高級英語第二冊第二課Marrakech課后答案詞組

詞匯(Vocabulary)thread(v.):passthroughbytwistingturning,orweavinginandout穿過，通過pomegranate(n.):aroundfruitwithared，leatheryrindandmanyseedscoveredwithred，juicy，edibleflesh；thebushorsmalltreethatbearsit石榴；石榴樹chant(n.):asimpleliturgicalsonginwhichastringofsyllablesorwordsissungtoeachtune禮拜儀式唱的)單調(diào)的歌bier(n.):aplatformorportableframeworkonwhichacoffinorcorpseisplaced棺材架；尸體架hack(v.):breakup(1and)withahoe，mattock，etc．(用鋤等 )翻地，挖(土)oblong(adj.):longerthanbroad；elongated長方形的lumpy(adj.):fulloflumps；coveredwithlumps多塊狀物的；凹凸不平的hummocky(a.):fulloforlookinglikelow，roundedhills布滿小丘的；似小圓丘的derelict(adj.):desertedbytheowner；abandoned;forsaken無主的;被遺棄的lot(n.):aplotofground一塊地undifferentiated(adj.):withoutclearqualitiesordistinctivecharacteristics無區(qū)別的；無顯著特點(diǎn)的mound(n.):aheaporbankofearth，sand，etc．builtoveragrave，inafortification,etc.土堆；堤；墳堆prickly(adj.):fullofprickles多刺的pricklypear:anyofagenusofcactusplantshavingcylindricalorlarg，eflat,ovalstemjointsandediblefruits仙人掌(屬)bumpy(adj.):fullofbumps；rough；jolting崎嶇不平的；顛簸的；震搖的gazelle(n.):anyofvarioussmallswift,gracefulantelopes瞪羚hindquarter(n.):eitherofthetwohindlegsandtheadjoiningloinofacarcassofvea，lbeef，lamb，etc．；[p1.]thehindpartofafour—leggedanimal(牛、羊、豬等的)后腿肉；[復(fù)](四肢動(dòng)物的)后軀nibble(v.):takesmallcautious,orgentlebites小口地咬；謹(jǐn)慎地咬(啃)butt(v.):strikeorpushwiththeheadorhorns：ramwiththehead(用頭或角 )撞擊；頂撞mid—air(n.):anypointinspace，notincontactwiththegroundorothersurface空中；上空navvy(n.):nunskilledlaborer;asoncanalsroads,etc.勞工；無特殊技術(shù)的工人sidle(v.):movesidewaysesp.inashyorstealthymanner(lf怯或偷偷地)側(cè)身行走stow(v.):packorstoreawayfillbypackinginanorderlyway裝載；裝進(jìn)；收藏municipalityn．a(chǎn)city，town.etc．havingitsownincorporatedgovernmentforlocalaffairs自治市 (或鎮(zhèn) )ghetto(n.):(incertainEuropeancities)asectiontowhichJewswereformerlyrestricted(某些歐洲城市中從前的)猶太人居住區(qū)sore(adj.):givingorfeelingphysicalpain；painful疼痛的；感到疼痛的skull—cap(n.):alight，closefitting，brimlesscap，usuallywornindoors(室內(nèi)戴的)無沿便帽infest(v.):overrunorinhabitinlargenumbers，usuallysoastobeharmfulorbothersome;swarminorover(蟲害等)侵?jǐn)_；騷擾；蔓延booth(n.):astallforthesaleofgoods,asatmarketsorfairs市場或集市上的 )貨攤；攤店，攤棚prehistoric(adj.):pertainingtoancienttimes,veryold-fashioned老式的；古舊的warp(v.):becomebentortwistedoutofshape變彎曲；變歪frenzied(adj.):fullofuncontrolledexcitement瘋狂的，狂亂的clamour(v.):makealoudconfusednoiseorshou；tcryout喧嚷，喧囂，吵鬧grope(v.):feelorsearchaboutblindly，hesitantly，oruncertainly摸索；探索self-contained(adj.):havingwithinoneselforitselfallthatisnecessar；yself-sufficient,asacommunity自給自足的witchcraft(n.):thepowerorpracticesofwitches:blackmagic；sorcery巫術(shù)；魔法square(adj.[colloq.]):satisfying;solid;substantial[口]令人滿意的；充實(shí)的conspicuous(adj.):attractingattentionbybeingunexpected，unusual，outstanding惹人注目的，顯眼的grove(n.):orchard果園legionnaire(n.):amemberofalegion軍團(tuán)的成員back—breaking(adj.):requiringgreatphysicalexertion；verytiring費(fèi)勁的；辛苦的，累人的desolate(adj.):uninhabited；deserted荒無人煙的，荒涼的lucerne(n.):atypeofplantwhoseleavesgrowingroupsofthreeandwhichisusedforfeedingfarmanimals紫花苜蓿fodder(n.):gorsefoodforcattle，horses，sheep，etc.ascornstalks，hayandstraw件、馬、羊的)粗飼料；飼草yoke(v.):putayokeon；jointogether；link用軛連起；連合；連結(jié)harrow(n.):aheavyframewithspikesorsharp—edgeddisks，drawnbyahorse0rtractorandusedforbreakingupandlevelingplowedground，coveringseedsrootingupweeds,etc.耙furrow(n.):anarrowgroovemadeinthegroundbyaplow溝，畦；犁溝trickle(n.):theactoftrickling；aslow，smallflow滴，淌；細(xì)流 ；subsoil(n.):thelayerofsoilbeneaththesurfacesoi底土，下層土,mummify(v.):shrivelordryup干癟；枯干；成木乃伊狀hobble(v.):gounsteadilyhaltingly,etc.蹣跚leathery(adj.):1ikeleatherinappearanceortexture.toughandflexible(外觀或質(zhì)地)似皮革的；堅(jiān)韌的，粗硬的infuriate(v.):causetobecomeveryangryenrage假)發(fā)怒，激怒damnably(adv.):execrably亥詛咒地；極壞地packsaddle(n.):asaddlewithfasteningstosecureandbalancetheloadcarriedbyapackanimal馱鞍bridle(n.):aheadharnessforguidingahors陰勒halter(n.):arope，cord，strap，etc．，usuallywithaheadstall，fortyingorleadingananimal；abitlessheadstal，lwithorwithoutaleadrope韁繩；(馬)籠頭gut(n.[usu.inp1.]):thebowels;entrails[常用復(fù)]內(nèi)臟plight(n.):conditionorstateofaffairs；esp，now,anawkward．sad，ordangeroussituation情況；狀態(tài)； (現(xiàn)尤指 )苦境；困境或險(xiǎn)境gall(v.):injureormakesorebyrubbingchafe擦傷，擦痛；磨stork(n.):anyofafamilyoflarge，long—legged，mostlyold—worldwadingbirds．havingalongneckandbil，landrelatedtotheherons鸛reach-me—down(adj.[colloq.]):second—handorready—made(衣月艮)用舊的；別人用過的；現(xiàn)成的khaki(adj.):madeofkhaki(cloth*其(布)制的squash(v.):forceone;squewzae^iS,擠入slump(v.):haveadroopingpostureorgait［氐頭彎腰(而行)；消沉inquisitive(adj.):inclinedtoaskmanyquestionsorseekinformation；eagertolearn好詢問的；好奇的syphilis(n.):aninfectiousvenerealdiseas，ecausedbyaspirocheteandusuallytransmittedbysexualintercourseoracquiredcongenitallyW毒garrison(n.):troopsstationedinafortorfortifiedplace駐軍；衛(wèi)戍部隊(duì)charger(n.):ahorseriddeninbattleoronparade戰(zhàn)馬,軍馬短語(Expressions)squaremeal:acompleteandsatisfyingmeal美餐豐盛的、令人滿足inacloud:alargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamass一團(tuán)R例：acloudoflocusts一群蝗蟲getat:toapproachorreach至口達(dá)，彳導(dǎo)至UR例：Youhavetousealittleladdertogetatthejarsonthetopshelves.你得使用一把小梯才可以拿到架子上面的壇子。nextdoorto:almostthesameas幾乎口例：Leavingamantodieisnextdoortomurder讓一個(gè)人等死無異于謀殺。inthisconnection:whilespeakingofsuchthings關(guān)于這——點(diǎn)，就止匕而論itdoesn'tmattertwopenceitdoesn'tmattera?b^緊要R例：Itdoesn'tmattertwopenceifhedoesn'taccepttheinvita-tion.他接不接受邀請都不要緊馬拉喀什見聞喬治奧威爾一具尸體抬過，成群的蒼蠅從飯館的餐桌上甕嗡嗡而起追逐過去， 但幾分鐘過后又非了回來。一支人數(shù)不多的送葬隊(duì)伍一一其中老少盡皆男性，沒有一個(gè)女的一一沿著集貿(mào)市場，從一堆堆石榴攤子以及出租汽車和駱駝中間擠道而行， 一邊走著一邊悲痛地重復(fù)著一支短促的哀歌。蒼蠅之所以群起追逐是因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)地方死人的尸首從不裝進(jìn)棺木， 只是用一塊破布裹著放在一個(gè)草草做成的木頭架子上， 有四個(gè)朋友抬著送葬。朋友們到了安葬場后，便在地上挖出一個(gè)一二英尺深的長方形坑， 將尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎磚頭一樣的日、干土塊。不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么識別標(biāo)志都沒有。 墳場只不過是一片土丘林立的荒野， 恰似一片已廢棄不用的建筑場地。一兩個(gè)月過后，就誰也說不準(zhǔn)自己的親人葬于何處了。當(dāng)你穿行也這樣的城鎮(zhèn)一一其居民20萬中至少有2萬是除開一身聊以蔽體的破衣爛衫之外完全一無所有一一當(dāng)你看到那些人是如何生活， 又如何動(dòng)輒死亡時(shí)，你永遠(yuǎn)難以相信自己是行走在人類之中。實(shí)際上，這是所有的殖民帝國賴以建立的基礎(chǔ)。 這里的人都有一張褐色的臉，而且，人數(shù)書如此之多！他們真的和你意義同屬人類嗎難道他們也會(huì)有名有姓嗎也許他們只是像彼此之間難以區(qū)分的蜜蜂或珊瑚蟲一樣的東西。 他們從泥土里長出來，受哭受累，忍饑挨餓過上幾年，然后有被埋在那一個(gè)個(gè)無名的小墳丘里。誰也不會(huì)注意到他們的離去。就是那些小墳丘本身也過不了很久便會(huì)變成平地。 有時(shí)當(dāng)你外出散步，穿過仙人掌叢時(shí)，你會(huì)感覺到地上有些絆腳的東西， 只是在經(jīng)過多次以后，摸清了其一般規(guī)律時(shí)，你才會(huì)知道你腳下踩的是死人的骷髏。我正在公園里給一只瞪羚喂食。動(dòng)物中也恐怕只有瞪羚還活著時(shí)就讓人覺得是美味佳肴。事實(shí)上，人們只要看到它們那兩條后腿就會(huì)聯(lián)想到薄荷醬。我現(xiàn)在喂著的這只瞪羚好象已經(jīng)看透了我的心思。它雖然叼走了拿在手上的一塊面包，但顯然不喜歡我這個(gè)人。它一面啃食著面包，一面頭一低向我頂過來，再啃一下面包又頂過來一次。它大概還因?yàn)榘盐亿s開之后那塊面包仍會(huì)懸在空中。一個(gè)正在附近小道上干活的阿拉伯挖土工放下笨重的鋤頭， 羞怯地側(cè)著身子慢慢朝我們走過來。他把目光從瞪羚身上移向面包，又從面包轉(zhuǎn)回到瞪羚身上，帶著一點(diǎn)驚訝的神色，似乎以前從未見過這種情景。終于，他怯生生的用法語說道： 那面包讓我吃一點(diǎn)吧?！蔽宜合乱粔K面包，他感激地把面包放進(jìn)破衣裳貼身的地方。這人是市政當(dāng)局的雇工。當(dāng)你走過這兒的猶太人聚居區(qū)時(shí)， 你就會(huì)知道中世紀(jì)猶太人區(qū)大概是個(gè)什么樣子。 在摩爾人的統(tǒng)治下，猶太人只能在劃定的一些地區(qū)內(nèi)保有土地。 受這樣的待遇經(jīng)過了好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)后，他們已經(jīng)不再為擁擠不堪而煩擾了。 這兒很多街道的寬度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不足六英尺， 房屋根本沒有窗戶，眼睛紅腫的孩子隨處可見，多的像一群群蒼蠅，數(shù)也數(shù)不清。街上往往是尿流成河。在集市上，一大家一大家的猶太人， 全都身著黑色長袍，頭戴黑色便帽，在看起來像洞窟一般陰暗無光，蒼蠅麋集的攤篷里干活。一個(gè)木匠兩腳交叉坐在一架老掉牙的車床旁， 正以飛快的速度旋制椅子腿。他右手握弓開動(dòng)車床，左腳引動(dòng)旋刀。由于長期保持著種姿勢，左腳已經(jīng)彎翹變形了。他的一個(gè)年僅六歲的小孫子竟也在一旁開始幫著干一些簡單的活計(jì)了。我正要走過一個(gè)銅匠鋪?zhàn)訒r(shí)，突然有人發(fā)現(xiàn)我點(diǎn)著一支香煙。這一下子那些猶太人從四面八方的一個(gè)個(gè)黑洞窟里發(fā)瘋四地圍上來， 其中有很多白胡子老漢，都吵著要討支煙抽。甚至連一個(gè)盲人聽到這討煙的吵嚷聲也從一個(gè)攤篷后面爬出來。 伸手在空中亂摸。一分鐘光景，我那一包香煙全分完了。我想這些人一天的工時(shí)誰都不回少于十二小時(shí)， 可是他們個(gè)個(gè)都把一支香煙看成是一見十分難得的奢侈品。猶太人生活在一個(gè)自給自足的社會(huì)里， 他們從事阿拉伯人所從事的行業(yè)， 只是沒有農(nóng)業(yè)。他們中有買水果的，有陶工、銀匠、鐵匠、屠夫、皮匠、裁縫、運(yùn)水工，還有乞丐、腳夫--放眼四顧，到處是猶太人。事實(shí)上，在這不過幾英畝的空間內(nèi)居住著的猶太人就足足有一萬三千之多。也算這些猶太人好運(yùn)氣，希特勒未曾光顧這里。不過，他也許曾經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備來的。你常聽到的有關(guān)猶太人的風(fēng)言風(fēng)語， 不僅可以從阿拉伯人那里聽到， 而且還可以從較窮的歐洲人那里聽到。我的老兄啊，他們把我的飯碗奪走給了猶太人。 想必你也知道這些猶太人吧，他們才是這個(gè)國家真正的主宰。我們的錢都進(jìn)了他們的腰包。銀行、財(cái)政 一一一切都被他們控制住了。”何是，"我說道，到多數(shù)普通猶太人不也是為了一點(diǎn)微薄的工錢而辛勤勞作的苦力嗎噢！那不過是做出樣子來給人看的。 事實(shí)上他們都是些放債獲利的富豪。 這些猶太人就是鬼得很。與此恰恰相似的是，幾百年前，常常也有些苦命的老太婆被當(dāng)成巫婆給活活燒死，然而事實(shí)上她們就連為自己變出一頓象樣飯菜的巫術(shù)都沒有。所有靠自己的雙手干活的人一般都有點(diǎn)不太引人注目， 他們所干的活兒越是重要，就越不為人所注目。不過，白皮膚總是比較顯眼的。在北歐，若是發(fā)現(xiàn)田里有一個(gè)工人在耕地，你多半會(huì)再看他一眼。而在一個(gè)熱帶國家，直布羅陀以南或蘇伊士運(yùn)河以東的任何一個(gè)地方，你就可能看不到田里耕作的人。 這種情形我已經(jīng)注意到多次了。 在熱帶的景色總，萬物皆可一目了然，惟獨(dú)看不見人。那干巴巴的土壤、仙人掌、棕桐樹和遠(yuǎn)方的山嶺都可以盡收眼底，但那在地理耕作的農(nóng)夫卻往往每人看見。 他們的膚色就和地里的土壤顏色一樣， 而且遠(yuǎn)不及土壤中看。正因如此， 貧窮至極的亞非國家反倒成了旅游觀光的勝地。 沒有誰會(huì)有興趣到本地的貧困地區(qū)去作依次毫無價(jià)值的旅行。 但在那些居住著褐色皮膚的人的地方， 他們的貧困卻根本沒有人能注意大批。 摩洛哥對于一個(gè)法國人來說意味著什么呢?zé)o非是一個(gè)能買到橘子圓或者謀取一份政府差使的地方。對于一個(gè)英國人呢不過是駱駝、城堡、棕櫚樹、外籍兵團(tuán)、黃銅盤子和匪徒等富于浪漫色彩的字眼而已。 就算是在那兒呆過多年的人也未必會(huì)注意得到， 對于當(dāng)?shù)匕俜种攀木用駚碚f， 現(xiàn)實(shí)生活只意味著永無休止、 勞累至極的斗爭， 其目的是從貧瘠的土壤中費(fèi)力地弄出點(diǎn)吃的來。摩洛哥的土地大半是一片荒涼， 賴以生存的走獸至大者莫如野兔。 原先曾有的森林覆蓋著的土地如今已成為光禿禿的荒漠， 土壤跟碎磚頭一般。 盡管如此， 仍有大片大片的土地被人們開墾， 勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度十分驚人。 一切活兒全靠手工完成。 排著長隊(duì)的婦女們彎著腰像一個(gè)個(gè)倒過來的大寫字母 L一樣，以便慢慢地在地里移動(dòng)著身子往前走， 一邊用手去拔除帶刺的野草。農(nóng)民采集苜蓿喂牲口時(shí)， 不是用刀去割而是用手將一棵棵苜蓿連根拔起， 免得割剩下來的一兩寸的根茬白白浪費(fèi)掉。 犁是用木頭做的劣貨， 一點(diǎn)也不結(jié)實(shí)， 一個(gè)人可以毫不費(fèi)力的扛在肩上。犁的底部安著一個(gè)粗劣的鐵尖子，只能犁進(jìn)地里 4英寸來深。拉犁的牲口的力氣也只有這么大。 通常是用一頭牛和一頭驢子套在一起拉犁。 這是因?yàn)閮深^驢子拉不動(dòng)， 而如用兩頭牛， 耗費(fèi)的飼料有太多。 農(nóng)民們都沒有耙地的耙， 他們指示順著不同的方向犁上幾遍，弄出一道道壟溝來， 然后再用鋤頭把整塊田地做成一塊塊長條形的小畦， 以利蓄水。 除了較為罕見的暴雨之后緊接著的那一兩天外， 這地方總是缺水。 農(nóng)民們在地邊上挖出一道道深達(dá)三十至四十英尺的溝渠以便把土層深處的涓涓細(xì)流匯集起來。每天下午都有一對年邁的婦女背著柴草從我屋外的路上走過。 由于上了年紀(jì)而又飽經(jīng)日曬，他們一個(gè)個(gè)都變得想木乃伊似的干癟，而且身軀都是那么瘦小。在原始社會(huì)里，婦女超過了一定的年紀(jì)便萎縮得如孩子般大小， 這似乎是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象。 一天，一個(gè)身高不過四英尺的可憐人扛著老大的一捆柴草從我身邊蹣跚而過。 我叫住她， 往她手上塞了一枚面值五個(gè)蘇的錢幣（略多于 1/4個(gè)舊便士） 。她的反應(yīng)竟是一聲近乎尖叫的哭喊，這喊叫含有感激的成分，主要還是出于驚訝。我想，在她看來，我雖然會(huì)注意她，似乎是違反了自然法則。對于自己作為一個(gè)老婦人， 即作為一匹馱獸的地位， 她是早已接受了的。 每當(dāng)一家人出門遠(yuǎn)行時(shí)，往往可以看到父親和已經(jīng)成年的兒子騎著驢子在前邊走， 而一個(gè)老太婆則背著包袱步行跟在后面。然而這些人的真正奇特之處還在于他們的隱身的特性。 一連幾個(gè)星期， 每天幾乎在同一時(shí)候總有一隊(duì)老嫗扛著柴草從我房前蹣跚走過。 雖然他們的身影以映入我的眼簾， 但老實(shí)說，我并不曾看見她們。 我所看見的是一捆捆的柴草從屋外掠過。 直到有一天我碰巧走在她們身后時(shí)，堆柴草奇異的起伏動(dòng)作才使我注意到原來下面有人。 這才第一次看見那些與泥土同色的可憐老嫗的軀體 —— 枯瘦的只剩下皮包骨頭、被沉重的負(fù)荷壓得彎腰駝背的軀體。然而，我踏上摩洛哥國土還不到五分鐘就已注意到驢子的負(fù)荷過重， 并為此感到憤怒。 驢子遭到荷虐，這是無疑的事實(shí)。 摩洛哥的驢子不過如一只瑞士雪山救人犬一般大小， 可它馱負(fù)的貨物重量在英國軍隊(duì)里讓一頭五英尺高的大騾子來馱都嫌過重。 而且，它還常常是一連幾個(gè)星期不卸馱鞍。 尤其讓人覺得可悲的是， 它是世上最馴服聽話的牲畜。 不需要鞍轡會(huì)僵繩。 它便會(huì)像狗一樣更隨著自己的主人。 為主人拼命干上十幾年活后， 它便猝然倒地死去， 這時(shí)，主人就把它仍進(jìn)溝里，尸體未寒，其五臟六腑便被村狗扒出來吃掉。這種事情當(dāng)然令人發(fā)指，可是，一般說來，人的苦難卻沒人理會(huì)。我并非在亂發(fā)議論，只不過是指出一個(gè)事實(shí)而已。 這種人簡直就是一種無影無行之物。 一頭背上被磨得皮破肉爛的驢子人人見了都會(huì)同情， 而那馱著大捆柴草的老婦人則往往要有某種偶然因素才會(huì)受到注意。白鸛鼓翼被去時(shí)，黑人正行軍南下 ——一列長長的滿身征塵的隊(duì)伍：步兵，炮隊(duì)，接著又是更多的步兵，總共大約四五千人，正靴聲橐橐，車聲轔轔地蜿蜒前行。他們是塞內(nèi)加爾人， 是非洲膚色最黑的人 ——黑得簡直難以看清他們頸項(xiàng)上的頭發(fā)從何處生起。他們健碩的身軀罩在舊的卡其布制服里面， 腳上套著一雙看上去像塊木板似的靴子，每個(gè)人頭上戴著的鋼盔似乎都小了一兩號。天氣正熱 ,隊(duì)伍已經(jīng)走了很長一段路，士兵們都被沉重的包袱壓得疲憊不堪，敏感得出奇的黑臉頰上汗水閃閃發(fā)光。當(dāng)他們走過時(shí)， 一個(gè)身體欣長， 年紀(jì)很輕的黑人回頭后顧，和我的目光相遇。 他的那種目光完全超出人們意料之外。既不帶敵意，又不含輕蔑， 也沒有慍怒， 甚至連好奇的成分都沒有。那是一種羞怯的， 瞪圓雙眼的黑人的目光， 實(shí)際上就是一種表示深厚敬意的目光。這種情況我是了解的。 這可憐的小伙子， 因?yàn)槌闪朔▏瘢?所以被從森林里拉出來送到軍隊(duì)駐扎的城鎮(zhèn)去擦洗地板， 并染上了梅毒。 他對于白種人的確是滿懷敬意的。 過去別人教導(dǎo)他說白種人是他的主人，對此他至今深信不疑。然而，無論哪一個(gè)白人（哪怕是那些自稱為社會(huì)主義者的人也不例外） ，當(dāng)他望著一支黑人軍隊(duì)從身邊開過時(shí)，都會(huì)想到同一樁事： “我們還能愚弄他們多久他們倒戈相向的日子離現(xiàn)在還有多遠(yuǎn) ”真是怪有意思的。 在場的每一個(gè)白人心里都有著這樣一個(gè)共同的心思。 我有，其他旁觀者也有， 騎在汗涔涔的戰(zhàn)馬上的軍官們有， 走在隊(duì)伍中的白人軍士也有。 這是大家心里都明白而有彼此心照不宣的秘密， 只有那些黑人對此尚茫然不知。 看著這列一兩英里長的隊(duì)伍靜靜地向前開進(jìn)， 真好像看著一群牛羊一樣， 而那掠過它們頭頂、 朝著相反方向高翔的大白鸛恰似片片碎紙?jiān)诳罩蟹褐c(diǎn)點(diǎn)銀光。課后練習(xí)題 /EXERCISES2I.Writeshortnoteson:MarrakechandMorocco.SuggestedReferenceBooks[SRB]anystandardgazetteerEncyclopaediaBritannican.Questionsoncontent:Insteadoftellingthereaderthatthenativesarepoor,Orwellshowspovertyinatleastfiveways.Identifythem.HowarepeopleburiedinMarrakechExplainthesentence,"Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthatfact."(para3)WhatdoyouthinkmedievalghettoeswerelikeWhydoesthewritersay,"AgoodjobHitlerwasn'there"Whatkindofpeople,accordingtoOrwell,arepartlyinvisibleWhydoeshestressthispointHowwaslandcultivatedinMoroccoWhywastheoldwomansurprisedwhenthewritergaveherafive-soupieceWhatdideverywhitemanthinkwhenhesawablackarmymarchingpastin.Questionsonappreciation:Thethingsofvalue,Orwellsaysin"WhyIWrite,"arealwayspolitical.IsthisessaypoliticalHasthewritersaidanythingofvalueOrwelldescribeshumansufferingandmiseryratherobjectively.HowthencanyoutellthatheisoutragedatthespectacleofmiseryWhydoesthewriterrevealhisfeelingsaboutthedonkeysbutconcealhisfeelingsaboutthepeople,WhateffectdoesthiscontrasthaveonthereaderCouldparas4-7justaswellcomeafter8-15asbeforeCouldothergroupsofparagraphsberearrangedWhatdoesthisindicateabouttheorganizationWhatgivestheessaycoherenceDoesthisessaygivereadersanewinsightintoimperialismHasthewritersucceededinshowingthatimperialismisan"evilthing"CommentonOrwell'slucidstyleandfineattentiontosignificantdescriptivedetails.N.Paraphrase:Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.(para2)Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthatfact.(para3)TheyriseoutOftheearth,theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyard(para3)Acarpentersitscrossleggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchair-legsatlightningspeed.(para9)Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews(para10)everyoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury(para10)Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.(para16)Inatropicallandscapeone'seyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeings.(para16)NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressedAreas.(para17)fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendless,backbreakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofanerodedsoil(para17)Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosayasabeastofburden.(para19)Peoplewithbrownskinsarenextdoortoinvisible.(para21)Theirsplendidbodieswerehiddeninreach-me-downkhakiuniforms(para23)Howlongbeforetheyturntheirgunsintheotherdirection(para25)Everywhitemantherehadthisthoughtstowedsomewhereorotherinhismind.(para26)V.Translateparas20and21intoChinese..Lookupthedictionaryandexplainthemeaningoftheitali-cizedwords:wailingashortchantoverandoveragain(para2)anArabnavvyworkingonthepathnearby(para6)hestoweditgratefully(para7)hisleftlegiswarpedoutofshape(para9)astheJewsliveinaself-containedcommunity(para11)theploughisawretchedwoodenthing(para18)allofthemaremummifiedwithageandthesun(para19)theirsplendidbodieswerehiddeninreach-me-downkhakiuniforms(para23)sohadtheofficersontheirsweatingchargers(para26).Discriminatethefollowinggroupsofsynonyms:wail,cry,weep,sob,whimper,moanfrenzy,mania,delirium,hysteriaglisten,glitter,flash,shimmer,sparkleSuggestedReferenceBooks[SRB]Webster'sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguageWebster’sNewDictionaryofSynonymsReader'sDigest,UsetheRightWordStudytheformationofthefollowingcompoundnounsandlist5-10examplesofeach:burying-groundgravestonemid-airovercrowdingnine-tenthsSuggestedReferenceBooks[SRB]anystandarddictionaryanybookonlexicologyorwordbuildingIX.Inthisessay,thewritermakeseffectiveuseofspecificverbs.List10specificverbsyouconsiderusedmosteffectivelyandgiveyourreasons.X.Eachofthefollowingsentencesmaybemademorecompactbypropersubordination.Rewritethem,usingsubordinateclauses,appositives,prepositionalorverbalphrases:TheBritisharmyhadlostallitsequipmentatDunkirk,andtherewasonlyasinglearmoreddivisionlefttoprotectthehomeisland.dryprairielandwilldriftawayinduststorms,cationalprogrammaysucceed,butithastohavemorethanmerefinancialsupportfromthegovernment.havewastedtheirnaturalresources,buttheyshouldhaveprotectedandconservedthem.Caldwellfamilyopenedthefirstroughtrailandsoonothersettlerswerecoming.TheSmithsonianInstitutionisconstantlyworkingforabetterunderstandingofnatureforman'sbenefit,anditgetslittleornopublicity.QueenMarywaseasilyshakenbypassions.Theywerebothpassionsofloveandpassionofhatredandrevenge.Idreadedopeningthedoorofhisoffice,butitwasonlyforafewdays.ItwasearlymorningandtherewasafogandsoIcrawledoutandmademywaytothebeach.Ileftthedoorofthesafeunlockedandtooktheleatherbagofcoinsandwalkeddownthestreettowardthebank.XI.Readthefollowingparagraphsandthenanswerthequestions:1)Whatisthetopicsentence2)HasthewritersucceededinachievingunityGiveyourreasons.Lifeonthefarmisaneternalbattleagainstnature.Thereisalwaystherushtoharvestthecropsandtogetnextyear'sgrainplantedbeforethefallrainsstart.Togetthisaccomplishedthefarmermustbeoutatworkbydaybreak.Fruitsandvegetableshavetobegatheredbeforetheearlyfrost;henceeveryoneisbustlingaroundfrommorningtillnight.Fallisbeautifulwhentheleavesonthetreeschangecolorandthenfalloff.Wintersendsitswarmingcoveroverthefrozeground.Thiscausestheanimalstohuntforsomethingtoeat.Thereisnothing,sothefarmerhastofeedthem.Afterhisday'sworkisdone,thefarmerputsonhisslippers,reclinesonthedavenportinfrontofthefireplace,andspendsapeacefuleveningreading.Withinafewmonthsspringbeginswithitsbeautifulflowersandgreengrass.Thecowsgivemoremilksothefarmerhasmoreworktodo.Afterthefirstspringrain,thecornmustbecultivated.Assummerap-proachesthefarmerbeginstoworryforfearthatthesunwillcomeupandcookthegrainbeforeitisfullydeveloped,ormaybeathunderstormwillcomeupthuscausinghishaycroptorot.TherearethreereasonswhyIlikeJapanesefood.WhenIwasgrowingupIneverateJapanesefood,sincewelivedinapartofTexaswheretherewerenoOrentals,butnowIreallylikeit.OneofthebestthingsaboutJapanesefoodisthatitconsistsprimarilyofmeatandvegetables,sothatit'snotatallfattening.However,mostJapaneseloverice.OneofmyJapanesefriendshasatleasttwobowlsofriceateverymeal.AnotherreasonforlikingJapanesefoodisthatit'salwaysbeautifullyserved,evenatlower-pricedrestaurants.Everydishisaworkofart:thechickenyakitoriispresentedonagleamingplattercrisscrossedwithskewersofmeatandvegetables,andtheshrimptempuracomesonalovelylittlebambootray.FortheAmericanwhowantstoserveJapanesefoodlikethis,theseplattersandtraysmaybepurchasedatalocalimportstore.MyfinalreasonforlikingJapanesefoodisitsexoticflavor.ThereisnothinginAmericanorEuropeancuisinequiteliketheflavorofsashimi(rawfishdippedinsoysauceandhorseradish)orshabu-shabu,ameatandvegetabledishthatyoucookrightatyourowntablebyswishingthebite-sizedpiecesinapanofseasonedboilingwater.Also,fromthemalepointofview,Japaneserestaurantsareattractiveforanotherreason--thebeautifullittledoll-likewaitresses,whobowandsmileshylyastheyserveyourfood.Withallthis,isthereanywonderJapanesefoodappealstomeXU.Choosetherightwordfromthelistbelowforeachblank:fellcomedidfiredpulledfeelsaggedcollapsegoesalteredslobberedclimbedwentparalysedsettleddroopingjoltseemedimaginedknockfallingtowerreachingtrumpetedshakecameWhenI thetriggerIdidnothearthebangor thekick--oneneverdoeswhenashot home--butIheardthedevilishroarofgleethat upfromthecrowd.Inthatinstant,intooshortatime,onewouldhavethought,evenforthebullettogetthere,amysterious,terriblechangehad overtheelephant.Heneitherstirrednor ,buteverylineofhisbodyhad Helookedsuddenlystricken,shrunken,immenselyold,asthoughthefrightfulimpactofthebullethad himwithoutknockinghimdown.Atlast,afterwhat alongtime--itmighthavebeenfiveseconds,Idaresay—heflabbilytohisknees.HismouthAnenormoussenilityseemedtohave uponhim.Onecouldhave himthousandsofyearsold.I againintothesamespot.Atthesecondshothedidnot but withdesperateslownesstohisfeetandstoodweaklyupright,withlegssaggingandhead .Ifiredathirdtime.Thatwastheshotthat forhim.Youcouldseetheagonyofit hiswholebodyand thelastremnantofstrengthfromhislegs.Butin heseemedforamomenttorise,forashishindlegscollapsedbeneathhimheseemedto upwardlikeahugerocktoppling,histrunk skywardslikeatree.He ,forthefirstandonlytime.Andthendownhe ,hisbellytowardsme,withacrashthatseemedto thegroundevenwhereIlay.Topicsfororalwork:Whatcanyouinferabouttheauthor'spoliticalattitudefromthisessayDoyoulikeOrwell'sstyleGiveexamplestosupportyourWriteashortcompositiondescribingobjectivelythesufferingandpovertyofpre-liberationChinaorofanycity.Trytomaintainanobjectivetone,butyourrealfeelingsshouldbeev-identtothereader.I.Marrakech:inwestcentralMorocco,attheNorthernfootofthehighAtlas,130milessouthofCasablanca,thechiefseaport.Thecityrenownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorocco.Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofromthenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660.ItwascapturedbytheFrenchin1912,whenitsmoderngrowthbegan.Ithasextremelyhotsummersbutmildwinters.Yearlyrainfallis9inchesandlimitedtowintermonths.ThecitywasformerlyalsocalledMorocco.Morocco:LocatedinNorthAfrica,ontheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOcean.MoroccoisthefarthestwestofalltheArabcountries.Rabatisthecapital.Theestimatedpopulationin1973was15,600,000.About2000B.C.itwassettledbyBerbertribes,whohaveformedthebasisofthepopulationeversince.TheArabsinvadedMoroccointhe7thcentury,bringingwiththemIslam.Fromtheendofthe17thcenturyuntiltheearly19thcenturyMoroccowasalmostentirelyfreefromforeigninfluence.Butin1912,aFranco-SpanishagreementdividedMoroccointo4administrativezones.Itgainedindependencein1956andbecameaconstitutionalmonarchyin1957.MoroccoisamemberoftheUnitedNations,theLeagueofArabStates,andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.Moroccansaremainlyfarmers(70%)whotrytogrowtheirownfood.Theyoftenusecamels,donkeysandmulestopulltheirplows.Inthesouthafewtribesmenstill,wanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert.n.1.Herearefivethingshedescribestoshowpoverty-(a)theburialofthepoorinhabitants(b)anArabNavvy,anemployeeofthemunicipality,beggingforapieceofbread(c)themiserablelivesoftheJewsintheghettoes~(d)cultivationofthepoorsoil;(e)theoldwomencarryingfirewood.Seeparagraphs1and2.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesasanimalsinsteadofashumanberags.MedievalghettoeswereprobablyliketheJewishquartersinMarrakech--overcrowded,thousandsofpeoplelivinginanarrowstreet,housescompletelywindowless,andthewholeareadirtyandunhygienic.IfHitlerwerehere,alltheJewswouldhavebeenmassacred.Thosewhoworkwiththeirhandsarepartlyinvisible.It ’sonlybecauseofthisthatthestarvedcountriesofAsiaandAfricaareacceptedastouristresorts.Thepeoplearenottreatedashumanbeings,anditisonthisfactthatallcolonialempiresareinrealityfounded.Seeparagraph18.Theoldwomanwassurprisedbecausesomeonewastakingnoticeofherandtreatingherasahumanbeing.Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosay,asabeastofburden.Everywhitemanthought."HowmuchlongercanwegoonkiddingthesepeopleHowlongbeforetheyturntheirgunsintheotherdirection"Theyknewtheycouldnotgoonfoolingtheseblackpeopleanylonger.Somedaytheywouldriseupinrevoltandfreethemselves.出.1.Yes,itis.InthisessayOrwelldenouncestheevilsofcolonialismorimperialismbymercilesslyexposingthepoverty,miseryanddegradationofthenativepeopleinthecolonies.Hemanagestoshowthatheisoutragedatthespectacleofmisery,first,throughtheappropriateuseofwordssecond,throughthecleverchoiceofthesceneshedescribes;third,throughthetoneinwhichhedescribesthesescenesandfinally,bycontrastingtheindignationatthecruelhandlingofthedonkeywiththeunconcerntowardsthefateofthehumanbeings.Becausethatshowsthecrueltreatmentthedonkeysreceiveevokesagreaterfeelingofsympathyinthebreastsofthewhitemastersthanthemiserablefateofthepeople.Thiscontrasthaveonthereaderaneffectthatthepeoplearenotconsiderednortreatedashumanbeings.Paragraphs4-7couldaswellcomeafter8-15asbefore.Othergroupsofparagraphscouldberearranged.Thisindicatesthatthewholepassageismadeupofvariousindependentexamplesorillustrationsofthepeople'spovertyandsuffering.Thecentraltheme--allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact--givesunityandcohesiontothewholeessay.Thisessaygivesanewinsightintoimperialism.Yes,hehassucceededinshowingthatimperialismisan"evilthing".Orwellisgoodattheappropriateuseofsimplebutforcefulwordsandthecleverchoiceofthesceneshedescribes.Hislucidstyleandfineattentiontosignificantdescriptivedetailsefficientlyconveyedtothereadersthecentralidea"allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact",thefactthatthepeoplearenotconsideredortreatedashumanbeings.IV.1.Theburing-groundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings).Theyareborn.Thenforafewyearstheywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareas(forthesetrips42V.VI.W.wouldnotbeinteresting).lifeisveryhardforninetypercentofthepeople．Withhardbackbreakingtoiltheycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoil．．Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity，that。shewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal．Peoplewithbrownskinsarealmostinvisible．TheSenegalessoldierswerewearingre