00795綜合英語二-上冊-課文詮釋

LessonOneTwelveThingslWishTheyTaughtatSchoolCarlSaganLearningGuide俗話說：“活到老，學到老。”人的一生就是不斷學習、不斷豐富和充實自己的過程。青少年階段，尤其是中學階段，無疑是學習的最佳時期。中學教育的重點應放在什么地方？美國著名科學家和科普作家薩根批評中學只抓各個學科具體內(nèi)容的做法，他認為中學要注重對青少年的宏觀教育，使他們建立起唯物的世界觀和宇宙觀，使他們能夠正確對待自己，關心周圍的世界——人類生存的環(huán)境和自己的地球同胞。Iattendedjuniorandseniorhighschool,publicinstitutionsinNewYorkandNewJersey,justaftertheSecondWorldWar.Itseemsalongtimeago.①ThefacilitiesandtheskillsoftheteacherswereprobablywellaboveaveragefortheUnitedStatesatthattime.Sincethen,I'velearnedagreatdeal.OneofthemostimportantthingsI'velearnedishowmuchthereistolearn,②andhowmuchIdon'tyetknow.③SometimesIthinkhowgratefulIwouldbetodayifIhadlearnedmorebackthenaboutwhatreallymatters.Insomerespectsthateducationwasterriblynarrow;theonlythingIeverheardinschoolaboutNapoleonwasthattheUnitedStatesmadetheLouisianaPurchasefromhim.④(Onaplanetwheresome95%oftheinhabitantsarenotAmericans,theonlyhistorythatwasthoughtworthteachingwasAmericanhistory.)Inspelling,grammar,thefundamentalsofmath,andothervitalsubjects,myteachersdidaprettygoodjob.Butthere'ssomuchelseIwishthey'dtaughtus.ThefacilitiesandskillsoftheteacherswereprobablywellaboveaveragefortheUnitedStatesatthattime.學校的設施、教師的水平在當時的美國大大高于一般的水平。above/average：高于或低于一般的標準水平。well：adv相當?shù)?，大大地Thefacilitiesandskillsoftheteacherswereperhapsmuchbetterthanthoseinmostschoolsin….…..howmuchIdon'tyetknow.我所學到的最重要的一點，就是要學的東西實在太多，而我還沒有學到的東西也太多了。howmuchIdon'tknowuptillnow.SometimesIthinkhowgratefulIwouldbetodayifIhadlearnedmorebackthenaboutwhatreallymatters.有時候，我想那時要是能多學點真正的東西，今天我會多么地心存感激。IwouldbegratefultodayifIhadlearnedmoreathighschoolaboutthingsthatarereallyimportant.Onaplanetwheresome95%oftheinhabitantsarenotAmericans,theonlyhistorythatwasthoughtworthteachingwasAmericanhistory.在一個約95%的居民不是美國人的星球上，學校當局認為只有美國歷史才值得講授(這里作者委婉地批評了美國教育部門的狹隘與偏見)wheresome95%oftheinhabitantsarenotAmericans：是定語從句，修飾aplanetthatwasthoughtworthteaching：也是定語從句，修飾theonlyhistoryThepopulationoftheUSaccountsforonlyabout5%ofthatoftheworld.ButinmyhighschooldaysschooltaughtAmericanhistoryonlybecauseitwasthoughtthatthehistoryofothercountrieswasnotimportantforAmericanstolearn.①Perhapsallthedeficiencieshavesincebeenrectified.Itseemstometherearemanythings(②oftenmoreamatterofattitudeandperceptionthanthesimplememorizationoffacts)thattheschoolsshouldteach—thingsthattrulywouldbeusefulinlaterlife,usefulinmakingastrongercountryandabetterworld,butusefulalsoinmakingpeoplehappier.Humanbeingsenjoylearning.③That'soneofthefewthingsthatwedobetterthantheotherspeciesonourplanet.④Everystudentshouldregularlyexperiencethe"Aha!"—whensomethingyouneverunderstood,orsomethingyouneverknewwasamystery,becomesclear.Sohere'smylist:Perhapsallthedeficiencieshavesincebeenrectified.或許該教而沒教的缺陷自那以后已經(jīng)得以糾正。deficiencies：缺乏，缺少，不足PerhapsschoolshaveovercomealltheshortcomingsandimprovedgreatlysinceIleftschooloftenmoreamatterofattitudeandperceptionthanthesimplememorizationoffacts...（該教的）主要是態(tài)度問題、認識問題，而不是簡單的對事實記憶的問題。matter：（討論、考慮等問題）more+名詞+than+名詞：與其說……不如說是……Studentsshouldnotmerelybetaughtfactstomemorize,buttheyshouldalsobetaughttocultivatetheirabilitytojudgewhatishappeningaroundthemandtaketherightattitudetowardsthis.That'soneofthefewthingsthatwedobetterthantheotherspeciesonourplanet.這是我們?nèi)祟惐冗@個地球上其他物種做得好得多的為數(shù)有限的幾件事中的一件。Inmostthingsman'sfellowcreaturesoneartharebetter,butinlearningmandoesbetter.Everystudentshouldregularlyexperiencethe"Aha!"whensomethingyouneverunderstood,orthingyouneverknewwasamystery,becomesclear.每個學生都應該經(jīng)常體驗一下說出：“啊，原來是這么一回事！”時的感受一一也就是你以往不懂的或是不知道自己不懂的事情，一下子變得豁然開朗時的感受。Studentsshouldbeconstantlylearningnewthingssothattheycanexperiencethejoyoflearningandofdiscoveringthingstheydidn'tknoworunderstandbefore.Pickadifficultthingandlearnitwell.TheGreekphilosopherSocratessaidthiswasoneofthegreatestofhumanjoys,anditis.Whileyoulearnalittlebitaboutmanysubjects,makesureyoulearnagreatdealaboutoneortwo.Ithardlymatterswhatthesubjectis,aslongasitdeeplyinterestsyou,andyouplaceitinitsbroaderhumancontext.Afteryouteachyourselfonesubject,youbecomemuchmoreconfidentaboutyourabilitytoteachyourselfanother.Yougraduallyfindyou'veacquiredakeyskill.Theworldischangingsorapidlythatyoumustcontinuetoteachyourselfthroughoutyourlife.①Butdon'tgettrappedbythefirstsubjectthatinterestsyou,orthefirstthingyoufindyourselfgoodat.②Theworldisfullofwonders,andsomeofthemwedon'tdiscoveruntilwe'reallgrownup.Mostofthem,sadly,weneverdiscover.①Butdon'tgettrappedbythefirstsubjectthatinterestyou,orthefirstthingyoufindyourselfgoodat.Butyoushouldn'tlimityourstudytoanythingthatattractsyouimmediatelyoranythingyoufirstfindyourselfgoodat②Theworldisfullofwonder,andsomeofthemwedon'tdiscoveruntilweareallgrownup.Mostofthemsadly,weneverdiscover.這個世界充滿奇妙的事物，有些我們完全長大成人之后就會發(fā)現(xiàn)；很遺憾，大部分我們一輩子也發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。為了強調(diào)，賓語someofthem及Mostofthem都挪到了主語和動詞的前面。Theworldisfullofwonderfulthings,andevenadultscanonlyfindoutsomeofthem.Don'tbeafraidtoask"stupid"questions.Manyapparentlynaiveinquirieslikewhygrassisgreen,orwhytheSunisround,orwhyweneed55,000nuclearweaponsintheworld—arereallydeepquestions.①Theanswerscanbeagatewaytorealinsights.It'salsoimportanttoknow,aswellasyoucan,whatitisthatyoudon'tknow,andaskingquestionsistheway.Toask"stupid"questionsrequirescourageonthepartoftheaskerandknowledgeandpatienceonthepartoftheanswerer.②Anddon'tconfineyourlearningtoschoolwork.Discussideasindepthwithfriends.③It'smuchbravertoaskquestionsevenwhenthere'saprospectofridiculethantosuppressyourquestionsandbecomedeadenedtotheworldaroundyou.Theanswerscanbeagatewaytorealinsights.對這些問題的回答很可能會使你對事物有深刻的理解。gatewayto：通向……的路徑；獲得……的手段。You'llpossiblygiveadeepunderstandingofthingswhiletryingtofindanswerstothosestupidquestions.Anddon'tconfineyourlearningtoschoolwork.不要把自己的學習局限于課堂。Don'tlimityourlearningtoschoolwork.It'smuchbravertoaskquestionsevenwhenthere'saprospectofridiculethantosuppressyourquestionsandbecomedeadenedtotheworldaroundyou.明知會引起嘲笑而提問要比把問題埋在心里、對周圍的一切麻木不仁要勇敢得多。deadensbtosth:使某人對不敏感。becomedeadenedtosth:對變得不敏感或麻木不仁。Askingquestionswhenyouknowthatyoumightbelaughedatrequirescourage.Butthisisbraverthankeepingyourquestionstoyourselfandgraduallybecomeunabletonoticewhatishappeningaroundyou.Listencarefully.6.①Manyconversationsareakindofcompetitionthatrarelyleadstodiscoveryoneitherside.Whenpeoplearetalking,don'tspendthetimethinkingaboutwhatyou'regoingtosaynext.Instead,②trytounderstandwhatthey'resaying,whatexperienceisbehindtheirremarks,whatyoucanlearnfromoraboutthem.Olderpeoplehavegrownupinaworldverydifferentfromyours,oneyoumaynotknowverywell.They,andpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountryandfromothernations,haveimportantperspectivesthatcanenrichyourlife.Manyconversationsareakindofcompetitionthatrarelyleadstodiscoveryoneitherside.很多情況下人們談話時，總是爭相表現(xiàn)自己，這類交談對雙方都無多大益處。Often,whenpeopletalktheyshowoff:theytrytoshowtheyaresmarter,orthattheyknowmorethanthepersontheyaretalkingto;thiskindofconversationgivesyouusefulinformationorunderstanding.trytounderstand…..whatyoucanlearnfromoraboutthem.而是設法搞懂他們說的是什么，什么樣的經(jīng)歷才使得他們說這些話，你從這些話中你能學到什么，你對說這些話的人又能了解到什么情況等。這里作者使用了排比的手法：用三個what引出的從句作understand的賓語。trytolearnsomethingfromwhattheysay,ortrytofindoutthekindofpersontheyare.Everybodymakesmistakes.Everybody'sunderstandingisincomplete.Beopentocorrection,andlearntocorrectyourownmistakes.Theonlyembarrassmentisinnotlearningfromyourmistakes.Knowyourplanet.It'stheonlyonewehave.Learnhowitworks.We'rechangingtheatmosphere,thesurface,thewatersoftheEarth,①oftenforsomeshort-termadvantagewhenthelong-termimplicationsareunknown.②Thecitizensofanycountryshouldhaveatleastsomethingtosayaboutthedirectioninwhichwe'regoing.③Ifwedon'tunderstandtheissues,weabandonthefutureoftenforsomeshort-termadvantagewhenthelongtermimplicationsareunknown.往往為了短期的利益，在尚不了解的長遠影響的情況下。oftenforsomequickprofitnow,whenyoudon'tknowpossibleharmordangermightariseinthefuture.Thecitizensofanycountryshouldhaveatleastsomethingtosayaboutthedirectioninwhichwearedoing.任何一個國家的公民至少對我們?nèi)祟愐呦蚝翁幱邪l(fā)言權。Allpeopleintheworldhavetherightatleasttoexpresstheirviewsonthefutureofourplanet.Ifwedon'tunderstandtheissues,weabandonthefuture.如果我們不能理解這些問題，我們就是放棄未來。Ifwedon'trealizetheseriousnessoftheproblemswearefacing,there'llbenohopeforthehumanrace.Scienceandtechnology.Youcan'tknowyourplanetunlessyouknowsomethingaboutscienceandtechnology.Schoolsciencecourses,Iremember,concentratedontheunimportantpartsofscience,leavingthemajorinsightsalmostuntouched.Thegreatdiscoveriesinmodernsciencearealsogreatdiscoveriesofthehumanspirit.Forexample,Copernicusshowedthat—farfrombeingthecenteroftheuniverse,aboutwhichtheSun,theMoon,theplanets,andthestarsrevolvedinclockwisehomage—theEarthisjustoneofmanysmallworlds.①Thisisadeflationofourpretensions,tobesure,butitisalsotheopeninguptoourviewofavastandawesomeuniverse.EveryhighschoolgraduateshouldhavesomeideaoftheinsightsofCopernicus,Newton,Darwin,Freud,andEinstein.(Einstein'sspecialtheoryofrelativity,farfrombeingobscureandexceptionallydifficult,canbeunderstoodinitsbasicswithnomorethanfirst-yearalgebra,andthenotionofarowboatinarivergoingupstreamanddownstream.)①Thisisadeflationofourpretensions,tobesure這當然煞了我們?nèi)祟惖淖悦环驳陌翚猓峭瑫r(哥白尼的學說)也開闊了我們的眼界，使我們看到一個漫無邊際、令人敬畏的宇宙。Undoubtedly,toacceptthefactthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniverseistoshattertheimportanceofhumanbeings.Don'tspendyourlifewatchingTV.YouknowwhatI'mtalkingabout.Culture.①Gainsomeexposuretothegreatworksofliterature,artandmusic.②Ifsuchaworkishundredsorthousandsofyearsoldandisstilladmired,thereisprobablysomethingtoit.Likealldeepexperiences,③itmaytakealittleworkonyourparttodiscoverwhatallthefussisabout.Butonceyoumaketheeffort,yourlifehaschanged;you'veacquiredasourceofenjoymentandexcitementfortherestofyourdays.④Inaworldastightlyconnectedasoursis,don'trestrictyourattentiontoAmericanorWesternculture.Learnhowandwhatpeopleelsewherethink.Learnsomethingoftheirhistory,theirreligion,theirviewpoints.Gainsomeexposuretothegreatworksofliterature,artandmusic.感受一下文藝、藝術和音樂名篇的熏陶。exposureto：接觸，感受的熏陶，受到的影響。Readthegreatworksofliterature,andgettoknowartandmusicandgainsomeinsightintotheprofoundthoughtsinthem.Ifsuchaworkishundredsorthousandsofyearsoldandisstilladmired,thereisprobablysomethingtoit.既然一部作品以存在了幾百年或是幾千年，今天仍然受到贊賞，那么大概它確實是有些名堂。Ifaworkwasbroughtouthundredsorthousandsofyearsagoandisstillappreciated,theremustbesomethingspecialinititmaytakealittleworkonyourparttodiscoverwhatallthefussisabout.要搞清楚人們到底為什么對這些作品還如此熱衷，你就得下點功夫，一切感人至深的經(jīng)歷莫不如此。youhavetomakesomeefforttofindoutwhypeopleadmireandarecrazyaboutthoseworksofthepast.Inaworldastightlyconnectedasoursis,don'trestrictyourattentiontoAmericanorWesternculture.Inourage,countriesandregionsarecloselyrelated;whathappensinonecountryorregioncanaffectothers.ThereforeweshouldnotonlystudyAmericancultureandWesternculture.WeshouldalsopayattentiontootherculturesAsian,AfricanandLatinAmerican.Compassion.Manypeoplebelievethatweliveinanextraordinarilyselfishtime.Butthereisahollowness,alonelinessthatcomesfromlivingonlyforyourself.Humansarecapableofgreatmutualcompassion,love,andtenderness.Thesefeelings,however,needencouragementtogrow.Lookatthedelightaone-ortwo-year-oldtakesinlearning,andyouseehowpowerfulisthehumanwilltolearn.①Ourpassiontounderstandtheuniverseandourcompassionforothersjointlyprovidethechiefhopeforthehumanrace.①Ourpassiontounderstandtheuniverseandourcompassionforothersjointlyprovidethechiefhopeforthehumanrace.我們有渴望了解宇宙的熱忱，我們有對他人的同情心，人類的希望主要寄托于此。Wehaveastrongdesireforlearningandwearekindandtendertowardsoneanother.Withthesetwofinequalities,thehumanracewillhaveabrightfuture./Thehopeforthehumanraceliesmainlyinourenthusiasmabouttheuniverseandourprofoundsympathyforothers.LessonTwoIconsLearningGuide提起一位獲得諾貝爾獎的華人物理學家的名字，今天的青少年恐怕很多人會感到陌生，無話可說，可是談起當紅歌星、球星，他們則是津津樂道。當今國內(nèi)外的明星大腕被少男少女們一個個奉為偶像。君不見，追星族們?yōu)榍蟮门枷竦暮灻梢栽谄皾姶笥曛械却胩?，為一睹偶像的風采，可以大打出手破門而入。三四十年前青年人崇拜的科學家和英雄人物已被視為昨日黃花，中外都是如此。這種價值觀的變化引起了社會學家和教育家的憂慮，他們指出星們、腕兒們只不過是媒體尤其是電視炒作的產(chǎn)物。HeroesandCulturalIcons

GaryGosggarianAbrahamLincolnMartinLutherKingJr.JacquelineKennedyOnassisHelenKellerRosaParks1.IfyouwereaskedtolisttenAmericanheroesandheroines,youwouldprobablynamesomeorallofthefollowing:GeorgeWashington,AbrahamLincoln,DanielBoone,MartinLutherKingJr.,AmeliaEarhart,SusanB.Anthony,JacquelineKennedyOnassis,HelenKeller,ElizabethCadyStanton,andRosaParks.①Ifnextyouwereaskedtolistpeoplewhoaregenerallyadmiredbysociety,whosomehowseembiaaerthanlife,youmightcomeupwithanentirelydifferentlist.Youmight,infact,namepeoplewhoarecelebratedfortheirwealthandglamourratherthantheirachievementsandmoralstrengthofcharacter.②Andyouwouldnotbealone,becausepollstershavefoundthatpeopletodaydonotchoosepoliticalleaderswhoshapehistoryfortheir"MostAdmired"list,butrathermovieandtelevisioncelebrities,fashionmodels,professionalathletes,andevencomicbookandcartooncharacters.Inshortmediaicons.Ifnextyouwere,whosomehowseembiggerthanlife,youmightcomeupwithanentiredifferentlist.如果有人請你列舉在社會上受到普遍贊賞、貌似非凡的人，你所列舉的恐怕是完全不同的人。whosomehowappeardistinguishedfromordinarypeople.Andyouwouldnotbealone,becausepollstershavefoundthatpeopletodaydonotchoosepoliticalleaderswhoshapehistoryfortheir"MostAdmired"僅是你一個人提出的這些人，民意調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，今天人們不再選擇創(chuàng)造過歷史的政治領袖為他們“最欽佩的人物”。AndmanyotherpeoplewouldlistthesamekindofpeopleastheirMost"Admired".2.①Bydefinition,heroesandheroinesaremenandwomendistinguishedbyuncommoncourage,achievements,andself-sacrificemademostoftenforthebenefitofothers-②theyarepeopleagainstwhomwemeasureothers.Theyaremenandwomenrecognizedforshapingournation'sconsciousnessanddevelopmentaswellasthelivesofthosewhoadmirethem.③Yet,somepeoplesaythatoursisanagewheretrueheroesandheroinesarehardtocomeby,wheretheveryidealofheroismissomethingbeyondus-anartifactofthepast.SomemaintainthatbecausetheColdWarisoverandbecauseAmericaisatpeaceourageisessentiallyanunheroicone.Furthermore,theoverallcrimerateisdown,povertyhasbeeneasedbyastrongandgrowingeconomy,andadvancescontinuetobemadeinmedicalscience.?Consequently,bereftofculturalheroes,wehavelatchedontoculturalicons-mediasuperstarssuchasactors,actresses,sportscelebrities,televisionpersonalities,andpeople⑤whoaresimplyfamousforbeingfamous.Bydefinition,heroesandheroinesaremenandwomendistinguishedbyuncommoncourageachievements,andself-sacrificemademostoftenforthebenefitofothers.就定義而言，英雄之所以與眾不同是因為他們有非凡的勇氣、取得卓越的成就、常常為他人的利益而作出犧牲。bydefinition：按定義bedistinguishedby：由于而有別（于）heroesandheroinesarepeoplewhoaredifferentfromotherpeoplebecauseoftheirunusualcourage,achievementsandthesacrificestheymakeintheinterestsofotherstheyarepeopleagainstwhomwemeasureothers.他們是我們評價別人的標準。they'vebecomeasortofstandard;wejudgeothersbywhattheydoandwhattheyare.Yet,somepeoplesaythatoursisanagewheretrueheroesandheroinesarehardtocomeby,wheretheveryidealofheroismissomethingbeyondus--anartifactofthepast.可是有人說，我們的時代是很難出現(xiàn)真正英雄的時代，英雄主義這一概念本身我們就很難理解--它已經(jīng)成為歷史。ours:是名詞性代詞，作為賓語從句的主語。where引出兩個定語從句，修飾eby：找到bebeyondsb：為某人所不能理解；對某人來說太難。Yet,somepeoplesaythatwearelivinginanewage.Inthisageheroesandheroinesarerare,andheroismisonlysomethingpeopleadmirebutdonotpractice.Heroicandnobleconductisathingofthepast.Consequently,bereftofculturalheroes,wehavelatchedontoculturalicon.因此，缺少了本民族（即本民族的文化）英雄，我們就迷上了通俗文化偶像。consequently是副詞，其連接詞的作用，將本句與上句連接起來。bereft：（正式）失去，缺少。Asaresult,whenwenolongerhavenationalheroestoadmireandworship,wehavebecomecrazyaboutculturalicons…Asaresult,sincetherewerenoculturalheroesforustoadmire,webegantoadmireculturaliconswhoaresimplyfamousforbeingfamous.僅僅因為有名而成名的那些人。whoarewell-knownjustbecausetheyarefrequentlyseeninpublic,sothatalotofpeopleknowthemorknowaboutthem（notbecausetheypossessunusuallyfinequalitiesorbecausetheyhavemadegreatcontributionstosociety）.Culturaliconsarehardertodefine,butweknowthemwhenweseethem.①Theyarepeoplewhomanagetotranscendcelebrity,whoarelegendary,whosomehowmanagetobecomemythic.Butwhatmakessomefiguresiconsandothersmerecelebrities?That'shardtoanswer.②Inpart,theirliveshavethequalityofastory.Forinstance,thebeautifulyoungDianaSpencerwhoat19marriedaprince,boreaking,renouncedmarriageandthethrone,anddiedatthemomentshefoundtruelove.③Goodlookscertainlyhelp.④Sodoesaspecialindefinablecharisma,withthehelpofthemedia.Butnothingbecomesaniconmorethanatragicandearlydeath—suchasMartinLutherKingJr.,JohnF.Kennedy,andPrincessDiana.Theyarepeoplewhomanagetotranscendcelebrity,whoarelegendary,whosomehowmanagetobecomemythic.他們超越了名流，成為傳奇式人物，甚至在某種程度是神話式的人物。Culturaliconsmakethemselvesmorefamousthancelebrities;theyinspiregreatadmiration;andtoacertaindegree,theybecomeimportantpeople.Inpart,theirliveshavethequalityofastory.部分原因是他們的生平帶有傳奇故事的特點。inpart：partly,notcompletely部分地。Partofthereasonisthattheirlivesareunusual,fullofupsanddownslikepeopleinlegendsormyths.Goodlookscertainlyhelp.漂亮的長相當然有用。Attractiveappearanceissurelyveryusefulinthemakingofanicon.Sodoesaspecialindefinablecharisma,withthehelpofthemedia.另外，在媒體的炒作下某種難以描述的、特殊的個人魅力也起作用。Aparticulargreatcharmthatishardtodefinealsoprovesuseful.Themediahelptoimpresspeoplewithit.BeingSomebodyDonnaWoolfolkCrossOnehundredyearsago,peoplebecamefamousforwhattheyhadachieved.MenlikeJ.P.Morgan,E.H.HarrimanandJayGouldwereallnotableachievers.SowereThomasEdison,MarkTwain,andSusanB.Anthony.①Theiraccomplishmentsarestillevidentinourownday.②Today'scelebrities,however,oftendonotbecomeknownforanyenduringachievement.Thepeoplewemostadmiretodayareusuallythosewhoaremosthighlypublicizedbythemedia.Theiraccomplishmentsarestillevidentinourownday.Todaywestillseeorfeelwhattheyachievedinthepast.Today'scelebrities,however,oftendonotbecomeknownforanyenduringachievement.But,today,peopleoftendonotbecomefamousbecausethey'veachievedsomething(agreatbook,aninvention,adiscovery,awayofthinking,etc.)thatwilllastconfluencepeoplefora10ngtime.In1981,aGalluppollrevealedthatNancyReaganwasthenation's"mostadmiredwoman."①Theyearbefore,thatdistinctionwenttoPresidentCarter'swife,Rosalynn.Infact,thewifeofthecurrentpresidentisalwaysoneofthenation'smostadmiredwomen.Today'scelebrities,asthewriterDanielBoorstinsays,are"peoplewell-knownfortheirwell-knownness."①Theyearbefore,thatdistinctionwenttoPresidentCarter'swife,Rosalynn.Theyearbefore,thetitle/honourwasgiventoPresidentCarter'swife,Rosalynn./Theyearbefore,PresidentCarter'swife,Rosalynn,wonthehonour.Tobecomesuchacelebrity,oneneedsluck,notaccomplishment.AsBoorstinsays,"①Theherowasdistinguishedbyhisaccomplishment;thecelebritybyhisimageortrademark.②Theherocreatedhimself;thecelebrityiscreatedbythemedia.③Theherowasabigman;thecelebrityisabigname."Theherowasdistinguishedbyhisaccomplishment;thecelebritybyhisimageortrademark.英雄因其成就而出眾，而名流則因其形象或者說是其特征而出名。Theherowasdifferentfromordinarypeoplebecauseofwhathehadachieved;thecelebritydiffersfromordinarypeoplemerelybecauseheiswell-known.Theherocreatedhimself;thecelebrityiscreatedbythemedia.Theherowasadmiredforwhathehadhoneforsociety;thecelebrityburstsontothescenethroughtheworkofthemedia.Theherowasabigman;thecelebrityisabigname.英雄是了不起的人物，名流是了不起的名聲。theherowasanoutstandingmanwithexcellentqualities;thecelebrityisanaveragepersonwithanenviablereputation.Thereisanotherdistinction:①heroesinspirerespect;celebritiesinspireenvy.FewofusbelievewecouldbeanotherJonasSalkorEleanorRoosevelt,butwecouldbeanotherTVstarlikeTellySavalasorSuzanneSomers.②Exceptfortheattentiontheygetfromthemedia,thesepeopleareexactlylikeus.Heroesinspirerespect;celebritiesinspireenvy.Anotherwaytodistinguishheroesandcelebritiesisthatpeoplerespectheroesandenvycelebrities.Exceptfortheattentiontheygetfromthemedia,thesepeopleareexactlylikeus.要是沒有媒體的關注，這些人和我們完全一樣。Ifthemediadidn'tgivethemsomuchattention,theywouldn'tbeanydifferentfromordinarypeople.Theshiftfromhero-worshiptocelebrity-worshipoccurredaroundtheturnofthecentury.Itwascloselytiedtotheriseofnewformsofmedia—firstphotography,andlatermovingpictures,radioandtelevision.Forthefirsttime,Americanscouldseeandrecognizetheirheroes.①Previously,menlikeGouldandHarriman,whosenameseveryoneknew,couldeasilyhavepassedthroughacrowdwithoutbeingrecognized.②Thereproductionofphotosinnewspapersturnedfamouspeopleintocelebritieswhosedress,appearance,andpersonalhabitswerewidelycommentedupon.Slowly,thefocusofpublicattentionbegantoshiftawayfromknowingwhatsuchpeopledidtoknowingwhattheylookedlike.Previously,menlikeGouldandHarriman,whosenameseveryoneknew,couldeasilyhavepassedthroughacrowdwithoutbeingrecognized.以前，像古爾德和哈里曼這樣家喻戶曉的人完全可能穿過人群而沒被人認出來。whosenameseveryoneknew：非限制性定語從句，修飾GouldandHarriman。beingrecognized：動名詞的被動形勢。Inthepast,whenfamousmenlikeGouldandHarrimanwalkedthroughacrowd,itwasquitepossiblethatpeopledon’trecognizethem,thougheveryoneknewofthem.Thereproductionofphotosinnewspapersturnedfamouspeopleintocelebritieswhosedressappearance,andpersonalhabitswerewidelycommentedupon.現(xiàn)在報紙上能刊登照片，這使名人成為名流，他們的衣著、外貌和體態(tài)舉止都成為人們評論的對象。Whenfamouspeople'sphotosappearedinnewspapers,theiroutwardfeatures-theirappearance,theirclothes,andthewaytheycarriedthemselves-begantoattractpublicattentionandgettalkedabout,Inthiswaythesefamouspeoplegraduallybecamecelebrities.Theshiftwasacceleratedbythearrivalofmovingpictures.Between1901and1914,74percentofthemagazinearticlesaboutfamouspeoplewereaboutpoliticalleaders,inventors,professionals,andbusinessmen.After1922,however,mostarticleswereaboutmoviestars.①Withthearrivaloftelevision,thefacesofthestarsbecameasfamiliarasthosewesawacrossthebreakfasttable.Wecametoknowmoreaboutthelivesofthecelebrities②thanwedidaboutmostofthepeopleweknowpersonally.Lessthanseventyyearsaftertheappearanceofthefirstmovingpictures,theshiftfromhero-worshiptocelebrity-worshipwascomplete.Withthearrivaloftelevision….電視的出現(xiàn)Becausewenowhavetelevision…...thanwedidaboutmostofthepeopleweknowpersonally.多于對我們認識的多數(shù)人的了解。thanwedid：比較從句，did代表knew。peopleweknowpersonally：指我們常見并有接觸的人（相對于那些我們只是在媒體上見過的名流）thanweknowaboutmostofthepeopleweactuallyknow.12.①Todayanappearanceonatelevisiontalkshowistheultimateproofof"makingit"inAmerica.Actually,theterm"talkshow"ismisleading.②Celebritiesdonotappearonsuchaprogrambecauseofanactualdesire一orability—totalk,butsimplytogainrecognition,andprove,merelybyshowingup,thattheyare"somebody."Todayanappearanceonatelevisiontalkshowistheultimateproofof"makingit"inAmerica.今天在電視臺的一個脫口秀節(jié)目上一露臉就絕對能證明你在美國“一舉成名”。Today,ifyouareinvitedasaguestonaTVtalkshow,youdefinitelyhaveprovedyourselfsuccessfulinAmerica.Celebritiesdonotappearonsuchaprogrambecauseofanactualdesire—orability—totalk,butsimplytogainrecognition,andprove,merelybyshowingup,thattheyare"somebody."名流在這樣的節(jié)目中出場，并不是因為他們真想說些什么，或是口才很棒，而純屬為了出名，并通過（在熒屏上）露臉，證明他們是“重要人物”。Celebritiesoftenappearontalkshows,notbecausetheyreallywanttotalk,orbecausetheyhavesomethingtosay,butsimplybecausetheywanttobecomefamousandtoshowthattheyareimportant..Beingaguestonatalkshowdoesnotrequirequalitiesofwit,eloquence,brilliance,insight,orintelligence.Aformertalentcoordinatorfor"theTonightShow,"saysthatwhenhewouldaskascheduledguest,"Whatwouldyouliketotalktothehostabout?"thereplyhegotmostoftenwas,"Havehimaskmeanything."This,hesays,usuallymeant,"IamatypicalHollywoodactor,soIhaveneverhadanoriginalthoughtandIhavenothingtosayofanyinteresttoanyoneanywhere.".①Mosthostsaregratefuljusttogetsomeonewhowillfilltheroomwithsound.Onetalkshowcoordinatorcomments,"Welookfortheguestwhoissuretotalknomatterwhat.Tensecondsofsilenceappearsveryawkwardontelevision;thirtysecondsisdisastrous.Aguestwho'sgottostoptothinkabouteverythinghesaysbeforeheopenshismouthis②aratingsnightmare."Mosthostsaregratefuljusttogetsomeonewhowillfilltheroomwithsound.多數(shù)主持人只要有人說話，讓演播室老有聲音就很滿意。Mosthostsaremorethanhappyaslongastheguestskeeptalkingaratingsnightmare.Ifaguestonatalkshowalwayshesitatestotalkabouteverything,theprogramwillgetaverybadrating.Thiskindofattituderewardssmooth,insinceretalk,andmakeshesitancylooklikestupidity."Wewouldn'thaveusedGeorgeWashingtononourshow,"saysonetalentcoordinator."Hemighthavebeenfirstintheheartsofhiscountrymen,buttodayhe'dbedragginghisbottomintheratings."LessonThreeGo-GoAmericansAlisonR.LanierLearningGuide如果矜持是英國人突出的特性，我們則可以用“風風火火”來概括美國人典型的特點。他們好像整天在忙忙碌碌，匆匆去上班，匆匆用午飯，匆匆返回工作；他們沒有耐心，脾氣急，愛發(fā)火，不耐煩排隊；他們談公事開門見山，沒有客套話，直截了當切入話題；他們喜愛快餐，大量使用節(jié)省勞力的家用電器，鐘情電子通訊設施；他們辦事不拘形式，講速度，重效率等等。這一切皆源于他們對生命之短促的緊迫感，視時間為生命的價值觀。Americansbelievenoonestandsstill.①Ifyouarenotmovingahead,youarefallingbehind.②Thisattituderesultsinanationofpeoplecommittedtoresearching,experimentingandexploring.③TimeisoneofthetwoelementsthatAmericanssavecarefully,theotherbeinglabor.Ifyouarenotmovingahead,youarefallingbehind.Lifeisaraceandeveryoneinitkeepsmovingforward.Ifyoustaywhereyouare,youarebeingleftbehind.Thisattituderesultsinanationofpeoplecommittedtoresearching,experimentingandexploring.這種不進則退的觀念使得整個民族都覺得有責任去研究、實驗和探索。becommitted口：決心或承諾。WiththisattitudeAmericansfeelurgedtoworkhardatfindingnewwaystomakelifebetterthroughresearching,experimentingandexploring.TimeisoneofthetwoelementsthatAmericanssavecarefully,theotherbeinglabor.時間是美國人努力節(jié)省的兩種東西之一，另一樣是勞力。D3Americansareoftenthoughttobeasquandering（浪費的）nation.Buttheydoworkhardatsavingtwothings-timeandlabour..①“Weareslavestonothingbuttheclock,"ithasbeensaid.②Timeistreatedasifitweresomethingalmosttangible.Webudgetit,saveit,wasteit,stealit,killit,cutit,accountforit;wealsochargeforit.Itisapreciouscommodity.③Manypeoplehavearatheracutesenseoftheshortnessofeachlifetime.④Oncethesandshaverunoutofaperson'shourglass,theycannotbereplaced.⑤Wewanteveryminutetocount.①"Weareslavestonothingbuttheclock,"...我們只是受時鐘的支配。Timeistheonlythingthatdecideswhatwedoornotdointhetineavailabletous./Ourscheduledetermineswhatwedoinaparticularperiodoftime.Timeistreatedasifitweresomethingalmosttangible.對待時間簡直就像它是看得見、摸得著的東西一樣。Americanstreattimeasifitweresomethingsolid,whichyoucanseizeandcontrol.Manypeoplehavearatheracutesenseoftheshortnessofeachlifetime.許多人深感人的一生之短促。Manypeoplearekeenlyawarethatlifeisshort.Oncethesands(haverunoutofaperson'shourglass,theycannotbereplaced.一旦歲月的沙粒從人的沙漏里流光，那是無法彌補的。Timelostwillreturnnomore/Onceadayinourlifeisgone,itwillnevercomebacktous.Wewanteveryminutetocount.我們想讓每一分鐘都發(fā)揮作用。count：有價值，又重要意義?；豔ewanttouseeveryminuteeffectively./Wewanttomakegooduseofeveryminute..①Aforeigner'sfirstimpressionoftheU.S.islikelytobethateveryoneisinarush—oftenunderpressure.Citypeopleappearalwaystobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoing,restlesslyseekingattentioninastore,elbowingothersastheytrytocompletetheirerrands.?Racingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinthiscountry.Workingtimeisconsideredprecious.Othersinpubliceatingplacesarewaitingforyoutofinishsotheytoocanbeservedandgetbacktoworkwithinthetimeallowed.Eachpersonhurriestomakeroomforthenextperson.③Ifyoudon't,waiterswillhurryyou.Aforeigner'sfirstimpressionoftheU.S.islikelytobethateveryoneisinarush—oftenunderpressure.外國人對美國的最初印象往往是：人們都是匆匆忙忙，也就是說他們經(jīng)常有壓力。WhataforeignerintheU.S.firstnoticesisperhapsthefactthateveryoneisinahurry—oftenurgedbytheneedtobedoingsomething.Racingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinthiscountry.EatingbreakfastandlunchasquicklyaspossibleshowspartlyhowfastwedothingshereintheU.S.Ifyoudon't,waiterswillhurryyou._你要是不趕快，服務員就要催你。因Ifyoudon'teatquicklyenough,thewaiterwillurgeyouto..①Youalsofinddriverswillbeabruptandthatpeoplewillpushpastyou.②Youwillmisssmiles,briefconversations,smallcourtesieswithstrangers.?Don'ttakeitpersonally.④Thisisbecausepeoplevaluetimehighly,andtheyresentsomeoneelse"wasting"itbeyondacertaincourtesypoint.Youalsofinddriverswillbeabruptandthatpeoplewillpushpastyou.Youalsofindthatdriverswillberudeandthatpeoplewillwalkpastyouquicklywithoutpayinganyattentiontoyou.youwillmisssmiles,briefconversations,smallcourtesieswithstrangers.在這里，你看不到對陌生人的微笑、和他們簡短的談話以及起碼的客套。Toforeigners