2Membersofpoorpeasantfamiliesspunorwoveclothandlinensathomeforscantremunerationinanattempttosupplementmeagerfamilyincome.Thewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningverynecessaryverylowtraditionalprimary1.32前后搭配Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnorapenchantforfantasybyitselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.Thewordpenchant―‖inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoCompromiseInclinationTraditionRespect1.32Adj.+N.Vt. + O.Adv.+Vt./Adj.1.334Offshoreplatformsmayalsoloseoil,creatingoilslicksthatdriftashoreandfoulthebeaches,harmingtheenvironment.Thewordfoul―‖inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Reach○Flood○Pollute○Alter1.33Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.Thewordattaininthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○require○resist○achieve○endure1.33andoraswellasnotonly butalsosome other1.34Severalothermassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecordhavebeententativelyidentifiedwithlargeimpacts,butnoneissodramaticastheCretaceousevent.ButevenwithoutsuchspecificdocumentationThephrasetentativelyidentifiedinthepassageisclosestinthemeaningto○Identifiedaftercarefulstudy○Identifiedwithoutcertainty○Occasionallyidentified○Easilyidentified1.34Transitionfromforesttotreelesstundraonamountainslopeisoftenadramaticone.Withinaverticaldistanceofjustafewtensofmeters,treesdisappearasalife-formandarereplacedbylowshrubs,herbs,andgrasses.Theworddramatic―‖inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Gradual○Complex○Visible○Striking1.341) thatis2) if

/whichmeansthen

/if

would3) A,andB;A,thenB1.358Hydroponicshasapplicationsbeyondbasicresearch,sinceitfacilitatesthegrowingofgreenhousevegetablesduringwinter.Thewordfacilitatesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoslowsdownaffectsmakeseasierfocuseson1.359In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmap―AMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland‖,mapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcanstillbeusedtodayThewordmeticulouslyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○carefully○quickly○frequently○obviously1.35Dueto/Givenby/Since/derivefrom/stemfromTherefore/So/Hence/ followsEnough to /too to /So

that1.36TheJovianplanetshaveverythickatmospheresconsistingofvaryingamountsofhydrogen,helium,methane,andammonia.Bycomparison,theterrestrialplanetshavemeageratmospheresatbest.Thewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto□rich□thin□unique□complex1.3611 Even developmentin architecturehasbeenthe resultof majorEven/Although/DespiteBut/Yet/HoweverWhereas/While/Incontrast/Ontheotherhandtechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Thewordintegral―‖isclosetinmeaningtoEssentialVariablePracticalIndependent1.36反向邏輯標(biāo)志詞：1）讓步：2）轉(zhuǎn)折：3）對比：1.37詞根詞綴Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpresenceinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupportHeyerdahl‘s―AmericanIndiansinthePacific ‖theories.Thewordundisputedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtomysteriousunexpectedacknowledgedsignificant1.37詞根詞綴13 Theword ―incredibleinthe‖passageisclosestinmeaningtoConfusingComfortingUnbelievableInteresting1.37詞根詞綴14Thewordoverlie―‖inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoCoverChangeSeparateSurround1.37詞根詞綴Thewordinterlockedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtointermediatelinkedfrozenfullydeveloped1.37詞根詞綴詞根>前綴>后綴1.4綜合練習(xí)16Watercoloristhemostlight-filledofallwaysofpainting,butitsluminositydependsonthewhiteofthepapershiningthroughthinwashesofpigment.beautyvisibilitycolorbrightness1.4綜合練習(xí)Watercoloristhemostlight-filledofallwaysofpainting,butitsluminositydependsonthewhiteofthepapershiningthroughthinwashesofpigment.AbeautyBvisibilityCcolorbrightness1.4綜合練習(xí)17MostTVsetscomewithremotecontrols.Theyuseinfraredtechnology.Infraredisimperceptible,whereasthelightfromtheTVscreenisvisible.AtouchableBtreatableCbelievableDinvisible1.4綜合練習(xí)17MostTVsetscomewithremotecontrols.Theyuseinfraredtechnology.Infraredisimperceptible,whereasthelightfromtheTVscreenisvisible.AtouchableBtreatableCbelievableinvisible1.4綜合練習(xí)Themantleoftheearthis2900kilometersthickandencompassesabout84percentofthetotalvolumeoftheEarth.AcontainsBsearchesCencirclesdirects1.4綜合練習(xí)Themantleoftheearthis2900kilometersthickandencompassesabout84percentofthetotalvolumeoftheEarth.AcontainsBsearchesCencirclesdirects1.4綜合練習(xí)Manyoftheseimplicationsmakeherconservativecolleaguescringebecausetheyraiseseriousquestionsaboutthefocusofpreviousstudies.defectsadvantagessuggestionscontroversies1.4綜合練習(xí)19Manyoftheseimplicationsmakeherconservativecolleaguescringebecausetheyraiseseriousquestionsaboutthefocusofpreviousstudies.defectsadvantagessuggestionscontroversies2指代題2.1題目識別ThewordXinthepassagereferstoX=[pron.]or[名詞概念]指代題2.2答題步驟第一步：閱讀代詞所在句及前一句第二步：關(guān)注其中名詞概念第三步：套用指代模式確定被指代對象第四步：代入上下文驗(yàn)證答案指代題2.3基本思路2.31同位指代Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,treestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstovalleystreesheightsridges2.31同位指代Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimal'sdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso-becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth'srotation.Theworditinthepassagereferstoanexternalcuesuchassunrisethedailyrhythmofananimalthelocalsolardayacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours2.31同位指代3 Somespecies,forexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimaryfeathersoneachside(toretainbalanceintheair)andwaituntilthereplacementfeathersareaboutone-thirdgrownbeforesheddingthenextoutermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysstartwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathersandworkoutward.Theword ―Others‖intheparagraphreferto()duckssidesspeciesflightfeathers2.31同位指代變形模式：some X , otherXoneX, anotherXmany/most/muchX, otherX2.32最相鄰指代Forexample,asthegreaticesheetsthatcoveredNorthAmericaduringthelasticeagesteadilymeltedaway,hugevolumesofwaterflowedfromthem.Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatwasdepositedastheflowsloweddown.Thephraseglacial―outwash‖inthepassagereferstoFastriversGlaciersThehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingTheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers.2.32最相鄰指代5Themythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup‘oralstraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,thefirststephasbeentakentowardtheaterasanautonomousactivity.Theword―thisin‖thepassagereferstoTheactingoutofritesThedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietyTheseparationofmythsfromritesThecelebrationofsupernaturalforces2.32最相鄰指代何種情形代詞常指代最相鄰概念？相鄰感強(qiáng)的代詞：this/these/its/theirs指代前方整體的代詞：this/that/which為前方概念的同位解釋或別稱：Y, (refersto/means/thatis)X2.33連環(huán)指代AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostriveforsocialandculturalindependence,theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheirattitudestowardthem.Theword ―them‖inthisparagraphrefersto()A.AmericanofEuropeandescentpaintingsAfricanAmericanartistsattitudes2.33連環(huán)指代AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostriveforsocialandculturalindependence,theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheirattitudestowardthem.Theword―them‖inthisparagraphrefersto()paintingsAfricanAmericanartistsattitudes2.34抽象指代具體Paragraph3:WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.ThephraseThe―likelyexplanation"inthepassagereferstotheexplanationforwhythesouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthanthenorthernareasmodernarchaeologistshavedifficultyunderstandingancientdroughtswaterproblemsweremostsevereinthewetsouthlandsurfaceinthesouthissohighabovethewatertable2.34抽象指代具體Paragraph3:WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.ThelikelyexplanationisthatLikelyexplanation=WhyithasmadethingshardformodernarchaeologiststounderstandOr=Whyancientdroughtcausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth2.34抽象指代具體ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.Likelyexplanation=WhyithasmadethingshardformodernarchaeologiststounderstandOr=Whyancientdroughtcausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth2.34抽象指代具體Thephrase―Thelikelyexplanation"inthepassagereferstotheexplanationforwhy○thesouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthanthenorthernareas○modernarchaeologistshavedifficultyunderstandingancientdroughts○waterproblemsweremostsevereinthewetsouthlandsurfaceinthesouthissohighabovethewatertable2.35語法指代Whengrowingonrocksurfaces,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvetheminerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowlyturnedtosoil.Theword―which‖inthepassagereferstoA.theprocessofweatheringB.growingonrocksurfacesC.dissolvingthemineralsD.beingturnedtosoil2.35語法指代N that/which /who/whose+定語從句that/which /who/whose=N.2.35語法指代10Whengrowingonrocksurfaces,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvetheminerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowlyturnedtosoil.Theword ―which‖inthepassagereferstoA.theprocessofweatheringB.growingonrocksurfacesC.dissolvingthemineralsD.beingturnedtosoil指代題2.4 綜合練習(xí)2.4 綜合練習(xí)Theblubberinsulationissoeffectivethatmarinemammalsmaintainbodycoretemperaturesofabout36-38℃withmetabolicratesaboutthesameasthoseoflandmammalsofsimilarsize.AmarineanimalBcoretemperaturesClandmammalsDmetabolicrates2.4綜合練習(xí)Theblubberinsulationissoeffectivethatmarinemammalsmaintainbodycoretemperaturesofabout36-38℃withmetabolicratesaboutthesameasthoseoflandmammalsofsimilarsize.AmarineanimalBcoretemperaturesClandmammalsmetabolicrates2.4綜合練習(xí)VirginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimatedatasmuchasan80percentdecreaseofthenativepopulationinthecenturiesfollowingthearrivalofEuropeansintheAmericas.AavirginsoilepidemicanunbelievabledeclineofnativeinhabitantsthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsthearrivalofEuropeans.2.4 綜合練習(xí)VirginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimatedatasmuchasan80percentdecreaseofthenativepopulationinthecenturiesfollowingthearrivalofEuropeansintheAmericas.AavirginsoilepidemicanunbelievabledeclineofnativeinhabitantsthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsthearrivalofEuropeans.句子簡化題很重要—間接控制很多分?jǐn)?shù)3.1題目識別：題干Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.句子簡化題3.1題目識別Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.句子簡化題3.2答題步驟：對原句的分析第一步：讀給出句，找出句中邏輯：虛詞控制實(shí)詞：雖然。。但是；盡管，但是。。。邏輯詞很重要第二步：找出邏輯下的要點(diǎn)主干：主謂賓核心詞第三步：依次核對各選項(xiàng)邏輯和要點(diǎn)主干第四步：排除錯(cuò)選保留一致選項(xiàng)： confidence句子簡化題解答本題需要兩大技能取舍能力：取主邏輯、要點(diǎn)；舍次要信息 :去掉之后不會(huì)影響原意。判斷能力：準(zhǔn)確判斷選項(xiàng)正誤句子簡化題3.3基本思路3.31 邏輯判定法1、Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.（but后的東西必須保留，后面把前面PK掉，答案必須有but之后的內(nèi)容）3.31 邏輯判定法Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.3.31 邏輯判定法Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.3.31 邏輯判定法Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.雖然解釋之一認(rèn)為綠色冰山是在某特定條件下才綠，但是綠色冰山在多種條件下一直綠。3.31 邏輯判定法Oneexplanationnotesthatgreenicebergsstandoutamongothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butthisisattributedtoanopticalillusion.邏輯對要點(diǎn)錯(cuò)，把因果顛倒了Oneexplanationforthecolorofgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionthatoccurswhenthelightfromanear-horizonredSunshinesonablueiceberg.？？？But邏輯缺失要點(diǎn)缺失3.31邏輯判定法Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butgreenicebergsstandoutbestamongothericebergswhenilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun.邏輯對要點(diǎn)錯(cuò) 因果顛倒3.31 邏輯判定法Oneexplanationattributesthecolorofgreenicebergstoanopticalillusionunderspeciallightconditions,butgreenicebergsappeardistinctfromothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.雖然解釋之一認(rèn)為綠色冰山是在某特定條件下才綠，但是綠色冰山在多種條件下一直綠。邏輯對要點(diǎn)對 前后一致2、ContrarytotheargumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.先抓邏輯3.31 邏輯判定法ContrarytotheargumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.（對比）和偶然論相反，重點(diǎn)是后半節(jié)，反襯。3.31 邏輯判定法和偶然論相反，更可信的是策劃論。ASomepeoplehavearguedthatthePacificwassettledbytraderswhobecamelostwhiletransportingdomesticatedplantsandanimals.邏輯丟失（比較邏輯），要點(diǎn)丟失（完全沒有出現(xiàn)）3.31 邏輯判定法和偶然論相反，更可信的是策劃論。BTheoriginalPolynesiansettlerswereprobablymaroonedontheislands,buttheymayhavebeenjoinedlaterbycarefullypreparedcolonizationexpeditions.邏輯對（前后有比較），要點(diǎn)錯(cuò)（方向偏差）3.31 邏輯判定法和偶然論相反，更可信的是策劃論。CAlthoughitseemsreasonabletobelievethatcolonizationexpeditionswouldsetoutfullystocked,thisiscontradictedbymuchoftheevidence.邏輯對（讓步），要點(diǎn)錯(cuò)（偏差，強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)事件不可信）3.31 邏輯判定法和偶然論相反，更可信的是策劃論。DThesettlementofthePacificislandswasprobablyintentionalandwellplannedratherthanaccidentalassomepeoplehaveproposed.邏輯對，（順序調(diào)整）要點(diǎn)對3.32 主干判定法（沒有明顯的邏輯，提取主謂賓核心詞）3、Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.3.32 主干判定法3、Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.3.32 主干判定法當(dāng)給出句中無明顯邏輯時(shí)，以句子主干為判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)句子主干中優(yōu)先核對謂語動(dòng)詞，其次為主語，再次為賓語Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.3.32 主干判定法Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.ABeforeconsideringphytoremediation,hyperaccumulatingspeciesofplantslocaltothetargetareamustbeidentified.謂語不匹配3.32 主干判定法Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.BTheinvestigationbeginswithanevaluationoftoxicsitesinthetargetareatodeterminetheextentofcontamination.謂語一致，主語、賓語不一致3.32 主干判定法Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.CThefirststepinphytoremediationistheplantingofhyperaccumulatingplantsintheareatobecleanedup.謂語匹配、主語賓語匹配3.32 主干判定法Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea.DMinesandirrigationpondscanbekeptfrombecomingcontaminatedbyplantinghyperaccumulatingspeciesintargetedareas.謂語不匹配，偏差不會(huì)被污染長難句：看邏輯，主謂賓，謂語動(dòng)詞更重要3.32主干判定法----一系列的動(dòng)詞，謂語一定要保留最關(guān)鍵的動(dòng)作。順承引出的動(dòng)作（最后的結(jié)果）4、Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjects（it讓）tohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconvert（轉(zhuǎn)化）theorganicmattertooilandgas.3.32 主干判定法當(dāng)句子主干中有多個(gè)并列謂語時(shí)，優(yōu)先核對最重要的謂語動(dòng)詞最重要的=順承引出的最終動(dòng)作4、Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits?settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.3.32 主干判定法Sedimentation buries(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).AHighertemperaturesandpressurespromotesedimentation,whichisresponsibleforpetroleumformation.主語要點(diǎn)不匹配（因果顛倒）Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).Depositsofsedimentsontopoforganicmatterincreasethetemperatureofandpressureonthematter.？？？convert謂語要點(diǎn)丟失最終動(dòng)作（丟失了最終的結(jié)果，謂語要點(diǎn)丟失）3.32 主干判定法Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).CIncreasingpressureandheatfromtheweightofthesedimentturntheorganicremainsintopetroleum.謂語要點(diǎn)匹配、主語賓語要點(diǎn)匹配3.32 主干判定法Sedimentationburies(matter),subjectto(hightemperatureandpressure),convert(matter)to(oil).DTheremainsofmicroscopicorganismstransformintopetroleumoncetheyareburiedundermud.convert謂語要點(diǎn)丟失最終動(dòng)作，出現(xiàn)未出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容也被拿掉了。3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法（除去邏輯、主干要點(diǎn)外）決定句子基本含義是否一致的是：句中強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，如極端強(qiáng)調(diào)、語氣強(qiáng)調(diào)、語法強(qiáng)調(diào)-------一定要保留這些信息點(diǎn)first,most，last（最高級）Must,haveto,very,important,necessary（語氣強(qiáng)調(diào)）Itis that,Only，neverhadIdone(倒裝)Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.RunningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldkeepmachinesoperatingcontinuouslybutsinceitwasabundantonlyinLancashireandScotland,mostmillsandfactoriesthatwerelocatedelsewherecouldnotbewaterdriven．3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.RunningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldkeepmachinesoperatingcontinuouslybutsinceitwasabundantonlyinLancashireandScotland,mostmillsandfactoriesthatwerelocatedelsewherecouldnotbewaterdriven．Only強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)信息不一致，多了 best這一原文沒有的極端重點(diǎn)， only和best?3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.Thedisadvantageofusingwaterpoweristhatstreamsdonotnecessarilyflowinplacesthatarethemostsuitableforfactorieswhichexplainswhysomanywater—poweredgrainandtextilemillswerelocatedinundesirableplaces.Only強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)信息丟失，最重要的disadvantage“hadtobelocatedonbanks”不一致。3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.Sincemachinescouldbeoperatedcontinuouslyonlywhererunningwaterwasabundant,grainandtextilemillsaswellasotherfactoriestendedtobelocatedonlyinLancashireandScotland．Only強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)信息不一致，“hadto”強(qiáng)調(diào)的“ belocatedonbanks”不一致。3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法5.Onlythewaterresourcewassuitedtooperatingofmachines,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks.Runningwaterwastheonlysourceofpowerthatwassuitableforthecontinuousoperationofmachines,buttomakeuseofitfactorieshadtobelocatedwherethewaterwas,regardlessofwhethersuchlocationsmadesenseotherwise.Only強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)信息一致，“hadto”強(qiáng)調(diào)的“belocatedonbanks”一致。點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)地核對3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法Hethensetupexperimentswithcagedstarlingsandfoundthattheirorientationwas,infact,inthepropermigratorydirectionexceptwhentheskywasovercast,atwhichtimestherewasnocleardirectiontotheirrestlessmovements.3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法6.Hethensetupexperimentswithcagedstarlingsandfound（更重要）thattheirorientationwas,infact,inthepropermigratorydirectionexceptwhentheskywasovercast,atwhichtimestherewasnocleardirectiontotheirrestlessmovements.3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法6.Hefoundthattheirorientationwasinthepropermigratorydirectionexceptwhentheskywasovercast.AExperimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlingsdisplayedalackofdirectionalsenseandrestlessmovements.完全沒有except后強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容且主干不符3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法6.Hefoundthattheirorientationwasinthepropermigratorydirectionexceptwhentheskywasovercast.BExperimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlingswereunabletoorientthemselvesinthedirectionoftheirnormalmigratoryroute.完全沒有except后強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容且主干不符3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法6.Hefoundthattheirorientationwasinthepropermigratorydirectionexceptwhentheskywasovercast.CExperimentsrevealedthattherestlessmovementofcagedstarlingshadnocleardirection.完全沒有except后強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容且主干不符3.33 特殊重點(diǎn)判定法6.Hefoundthattheirorientationwasinthepropermigratorydirectionexceptwhentheskywasovercast.DExperimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlings'orientationwasaccurateunlesstheweatherwasovercast.except后強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)一致，且主干信息匹配3.4 選項(xiàng)分析正選變形第一計(jì)：順序顛倒，語序不一致。。。含義不變經(jīng)常作用于：含因果邏輯、轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯、比較邏輯的句中3.4 選項(xiàng)分析7LikethestoneofRomanwall,whichwereheldtogetherbothbytheregularityofthedesignandbythatpeculiarlypowerfulRomancement,sothevariouspartsoftheRomanrealmwerebondedintoamassive,monolithicentitybyphysical,organizational,andpsychologicalcontrols.3.4 選項(xiàng)分析7LikethestoneofRomanwall,whichwereheldtogetherbothbytheregularityofthedesignandbythatpeculiarlypowerfulRomancement,sothevariouspartsoftheRomanrealmwerebondedintoamassive,monolithicentitybyphysical,organizational,andpsychologicalcontrols.SeveraltypesofcontrolunitedtheRomanrealm,justasdesignandcementheldRomanwallstogether.順序顛倒了，含義沒有改變3.4選項(xiàng)分析8Astheseaweedandmarchgrassleavesdie,bacteriabreakdowntheplantmaterial,andinsects,smal