世界歷史之文明的起源英文版課件

WorldHistoryUnit1

TheRiseofCivilizationsChapter1,Section1DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinAfrica12/22/20221WorldHistoryUnit1

TheRiseObjectiveofLesson1-1Understandhowrecentarchaeologicalfindshavecontributedtoourunderstandingofhumanorigins.Understandthatthemigrationsofprehistoricpeoplesresultedintheirspreadthroughouttheworld12/22/20222ObjectiveofLesson1-1UnderstKeyVocabularyHominids:thehumansandhuman-likecreaturesthatprecededthem.Anthropologists:thescientificstudyofhominidsusingbonesandotherremains.Paleontologists:thestudyoffossilremainstodeterminethecharacteristicsofprehistoricperiodsArchaeologists:investigateprehistoriclifebyunearthingandinterpretingtheobjectsleftbehindbyprehistoricpeople.Artifacts:objectsthatwereshapedbyhumanhandsandotherremainsofhumanlifesuchascharcoal.Radiocarbondating:theprocessofmeasuringtherateofdecayofradioactivecarboninorganicremains.12/22/20223KeyVocabularyHominids:thehuPeopletoMeetGenSuwaTimD.WhiteDonaldC.JohnsonLouisLeakeyMaryLeakey12/22/20224PeopletoMeetGenSuwa12/18/20PlacestoLocateAramisHadarOlduvaiGorge12/22/20225PlacestoLocateAramis12/18/20DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinAfrica--OverviewPrehistoricFindsinAfricaHumanOriginsTheIceAgesHumanCultureDatingEarlyArtifactsPaleolithicHunter-Gatherers12/22/20226DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinADatingEarlyArtifactsArchaeologistsandphysicalanthropologistsfacetheproblemofassigningadefiniteagetoremains.AmongthetechniquesfordeterminingtheageofremainsareradiocarbondatingandDNAanalysis.12/22/20227DatingEarlyArtifactsArchaeolDatingEarlyArtifactsRadiocarbondatingOrganicmatterincludesoncelivingthingsSmallamountsofcarbonsabsorbedbylivingthingsisradioactiveRadioactivecarbondecaysatacertainrate,thusindicatingwhenplantoranimaldiesGoodonlyformatterlessthan50,000yearsold12/22/20228DatingEarlyArtifactsRadiocarPrehistoricFindsinAfricaIn1992,paleontologistGenSuwa,inEthiopia,discovered4.4million-year-oldfossilsbelongingtotheoldestdirecthumanancestorknown.In1974,againinEthiopia,twoscientistsuncoveredanearlycompleteskeletonofa3.2million-year-oldhominidnicknamed“Lucy”.In1994areasonablycompleteskullofaLucy-likehominidprovidedevidencethatLucy-likehumanoidscouldwalkupright.12/22/20229PrehistoricFindsinAfricaInPrehistoricFindsinAfricaDiscoveryofLucyDiscoveredbyDonaldC.JohnsonandTomGrayDiscoveredatHadarNamedafterpopularBeatlessongMostnearlycompleteskeletonofuprightwalkingprehumanfoundtothattimeAchinbonediscoveredinKenyaindicateduprightwalkingat4millionyearsago12/22/202210PrehistoricFindsinAfricaDisTheFirstHominidsAustralopithecus,thefirstprehumanhominid,livedineasternandsouthernAfricaabout4.4millionyearsago.ScientistsdivideHomo—thegenusofhumans—intothreespecies:Homohabilis,Homoerectus,andHomosapiens.12/22/202211TheFirstHominidsAustralopithTheFirstHominidsAustralopithecuslivedinhumidforestsofeasternandsouthernAfricaAtefruit,leaves,andfishNomadic—constantsearchforfoodNoevidenceforuseoftools12/22/202212TheFirstHominidsAustralopithHominidGroupsScientistsusedtheLatinwordHomo—orhuman—tonamehominidsandlaterhumansScientistsstillnotsurewhenhumansbecamehumanGenreofhumansdividedintothreegroupsSomewhatdifferentbodystructuresArrivedatdifferenttimes

12/22/202213HominidGroupsScientistsusedHominidGroupsHomohabilis:“personwithability,”firstofthegroupofhominidsthatlivedabout3-4millionyearsago.Homoerectus:“personwhowalksupright.”Livedabout1.5millionyearsago.Homosapien:“personwhothinks.”Livedabout200,000yearsago.Allpeopletoday.12/22/202214HominidGroupsHomohabilis:“pTheIceAgesBetween2millionand10,000yearsago,earthexperiencedfourperiodscalledtheIceAges,duringwhichonlythemiddlelatitudeswerewarmenoughtosupporthumanandanimallife.EarlyhumanbeingsadaptedtotheIceAgesbymigratingtowarmerplacesordevelopingstrategiesforkeepingwarm.12/22/202215TheIceAgesBetween2millionTheIceAgesManypartsoftheworldfelltobelowfreezingGlaciersspreadoverseveralareasOnlymiddlelatitudesremainedwarmenoughforanimallifeBetweenglacialperiods,theearthwarmed12/22/202216TheIceAgesManypartsoftheTheIceAgesAsglaciersgrewandoceansloweredby300feet,landbridgesformedJapanandKoreaGreatBritainandIrelandMalayPeninsulaandIndonesiaIslandsAsiaandNorthAmerica12/22/202217TheIceAgesAsglaciersgrewaMigrationsHomoerectusmigratestoEuropeandAsiaReachedIndonesianIslands1.6millionyearsago.

12/22/202218MigrationsHomoerectusmigrateHumanCultureCultureincludestheknowledgeapeoplehave,thelanguagetheyspeak,thewaysinwhichtheyeatanddress,theirreligiousbeliefs,andtheirachievementsinartandmusic.Oneoftheearliestculturaldevelopmentswastheuseofstonetools,whichhasledhistorianstoapplythename“StoneAge”totheperiodbeforewritingwaswidelyestablished.12/22/202219HumanCultureCultureincludesTheStoneAgeThreeperiodsbasedontoolmakingtechniquesPaleolithic:OldStoneAge(2millionyearsagoto12,000B.C.)Mesolithic:MiddleStoneAge(12,000to8,000B.C.)Neolithic:NewStoneAge(8,000to5,000B.C.)12/22/202220TheStoneAgeThreeperiodsbasPaleolithicHunter-GatherersHomehabilis,wholivedduringthePaleolithic,aretheoldesthominidsknowntohavemanufacturedtools.Homeerectus,whobeganasfoodgatherersbutbecamehuntersbydevelopingweapons,usedfireandmadeclothingfromanimalskins.ScientistsdisagreeonwhenprehistoricpeoplesmigratedoutofAfrica,butthereisgeneralagreementthatHomoerectuswasestablishedinChinaandEuropebyabout400,000yearsago.By50,000B.C.prehistoricpeopleshaddevelopedlanguage,whichallowedthemtoexchangeideasandpasstheirknowledgeontothenextgeneration.12/22/202221PaleolithicHunter-GatherersHoHomoHabilisLivedinAfrica2.5millionto1.5millionyearsagoResearchcreditedtoLouisandMaryLeakeyandlatertheirson,OlduvaiLeakey12/22/202222HomoHabilisLivedinAfrica2.HomoErectusFrom1.5millionto250,000yearsagoFromAfricatoEuropetoAsiaWomengatheredfruits;menscavengedfor“killed”meatMenlaterbecamehuntersusingspearsandclubs—about500,000yearsago

12/22/202223HomoErectusFrom1.5milliontHomoErectusLearnedtomakefireProtectionfromanimalsCouldliveincaves—droveotheranimalsoutwithfireCookfoodKeepwarmMadeclothingfromanimalskins

12/22/202224HomoErectusLearnedtomakefiMigrationsScientistsdisagreewhetherHomoHabilisorHomoErectusmigratedtoEuropefirstHomoErectusreachedAsiaandEuropeBonesshowHomoErectusreachedJavaabout1.6to1.8millionyearsagoSkeletalremainsshowHomoerectusclearlyestablishedinChina460,000yearsago12/22/202225MigrationsScientistsdisagreeLanguageHomoErectusmayhavebeentalkingtoeachotherabout500,000yearsagoLanguage—oneofhumanitiesgreatestachievementsExchanginginformationonhowtosurviveandpassalongculturalContinuanceofculture12/22/202226LanguageHomoErectusmayhaveSection2:TheAppearanceofHomoSapiens—OverviewTheNeanderthalsHomoSapiensSapiensTheNeolithicRevolution12/22/202227Section2:TheAppearanceofHOverviewofSection2HomoerectusimprovedmanyaspectsoflifeHomosapiens,thefirstmodernhumanspecies,movedthehumanconditionforwardatafasterpaceDiscoveryinZaire,Africa,showshumansusedtoolsmuchearlierthanthought—80,000yearsago12/22/202228OverviewofSection2HomoerecObjectiveofLessonSection2Knowsomeoftheachievementsoftheearliesthumans.Earlyhumansproducedtoolsanddomesticateanimalsandcrops.12/22/202229ObjectiveofLessonSection2KKeyVocabularyDomesticate:Tamingananimalforhumanpurposes.Deity:Neolithicpeoplesbelievedinmanygodsorgoddesses12/22/202230KeyVocabularyDomesticate:TamPeopletoMeetNeanderthalsCro-magnons12/22/202231PeopletoMeetNeanderthals12/1PlacestoLocateNeanderValleyLascauxVallon-Pont-d’ArcJerichoCatalHuyuk12/22/202232PlacestoLocateNeanderValleyTheNeanderthalsStoodabout5.5feettallBrainslargerthanmodernhumansStockybuild—muscularAbletoadapttocolderclimatesNomadichuntersandgatherersMoresophisticatedtools12/22/202233TheNeanderthalsStoodabout5.TheNeanderthalsNeanderthals,probablythefirstHomosapiens,beganspreadingintoEuropeandAsiaabout100,000yearsagofromAfricaTheirtoolmakingabilitywasmoresophisticatedthatHomoerectus.Mostlivedingroupsof35-50people,eitherinopen-aircampsorinnon-permanentdwellingssuchascaves.Theywereculturallyadvancedintheircareforthesickandagedandtheirtreatmentofthedead.12/22/202234TheNeanderthalsNeanderthals,HomoSapiensSapiensHomosapienssapiensmovedfromAfricaandintoEuropeandAsiaIntermarriedNeanderthalsGraduallyabsorbedthemNeanderthalbecameextinct,leavingHomosapienssapienstheonlyhominidsleftonearth12/22/202235HomoSapiensSapiensHomosapieHomoSapiensSapiensMostscientistsbelievethatmodernhumans,orHomosapienssapiensinEurope,originatedinAfricaabout50,000yearsagoandsooncametodominatealmosteverycontinent.TheCro-Magnons,theearliestHomosapienssapiens,broughtwiththemimprovedtechnologyandamoresophisticatedculture.TheadvancestheCro-Magnonsmadeintoolmakingtransformedhumanlifebymakinglong-distancetravelpossibleandincreasingthesupplyoffood.12/22/202236HomoSapiensSapiensMostscienHomoSapiensSapiensCro-Magnonsweretaller,butnotasrobustBetterhuntingandgatheringtechniques—moregrouporientedBetterhuntingandthenfishinginstrumentsBetterstoneaxesallowedthemtomakecanoesandtravelinthemlongdistancesInventedlongdistanceweapons—bowandarrow,etc12/22/202237HomoSapiensSapiensCro-MagnonHomoSapiensSapiensTheCro-Magnons’increasedfoodsupplyhadpoliticalandsocialconsequences,includingthecooperationofunrelatedbandsofCro-Magnonsandtheevolutionofrule-makingandleadership.Cro-Magnonsatfirstlivedintemporarystructures,butastheirhuntingmethodsadvanced,theybuiltpermanentcommunitiesTheCro-Magnonswereaccomplishedcavepaintersandsculptors.Moresophisticatedburials12/22/202238HomoSapiensSapiensTheCro-MaHomoSapiensSapiensCavepaintingsincludedaccomplishedartistryfoundincavesinLascauxandVallon-Pont-d’Arc,FranceHistoriansdisagreeonpaintingrationaleToeducateyoungstersonthefinerhuntingpointsReachingouttothespiritualforhelpintheirhuntingactivities12/22/202239HomoSapiensSapiensCavepaintHomoSapiensSapiensBetterfoodsupplybroughthigherpopulationBy15,000B.C.,thereweretwomillionpeopleontheearth12/22/202240HomoSapiensSapiensBetterfooTheNeolithicRevolutionTheendofthelastIceAgebringsgreen—forrestsandgrassesDuringtheNeolithicperiod—namedforitstremendouschanges--andimmediatelyafter,peoplegraduallyshiftedfromgatheringandhuntingfoodtoproducingfood.TheMesolithicperiod,duringwhichpeopleofdomesticatedanimalsanddevelopedfarmingtools,wasaforerunneroftheNeolithicRevolution.12/22/202241TheNeolithicRevolutionTheenTheNeolithicRevolutionIndifferentpartsoftheworld,theNeolithicRevolutiontookplaceatdifferenttimesandinvolveddifferentcropsandanimals.Farmingassuredasteadyfoodsupplyandenabledpeopletostaylongerinoneplace,butitalsorequiredharderandlongerwork.Withthedevelopmentofagriculture,peoplebegantosettleinagriculturalvillagesinsteadofwanderingasnomads.12/22/202242TheNeolithicRevolutionIndifTheNeolithicRevolution:TheDawnofAgricultureNeolithicfarmersmadeagriculturalworkeasierandmoreproductivebyinventingtheplowandfertilizingtheirfields.Therelativelysteadyfoodsupplyquickenedthepaceoftechnologicaladvanceandledtothedevelopmentofcalendars,landownership,andwarfare.Neolithicpeoplebelievedindeitieswiththepowertohurtorhelppeople.12/22/202243TheNeolithicRevolution:TheTheNeolithicRevolution:TheDawnofAgricultureNeolithicRevolutionbuiltslowlyBeganatdifferenttimesindifferentpartsoftheworldMiddleEast(8000yearsago)China(5000yearsago)12/22/202244TheNeolithicRevolution:TheTheNeolithicRevolution:TheFirstVillagesFoodproductionincreasespopulationBy4000B.C.,worldpopulationisestimatedat90,000,000PeoplecouldsettleincommunitiesWheresoilwasfertileandwaterabundantJericho:oneofearliestvillages;IsraeloccupiedWestBank;8000B.C.CatalHuyuk:earlyvillage;Turkey;6300-7000B.C.;largestvillagediscoveredsofar12/22/202245TheNeolithicRevolution:TheTheNeolithicRevolution:TechnologicalAdvancesInventedtheplowandtrainedanimalstopullInventedtheloomandthewheelBakedclaytoconstructbuildingsHammeredmetalsforjewelryandweaponsTheIcemanCalendarscreatedtotrackagriculature12/22/202246TheNeolithicRevolution:TechTheNeolithicRevolution:TechnologicalAdvancesBoundariesbecameimportantandwarfareoverboundarieswasprobableBelievedindeities,godsandgoddesses12/22/202247TheNeolithicRevolution:TechSECTION3,EMERGENCEOFCIVILIZATIONRiverValleyCivilizationsTheEconomyofaCivilizationTheRiseofCitiesSystemsofValues

12/22/202248SECTION3,EMERGENCEOFCIVILILesson1-3ObjectivesUnderstandthattheearliestcivilizationsbeginwiththeevolutionoffarmingsettlementsintothefirstcities.Knowthekindsofeconomic,political,andsocialchangesthatresultedfromtheriseofcities.12/22/202249Lesson1-3ObjectivesUnderstanKeyVocabularyCivilization:ThetermcomesfromtheLatinterm“civitas”meaning“city.”Acivilizationisahighlyorganizedsocietywithanadvancedknowledgeoffarming,trade,government,artandscience.Economy:Thewaysinwhichpeopleusetheirenvironmenttomeettheirmaterialneeds.Artisan:Workersskilledinacraft.Artisansusuallyworkwiththeirhands.12/22/202250KeyVocabularyCivilization:ThKeyVocabularyCulturaldiffusion:Theexchangeofgoodsandideaswhenculturescomeincontactwithoneanother.Myth:Traditionalstoriesabouthowtheearthwasformed,howpeoplecameintobeing,andwhattheyowedtheircreator12/22/202251KeyVocabularyCulturaldiffusiRiverValleyCivilizationsManyearlycivilizationsarosefromfarmingsettlementsinrivervalleys.Earlyrivervalleycivilizationsdependedonthespecializationoflabor,advancedtechnology,agovernmenttocoordinatedlarge-scalecooperativeefforts,andasharedsystemofvaluesandbeliefs.Somesocietiesremainedassmallagriculturalvillagesorhunter-and-gathererbands.12/22/202252RiverValleyCivilizationsManyRiverValleyCivilizationsFourrivervalleycivilizationsTheNileRiver:northeastAfrica,presentdayEgyptTheTigrisandEuphratesRivers:presentdayIraqIndusRiver:SouthAsia,presentdayIndiaHuangHe:EastAsia,presentdayChinaWhatgaverivervalleystheupperhandindevelopingintocivilizations?

12/22/202253RiverValleyCivilizationsFourTheEconomyofaCivilizationAneconomyisthewaypeopleusetheirenvironmenttomeettheirmaterialneedsEconomydependsonfarmersgrowingsurplusfood12/22/202254TheEconomyofaCivilizationATheEconomyofaCivilization:FirstIrrigationSystemsFarmerscoulddevelopasurplusofcropsbecauseearlycivilizationsbuiltmassiveirrigationsystemsanddikesanddamstopreventflooding.12/22/202255TheEconomyofaCivilization:TheEconomyofaCivilization:SpecializedlaborWorkersskilledinacraft,calledartisans,becameincreasinglyproductiveandcreative.TheperiodthatfollowstheStoneAgeisknownastheBronzeagebecausebronzereplacedstoneasthechiefmaterialforweaponsandtools.Expensive,bronzewasusedbykings,priests,andsoldiers.12/22/202256TheEconomyofaCivilization:TheEconomyofaCivilization:SpecializationofLaborJewelry,eatingutensils,weaponsandothergoodswerehammeredoutofcopper,lead,andgoldAlloysweremadefromvariousmetalmixtures—bronzewasthemostimportant—madefromcopperandtinWeaponsTools12/22/202257TheEconomyofaCivilization:TheEconomyofaCivilization:Long-DistanceTradeAtfirsttradingwithowncommunitiesLandroutesemergedLong-distancetradeaccompaniedtheriseofearlycivilizations.PeoplebecameadeptathandlingwindpowerandnavigatingriversGoodsandideasweresharedacrossculturesworldwide:culturaldiffusion

12/22/202258TheEconomyofaCivilization:LivingTogetherinCities:PlanningandLeadershipAscivilizationsgrewmoreprosperousandcomplex,citiesfacedtheneedtosuperviseandprotectagricultureandtrade.NomadswouldraidcitiesEarlycitydwellersfixedtheseproblemsintwoways:theyorganizedagroupsofgovernmentofficialstoactassupervisors,andtheyhiredprofessionalsoldierstoguardtheirterritoryandtraderoutes.12/22/202259LivingTogetherinCities:PlaLivingTogetherinCities:PlanningandLeadership12/22/202260LivingTogetherinCities:PlaLivingTogetherinCities:LevelsofSocialStandingRulingclass:governmentleaders,militaryofficials,priests,andoftenking,justifieditspowerbymeansofreligion.Archaeologicalstudiesshowevidenceoflevelsofsocialstanding.12/22/202261LivingTogetherinCities:LevLivingTogetherinCities:InventionofWritingManyarchaeologiststhinkthatwritingoriginatedwiththerecordsthatpriestskeptofreligiousofferings.Firstwritingswerepictographs—combinationofmarksandpictures12/22/202262LivingTogetherinCities:InvSystemsofValuesAmongthematerialsrecordedbythepriesthoodsinearlycivilizationsweremyths—traditionalstories--explaininghowtheworldwasformed,howpeoplecameintobeing,andwhattheyowedtheircreator.Creationmyths,foundineverycivilization,areoftenexaminedbyhistoriansforevidenceofapeople’scustomsandvalues.12/22/202263SystemsofValuesAmongthematSystemsofValuesTheSumeriansoftheTigrusandEuphratesRiverValleywrotetheirmythofcreationonclaytablets12/22/202264SystemsofValuesTheSumeriansInClassDiscussionListatleastfourmainideasaboutthefirstcivilizations12/22/202265InClassDiscussionListatleaWorldHistoryUnit1

TheRiseofCivilizationsChapter1,Section1DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinAfrica12/22/202266WorldHistoryUnit1

TheRiseObjectiveofLesson1-1Understandhowrecentarchaeologicalfindshavecontributedtoourunderstandingofhumanorigins.Understandthatthemigrationsofprehistoricpeoplesresultedintheirspreadthroughouttheworld12/22/202267ObjectiveofLesson1-1UnderstKeyVocabularyHominids:thehumansandhuman-likecreaturesthatprecededthem.Anthropologists:thescientificstudyofhominidsusingbonesandotherremains.Paleontologists:thestudyoffossilremainstodeterminethecharacteristicsofprehistoricperiodsArchaeologists:investigateprehistoriclifebyunearthingandinterpretingtheobjectsleftbehindbyprehistoricpeople.Artifacts:objectsthatwereshapedbyhumanhandsandotherremainsofhumanlifesuchascharcoal.Radiocarbondating:theprocessofmeasuringtherateofdecayofradioactivecarboninorganicremains.12/22/202268KeyVocabularyHominids:thehuPeopletoMeetGenSuwaTimD.WhiteDonaldC.JohnsonLouisLeakeyMaryLeakey12/22/202269PeopletoMeetGenSuwa12/18/20PlacestoLocateAramisHadarOlduvaiGorge12/22/202270PlacestoLocateAramis12/18/20DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinAfrica--OverviewPrehistoricFindsinAfricaHumanOriginsTheIceAgesHumanCultureDatingEarlyArtifactsPaleolithicHunter-Gatherers12/22/202271DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinADatingEarlyArtifactsArchaeologistsandphysicalanthropologistsfacetheproblemofassigningadefiniteagetoremains.AmongthetechniquesfordeterminingtheageofremainsareradiocarbondatingandDNAanalysis.12/22/202272DatingEarlyArtifactsArchaeolDatingEarlyArtifactsRadiocarbondatingOrganicmatterincludesoncelivingthingsSmallamountsofcarbonsabsorbedbylivingthingsisradioactiveRadioactivecarbondecaysatacertainrate,thusindicatingwhenplantoranimaldiesGoodonlyformatterlessthan50,000yearsold12/22/202273DatingEarlyArtifactsRadiocarPrehistoricFindsinAfricaIn1992,paleontologistGenSuwa,inEthiopia,discovered4.4million-year-oldfossilsbelongingtotheoldestdirecthumanancestorknown.In1974,againinEthiopia,twoscientistsuncoveredanearlycompleteskeletonofa3.2million-year-oldhominidnicknamed“Lucy”.In1994areasonablycompleteskullofaLucy-likehominidprovidedevidencethatLucy-likehumanoidscouldwalkupright.12/22/202274PrehistoricFindsinAfricaInPrehistoricFindsinAfricaDiscoveryofLucyDiscoveredbyDonaldC.JohnsonandTomGrayDiscoveredatHadarNamedafterpopularBeatlessongMostnearlycompleteskeletonofuprightwalkingprehumanfoundtothattimeAchinbonediscoveredinKenyaindicateduprightwalkingat4millionyearsago12/22/202275PrehistoricFindsinAfricaDisTheFirstHominidsAustralopithecus,thefirstprehumanhominid,livedineasternandsouthernAfricaabout4.4millionyearsago.ScientistsdivideHomo—thegenusofhumans—intothreespecies:Homohabilis,Homoerectus,andHomosapiens.12/22/202276TheFirstHominidsAustralopithTheFirstHominidsAustralopithecuslivedinhumidforestsofeasternandsouthernAfricaAtefruit,leaves,andfishNomadic—constantsearchforfoodNoevidenceforuseoftools12/22/202277TheFirstHominidsAustralopithHominidGroupsScientistsusedtheLatinwordHomo—orhuman—tonamehominidsandlaterhumansScientistsstillnotsurewhenhumansbecamehumanGenreofhumansdividedintothreegroupsSomewhatdifferentbodystructuresArrivedatdifferenttimes

12/22/202278HominidGroupsScientistsusedHominidGroupsHomohabilis:“personwithability,”firstofthegroupofhominidsthatlivedabout3-4millionyearsago.Homoerectus:“personwhowalksupright.”Livedabout1.5millionyearsago.Homosapien:“personwhothinks.”Livedabout200,000yearsago.Allpeopletoday.12/22/202279HominidGroupsHomohabilis:“pTheIceAgesBetween2millionand10,000yearsago,earthexperiencedfourperiodscalledtheIceAges,duringwhichonlythemiddlelatitudeswerewarmenoughtosupporthumanandanimallife.EarlyhumanbeingsadaptedtotheIceAgesbymigratingtowarmerplacesordevelopingstrategiesforkeepingwarm.12/22/202280TheIceAgesBetween2millionTheIceAgesManypartsoftheworldfelltobelowfreezingGlaciersspreadoverseveralareasOnlymiddlelatitudesremainedwarmenoughforanimallifeBetweenglacialperiods,theearthwarmed12/22/202281TheIceAgesManypartsoftheTheIceAgesAsglaciersgrewandoceansloweredby300feet,landbridgesformedJapanandKoreaGreatBritainandIrelandMalayPeninsulaandIndonesiaIslandsAsiaandNorthAmerica12/22/202282TheIceAgesAsglaciersgrewaMigrationsHomoerectusmigratestoEuropeandAsiaReachedIndonesianIslands1.6millionyearsago.

12/22/202283MigrationsHomoerectusmigrateHumanCultureCultureincludestheknowledgeapeoplehave,thelanguagetheyspeak,thewaysinwhichtheyeatanddress,theirreligiousbeliefs,andtheirachievementsinartandmusic.Oneoftheearliestculturaldevelopmentswastheuseofstonetools,whichhasledhistorianstoapplythename“StoneAge”totheperiodbeforewritingwaswidelyestablished.12/22/202284HumanCultureCultureincludesTheStoneAgeThreeperiodsbasedontoolmakingtechniquesPaleolithic:OldStoneAge(2millionyearsagoto12,000B.C.)Mesolithic:MiddleStoneAge(12,000to8,000B.C.)Neolithic:NewStoneAge(8,000to5,000B.C.)12/22/202285TheStoneAgeThreeperiodsbasPaleolithicHunter-GatherersHomehabilis,wholivedduringthePaleolithic,aretheoldesthominidsknowntohavemanufacturedtools.Homeerectus,whobeganasfoodgatherersbutbecamehuntersbydevelopingweapons,usedfireandmadeclothingfromanimalskins.ScientistsdisagreeonwhenprehistoricpeoplesmigratedoutofAfrica,butthereisgeneralagreementthatHomoerectuswasestablishedinChinaandEuropebyabout400,000yearsago.By50,000B.C.prehistoricpeopleshaddevelopedlanguage,whichallowedthemtoexchangeideasandpasstheirknowledgeontothenextgeneration.12/22/202286PaleolithicHunter-GatherersHoHomoHabilisLivedinAfrica2.5millionto1.5millionyearsagoResearchcreditedtoLouisandMaryLeakeyandlatertheirson,OlduvaiLeakey12/22/202287HomoHabilisLivedinAfrica2.HomoErectusFrom1.5millionto250,000yearsagoFromAfricatoEuropetoAsiaWomengatheredfruits;menscavengedfor“killed”meatMenlaterbecamehuntersusingspearsandclubs—about500,000yearsago

12/22/202288HomoErectusFrom1.5milliontHomoErectusLearnedtomakefireProtectionfromanimalsCouldliveincaves—droveotheranimalsoutwithfireCookfoodKeepwarmMadeclothingfromanimalskins

12/22/202289HomoErectusLearnedtomakefiMigrationsScientistsdisagreewhetherHomoHabilisorHomoErectusmigratedtoEuropefirstHomoErectusreachedAsiaandEuropeBonesshowHomoErectusreachedJavaabout1.6to1.8millionyearsagoSkeletalremainsshowHomoerectusclearlyestablishedinChina460,000yearsago12/22/202290MigrationsScientistsdisagreeLanguageHomoErectusmayhavebeentalkingtoeachotherabout500,000yearsagoLanguage—oneofhumanitiesgreatestachievementsExchanginginformationonhowtosurviveandpassalongculturalContinuanceofculture12/22/202291LanguageHomoErectusmayhaveSection2:TheAppearanceofHomoSapiens—OverviewTheNeanderthalsHomoSapiensSapiensTheNeolithicRevolution12/22/202292Section2:TheAppearanceofHOverviewof