化學(xué)高中有機(jī)化學(xué)知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)

化學(xué)高中有機(jī)化學(xué)知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)（ChemistrysummaryoforganicchemistryknowledgeinSeniorHighSchool）Chemistry:summaryoforganicchemistryknowledgeinSeniorHighSchool,waterbathheatingreactionisrequired:(1)silvermirrorreaction(2),hydrolysisofethylacetatenitrationofbenzene(4)hydrolysisofsugar(5)preparationofphenolicresin(6)determinationofsolidsolubilityAnyreactionundertheconditionofnohigherthan100DEGCcanbeheatedbywaterbath,andtheadvantagesarethatthetemperaturechangeisstable,thefluctuationofthetemperatureisnotgreat,andthereactionisfavorable.experimentswiththermometersarerequired:(1)ethylene(170DEG),(2),distillation(3),determinationofsolubilityofsolidinlaboratory(4),thehydrolysisofethylacetate(70DEGC)(5),determinationofneutralizationheat(6)nitrobenzene(50-60DEGC)[instructions]:(1)thermometerisrequiredforanyonewhoneedsaccuratetemperaturecontrol.(2)aniccompoundsthatreactwithNaarealcohols,phenols,carboxylicacids,andsoon,includingcompoundswithgroups.materialsthatcanreactwithsilvermirrorsare:Aldehydes,formicacid,formicacid,formate,glucose,-substancesthatcontainaldehydegroups.canmakePotassiumPermanganateacidsolutionsubstances:thederivativesofhydrocarbonsandhydrocarbonscontainingcarbonandcarbondoublebonds,carbonandcarbonbonds,andhomologuesofbenzeneacompoundcontaininghydroxylgroupssuchasalcoholsphenolsacompoundcontaininganaldehydegroupinorganicsubstanceswithreducedproperties(suchasFeSO4,KI,HCl,H2O2,etc.)canmakethematerialfadebromine:derivativesofhydrocarbonsandhydrocarbonscontainingcarboncarbondoublebondsandcarboncarbontriplebonds(addition)phenols,suchasphenols(substituted);aldehydecontainingsubstance(oxidation)alkalinesubstances(suchasNaOH,Na2CO3)disproportionation)stronginorganicreducingagents(suchasSO2,KI,FeSO4,etc.)theorganicsolvent(suchasbenzeneandbenzene,tetrachloromethane,gasoline,hexane,whichbelongstotheextraction,thewaterlayerandtheorganiclayerisorangecolor.)Theliquidorganicmatter7.greaterdensitythanwaterwithbromoethane,bromobenzene,nitrobenzene,carbontetrachloride.Aliquidorganicsubstanceoflessdensitythanwater:hydrocarbons,mostesters,andonechlorinealkane.substancesthatcanundergohydrolysisreactionshaveHalogenatedhydrocarbons,esters(fats),twosugars,polysaccharides,proteins(peptides),aniccompoundsthatarenotsolubleinwater:Hydrocarbon,halogenatedhydrocarbon,ester,celluloseorganicmatterthatisagasatnormaltemperature:Withthenumberofcarbonatomsislessthanorequalto4inhydrocarbonmolecules(neopentaneexception),methylchloride,formaldehyde.concentratedsulfuricacid,heatingreactionoccurs:Nitrationandsulfonationofbenzeneandbenzenehomologues,dehydrationofalcohols,esterificationandhydrolysisofcellulosesubstancesthatcanbeoxidized:Unsaturatedcompoundscontainingcarboncarbondoublebondscarboncarbonbonds(KMnO4);homologuesofbenzene;alcohols;aldehydes;phenols.Mostorganicmattercanbeburned,andcombustionisoxygenatedbyoxygen.acidicorganiccompounds:compoundscontainingphenols,hydroxylgroups,andcarboxylgroups.candenaturetheproteinsubstances:strongacidandalkaliandheavymetalsalt,formaldehyde,phenol,strongoxidant,strongalcohol,hydrogenperoxide,iodine,aniccompoundsthatcanreactwithacidsandbases:organiccompoundswithacids,bases,andbifunctional(aminoacids,proteins,etc.)organiccompoundsthatreactwithNaOHsolutions:phenol:carboxylicacid:halogenatedhydrocarbons(aqueoussolution:hydrolysis,alcoholsolution:elimination);ester:(hydrolysis,nonheating,slowreaction,heatingreaction)protein(hydrolysis)18organicreactionswithobviouscolorchanges:thereactionofphenolwithferricchloridesolutionpurple;KMnO4bleachingofacidsolutions;The3.fadebromine;teininconcentratednitricacidisyellow(colorreaction)I.physicalpropertiesMethane:colorless,odorless,insolubleEthylene:colorless,slightlyodorous,insolubleAcetylene:colorless,odorless,slightly(calciumcarbideformation:H2SandPH3containingafoulodor)Benzene:colorless,hasaspecialsmell,liquidinsoluble,toxicEthanol:colorless,withspecialfragrance,miscibleandvolatileAceticacid:colorless,pungentodor,solubleandvolatileTwo、laboratorymethodMethane:CH3COONa+NaOH-(CaO,CH4=+Na2CO3,heating)Note:anhydroussodiumacetate:alkalilime=1:3Solidandsolidheating(sameasO2,NH3)Anhydrous(cannotuseNaAccrystal)CaO:waterabsorption,dilutionofNaOH,notcatalystEthylene:C2H5OH(concentratedH2SO4170,c),CH2=CH2=+H2ONote:Valcohol:V,concentratedsulfuricacid=1:3mixedwithbrown)Drainagecollection(withCl2,HCl),temperature170DEGCC:ether)RemovalofSO2andCO2byalkalilimePorcelain:topreventbumpingAcetylene:CaC2+2H2OtoC2H2=Ca+2(OH)Note:drainagecollectionwithoutimpurityremovalCannotusetheuniversalgeneratorSaturatedNaCl:lowerreactionrateCatheterplacedcotton:preventsslightlysolubleCa(OH)2foamfromcloggingthecatheterEthanol:CH2=CH2+H2O(catalyst,heating,pressurization)CH3CH2OHIdon'tknow.It'sanindustriallaboratory,tooNote:anhydrousCuSO4testwater(whitetoblue)Boostconcentration:plusCaO,reheat,distillationThree,combustionphenomenonAlkane:flameislightblue,notbrightAlkene:brightflame,blacksmokeBy:brightflamewithstrongDEGC:oxyacetyleneflame)blacksmoke(pureoxygenin3000Benzene:flamebright,alotofblacksmoke(TongQue)Alcohol:flameispaleblue,putalotofheatFour,KMnO4&bromineacidAlkane:nofadingAcetylene:botharebleachedlatterisadded)(theformerisoxidizedandtheBenzene:KMnO4doesnotfadetofadebromineextractionFiveimportantreactionequationAlkane:substitutedCH4+Cl2=HCl()+CH3Cl(g)+CH3Cl+Cl2=HCl()+CH2Cl2(L)+CH2Cl+Cl2=HCl()+CHCl3(L)+CHCl3+Cl2=HCl()+CCl4(L)+Appearance:palecolorwithoilyliquidonthewallNote:onlythe4generationisinthemethanegasChloroform=chloroformCarbontetrachlorideactsasaextinguishingagentEne:1,plusCH2=CH2+Br2=CH2BrCH2BrCH2=CH2+HCl=catalystCH3CH2ClCH2=CH2+H2=catalyst(heating)CH3CH3ethaneCH2=CH2+H2O=catalyst(heating,pressurizing)CH3CH2OHethanol2,polymerization(poly)NCH2=CH2,(a),[CH2CH2]n(monomer=polymer)Note:breakdoublebondtotwo"halfkey""Polymers(polymers)aremixturesAlkyne:basicalkene...Benzene:1.1,substitution(bromine)TheBr2+,(FeorFeBr3),the-Br+Note:Vbenzene:V,bromine,=4:1Longcatheter:condensing,refluxing,guidinggasAntidumpingNaOHremovalofimpurityPhenomenon:thecathetermouthwhitefog,paleyellowpowder(AgBr),CCl4:brownliquidinsolubleinwater(Bromophenyl)One2,insteadofnitration(nitricacid)The+HNO3(concentratedH2SO4,60,c),-NO2+H2O\\Note:firstaddconcentratednitricacid,andthenaddconcentratedsulfuricacid,coolingtoroomtemperature,benzene50degrees-60degrees[waterbath]thermometerinsertbeakerInadditiontomixedacid:NaOHNitrobenzene:colorlessoilyliquid,insoluble,bitteralmond,flavorpoison1.3,replace-sulfonation(concentratedsulfuricacid)The+H2SO4(concentrated),(70degrees),the-SO3H+H2O2,plusThe3H2(Ni,+,heating),2003(cyclohexane)Alcohol:1,replacement(livelymetal)2CH3CH2OH+2Na+H2=2CH3CH2ONa.ThesodiumdensityisgreaterthanthealcoholandthereactionisstableThedensityof{cf.}sodiumislessthanthatofwater,andreactionissevereElimination(intramolecularC2H5OH,(C,CH2=CH2=H2SO4170thick)+H2OSubstitution(intermoleculardehydration)2CH3CH2OH-(concentratedH2SO4140degrees)-CH3CH2OCH2CH3(ether)+H2O(ether:colorless,non-toxic,volatileliquidanesthetic)4,catalyticoxidation2CH3CH2OH+O2=2H2O(Cu,heating)-2CH3CHO(acetaldehyde)+Phenomenon:copperwiresurfacedarkening,immersedinethanol,red,liquidhasaspecialirritatingodorAcid:substitution(esterification)CH3COOH+C2H5OHH2O(concentratedH2SO4,heated)CH3COOC2H5+a.(ethylacetate:Scentedcolorlessoilyliquid)Note:[dehydrogenationofacidhydroxyalcohol][isotopetracermethod)Porcelain:topreventbumpingConcentratedsulfuricacid:catalyticdehydration,waterabsorptionSaturatedNa2CO3:easytoseparateandpurifyHalogenatedhydrocarbons:1,substitution(hydrolysis)[NaOHaqueoussolution]CH3CH2X+NaOH=(H2O,heating)CH3CH2OH+NaXNote:NaOHaction:neutralizesHBrtoacceleratereactionrateTestX:addingnitricacidtotheAgNO3toobserveprecipitation2,eliminate[NaOHalcoholsolution]CH3CH2Cl+NaOH-(alcohol,heating),CH2=CH2=+NaCl+H2ONote:HonadjacentCatomscanbeeliminatedAddHtoHandtakeoffHatH(Markovlaw)Alcoholsolution:inhibitshydrolysis(inhibitsNaOHionization)Six,generalformulaCnH2n+2alkaneCnH2nolefin/naphthenichydrocarbonCnH2n-2/alkynedieneCnH2n-6benzeneanditshomol