英語(yǔ)介詞 史上最全內(nèi)容

英語(yǔ)介詞史上最全內(nèi)容一、介詞的定義二、介詞的類(lèi)型三、介詞的賓語(yǔ)四、介詞短語(yǔ)的句法功能一、介詞的定義介詞(preposition又稱(chēng)前置詞,是十分活躍的一個(gè)詞類(lèi),可以與名詞或名詞性詞語(yǔ)結(jié)合成介詞短語(yǔ),說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、方向、時(shí)間、原因、方法等,在句中主要起狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)的作用,也可以充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ),還可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)。例如:Hestayedinhisseat.Anoldfarmerinthebackrowlookeduptowardstheceiling.Thestudentsareinterestedinthesubject.上述第一句里的介詞in和isseat所構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞stayed的位置,第二句里的介詞短語(yǔ)inthebackrow限定名詞anoldfarmer,第三句里的介詞短語(yǔ)inthesubject表示areinterested的范疇。二、介詞的類(lèi)型介詞可分為簡(jiǎn)單介詞和復(fù)合介詞兩類(lèi):(一簡(jiǎn)單介詞(SimplePrepositions凡是由一個(gè)單詞組成的介詞都稱(chēng)為簡(jiǎn)單介詞,例如:in,on,across,underneath等等。簡(jiǎn)單介詞約有80個(gè),其中包括一些由動(dòng)詞或形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成的介詞,例如:except,excepting,concerning,considering,following,including,granted,pending,less,like,near,save,unlike,worth等。(二復(fù)合介詞(ComplexPrepositions凡是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單詞組成的介詞都稱(chēng)為復(fù)合介詞。根據(jù)它們的結(jié)構(gòu),復(fù)合介詞可以細(xì)分為下列三種:A副詞+介詞:alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,outof,togetherwith,upto等。B動(dòng)詞(形容詞、連詞等+介詞:exceptfor,owingto,dueto,butfor,becauseof等。C介詞1+名詞+介詞2:bymeansof,inadditionto,incomparisonwith,onaccountof,withregardto等等。三、介詞的賓語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)是由介詞與介詞賓語(yǔ)組成的。介詞賓語(yǔ)通常是名詞或代詞(賓格;此外,還可以是副詞、形容詞、短語(yǔ)(包括介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或名詞性從句。(一名詞或代詞做介詞賓語(yǔ)(二副詞做介詞賓語(yǔ)(三形容詞做介詞賓語(yǔ)(四短語(yǔ)做介詞賓語(yǔ)(一名詞或代詞做介詞賓語(yǔ)例如:Wesawyourfriendatthemeetinglastnight.Isupposedthattheoldladyintheflataboveourswasmovingthefurnitureabout.Whilewearewaitingforher,let'shavesomecoffee.Note:A介詞之后的代詞一般都要用賓格,但有時(shí)也用主格。例如,介詞but(“除……以外”之后的代詞如果在意思上與句子的主語(yǔ)平行,則傾向于用主格,這時(shí)的but也可以看成是連詞。例如:Allbuthehadfled(=Allhadfled,buthehadnotfled.Isawnothingbuthim.B在口語(yǔ)中,如果動(dòng)詞或介詞之后接兩個(gè)代詞作賓語(yǔ),那么第二個(gè)代詞常用主格。例如:Hewon'tletmywifeandIintothehouse.AlldebtsareclearedbetweenyouandI.Cas,than,but,save等連詞有“準(zhǔn)介詞”之稱(chēng),他們之后可接主格代詞,也可接賓格代詞。接主格代詞時(shí)算是連詞,接賓格代詞時(shí)算是介詞。例如:OnedayyouwillbeasoldasI/me.Youareabetterplayerthanhe/him.(二副詞做介詞賓語(yǔ)例如:Imethimayearago,sincethenIhaven'tseenanythingofhim.Wheredoeshecomefrom?Youshouldbeoutinsteadofinonsuchafineday.Note:當(dāng)副詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或代詞。這類(lèi)介詞短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)。例如:untilnow(到現(xiàn)在,sincethen(從那時(shí)以來(lái),inthere(在那里面,fromheretothere(從這里到那里,fromabroad(從國(guó)外等。(三形容詞做介詞賓語(yǔ)形容詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)主要見(jiàn)于某些固定詞組,例如atworst(在最壞的情況下,oflate(近來(lái),ofold(從前,forgood(永遠(yuǎn),forlong(長(zhǎng)久,ingeneral(一般說(shuō)來(lái),invain(徒然,onhigh(在高空,atfirst(最初,atleast(最少等。這些形容詞本來(lái)可能接一個(gè)名詞,如forlong在意思上相當(dāng)于foralongtime,,但forlong已經(jīng)形成了固定的詞組,其中的形容詞實(shí)際上已經(jīng)名詞化了。例如:Heisafoolat(thebest,butat(theworsthe'sacriminal.Wethoughtshe'dcomeforavisit,butitseemsshe'sstayingforgood.Thedrowningmanshoutedinvain,nobodyheardhim.(四短語(yǔ)做介詞賓語(yǔ)A介詞短語(yǔ)做介詞賓語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)象副詞一樣,也可以用作介詞賓語(yǔ),但也有人把fromoverhisglasses里的fromover看成是一個(gè)復(fù)合介詞,其中的over表示方位,from表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。例如:Hewaslookingatmefromoverhisglasses.Theystayedheretillaftermidnight.YoucanfindthatsortofthingnowherebutinEngland.B動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做介詞賓語(yǔ)例如:Hewastryingtomakealittlemoneybysellingnewspaper.Iamnotinapositionofcomplyingwithyourrequest.C不定式短語(yǔ)做介詞賓語(yǔ)不定式短語(yǔ)一般不用作介詞賓語(yǔ),僅出現(xiàn)于少數(shù)幾個(gè)介詞之后,介詞之后的不定式符號(hào)to有時(shí)可以省略。例如:Ihadnochoicebuttoaccepttheoffer.Shedoesnothingbutcomplain.Theirhousemaiddoeseverythingexcept(towashthecar.D復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做介詞賓語(yǔ)例如:Hewasannoyedatyousayingthat.Youmaydependonmetobethereearly.Helayonhisbedwiththebedroomdoorshut.Note:在口語(yǔ)中,介詞之后的動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常用名詞或代詞的通格,在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中則用名詞或代詞的所有格。例如上述的第一個(gè)句子在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中應(yīng)改成:Hewasannoyedatyoursayingthat.E名詞性從句做介詞賓語(yǔ)例如:Iamnotinterestedinwhetheryouliketheplanornot.Youhavenoideaastohowbadlyhewrites.HeisthankfulforwhatIhavedoneforhim.四、介詞短語(yǔ)的句法功能介詞短語(yǔ)在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),此外,也可以用作表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ),偶爾還用作主語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)。(一介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)(二介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)(三介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)(四介詞短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(五介詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)(一介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)A介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞。例如:Welivequitenearmyoffice.(地點(diǎn)Whoknowswhatwillhappeninthefuture?(時(shí)間Thesewingmachineisworkedbyfoot.(方式We'rewaitingforthemtoarriveforlunch.(目的Heworkedhimselftodeath.(結(jié)果HeissousefultomethatIcan'tdowithouthim.(條件Withallyourfaults,Istilllikeyou.(讓步Helayonhisbedwiththesunlightfallingonhisface.(伴隨狀語(yǔ)Idon'tbelieveindream.(范疇Whatcountrydoyoucomefrom?(來(lái)源Everythingdependsonwhetherheispunctual.(根據(jù)Themenwhogovernthecountryarechosenbythepeople.(行為者B介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),用來(lái)修飾形容詞例如:Hewasnotconsciousofmypresenceintheroom.Iamnotinterestedindoingbusinesswiththatfirm.Theyareproudoftheircleverchildren.C介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),修飾副詞(比較少用例如:Johnisnowsomewhereonthehighseas,andwewishhimapleasantholiday.DoyoulivehereinMiddleTown,MrJohn?D介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),修飾整個(gè)句子例如:Onthewhole,Jackhasbeenagoodfriend.(二介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)例如:Theweatherduringthelastfewdayshasbeenperfect.Thehandsoftheclockpointedtohalfpastsix.Hehashadaquarrelwithhisfatherandlefthome.(三介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)例如:Twosoldiersarealwaysonguardoutsidethepresident'shouse.Hiswifeisamemberofmanycommitteesandisalwaysonthego.Shortdresseshavegoneoutoffashion.(四介詞短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)例如:Thesoldierssuddenlyfoundthemselvesunderfireonallsides.Thesethingsshouldbekeptinrepair.Wewereleftwithalltherefugeesonourhands.(五介詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)例如:Betweensixandsevenwillsuitme.(主語(yǔ)BeforebreakfastiswhenIdomybestwork.(主語(yǔ)Hewentnowhereexcepttoschool.(介詞賓語(yǔ)五、介詞賓語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)位介詞賓語(yǔ)通常緊接在介詞之后,但有時(shí)因結(jié)構(gòu)、修辭等的需要,介詞賓語(yǔ)反而位于介詞之前。在口語(yǔ)中,特殊疑問(wèn)句中的疑問(wèn)詞,限定性定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞以及不定式所帶的關(guān)系代詞或連接代詞,通常與介詞分離,使介詞位于句末。A.特殊疑問(wèn)句中介詞賓語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)位例如:Whichclassareyouin?WhatamIsittingon?B.限定性定語(yǔ)從句中介詞賓語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)位(介詞與關(guān)系詞分離時(shí),這個(gè)關(guān)系詞在口語(yǔ)中通常省略。例如:Isn'tthattheman(whomyoucamewith?Thelittleschool(whichweusedtogotohasdisappearedandnowthere'savastcomprehensiveschoolinitsplace.C.不定式中介詞賓語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)位例如:Givemeaknifetocutthebreadwith(=Givemeaknifewithwhichtocutthebread.Iamnotsurewhichrestauranttoeatat(=Iamnotsureatwhichrestauranttoeat.Note:1.在口語(yǔ)中通常用who代替whom,用whom反而不自然。但是與介詞連用時(shí),只能用whom,不能用who。Whoareyouspeakingto?Towhomareyouspeaking?你在跟誰(shuí)講話(huà)?2.帶介詞的不定式短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶介詞的定語(yǔ)從句。例如“Givemeaknifewithwhichtocutthebread.”相當(dāng)于“GivemeaknifewithwhichIcancutthebread.”但在口語(yǔ)中通常將介詞移至句末。這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞必須略去(即:Givemeaknifetocutthebreadwith.3.如果不定式短語(yǔ)前面有一個(gè)連接代詞,介詞通常移到句末。這種不定式短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞從句,連接代詞不能省略。雖然可以說(shuō)“Idon'tknowtowhomtogiveit.”,但口語(yǔ)中通常說(shuō)“Idon'tknowwhotogiveitto.”在下列情況下,不論是否用于口語(yǔ),介詞都必須移至句末:A關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí):ThereareseveralquestionsthatImusttalktoyouabout.B連接代詞what引導(dǎo)名詞從句時(shí):ThisiswhatIamlookingfor.C在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)中:Whenwefirststartedsuchsuccesswasneverdreamedof.Note:1.在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語(yǔ)常常是介詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ);在某種非被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中,有時(shí)句子的主語(yǔ)也是介詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。例如:Heisimpossibletodealwith.(=Itisimpossibletodealwithhim2.在下句中,介詞與介詞賓語(yǔ)形成相對(duì)固定的組合,因此介詞與介詞賓語(yǔ)不能分離。Idon'tknowbywhattrainhewillgo.3.有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)介詞賓語(yǔ)而將介詞賓語(yǔ)提前到句首。TwothingsIcannotlivewithout--truthandlove.六、時(shí)間介詞的省略(一表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ),如果冠有l(wèi)ast,next,this,that以及every,some等詞,它們的時(shí)間介詞幾乎總是省去。例如:Itrainedlastnight.ThemeetingwillbeheldnextJanuary.Haveanybodythoughtofagoodwaytospendourvacationthissummer?Iwasverybusythatday.Thedoctorcameeveryotherday.SomedayIshouldgothere.Note:1.下列各句中的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)均帶介詞:Heoughttohavebeenherebythistime.Isendyoumybestwishesonthishappyoccasion.Wehaveameetingoneveryotherday.2.在下列詞序倒裝的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)里,英國(guó)英語(yǔ)通常要求帶有介詞:Myvacationstarts(onFridaynext(=startsnextFriday.Wemet(inJunelast(=metlastJune.(二Today,tomorrow,yesterday等詞分別含有this,next,last的意思,它們不帶介詞,直接用作時(shí)間副詞。Shewrotehergrandmotheranicelongletteryesterday.Maywemeetyouatthehoteltomorrowmorningatten?(三當(dāng)我們間接地提到過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間時(shí),這個(gè)時(shí)間短語(yǔ)前面的介詞在口語(yǔ)中通常省略。例如:(onthedayaftertomorrow(前天,(onthedayafterhisdeath(他死后的第二天。WearrivedinNewYork(intheDecemberbeforelast.Wouldyouliketodrivearoundthecitywithme(onthedayaftertomorrow?Theyaregoingtogetmarriedtomorrowweek.Shedied(onthefollowingday.(四在美國(guó)口語(yǔ)中,周日之前的介詞on通常省略,在英國(guó)口語(yǔ)中偶爾也有省略現(xiàn)象。IusuallyleavehereFridaynightandcomebackSaturdayorSunday.(五介詞for用來(lái)表示行為或狀態(tài)延續(xù)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短時(shí),經(jīng)?？梢允÷?但在正式文體里最好不省略,而當(dāng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度短語(yǔ)前有all時(shí),for必須省去。Theperformancelasted(forthreehours.Weshallstay(fortwoweeks.Hehasbeenworkingall(theday.Note:表示時(shí)間延續(xù)長(zhǎng)度的for用于句首或用于否定詞之后時(shí),一般不能省略。例如:Forayearwewaitedtohearwhathadhappenedtohim.Thetrainwillnotarrivefortwohours.七、介詞短語(yǔ)的強(qiáng)調(diào)詞某些副詞可以用來(lái)修飾介詞短語(yǔ),起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。例如:Ijustatthatmomentthoughtofit.Hemustbewellpastforty.Hehastravelledallovertheworld.Gostraightalongtheroadandyou'llfindnumber86rightattheend.Tellhimtocomeassoonafternineaspossible.八、帶介詞的動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞能跟介詞組成比較固定的短語(yǔ),它們的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,在它們之后需要接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。在意義上這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)可以看成是這個(gè)“及物動(dòng)詞”的賓語(yǔ),但在語(yǔ)法上,這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)應(yīng)是介詞賓語(yǔ)。例如:Hisfriendsrefusedtodealwith(associatewithhimafterhisreleasefromprison.MrRobinsonspendsmostofhistimerunningafterhissecretary,manypeoplethinkhewillmarryher.Shecameat(attackedmelikeatiger.Note:1.動(dòng)詞之后帶介詞時(shí),大多數(shù)介詞并不影響動(dòng)詞的意思。2.英語(yǔ)中有大量的動(dòng)詞能與副詞組成固定的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,這其中的副詞大部分與介詞同形。試比較下列句子:Peterturnedontheboastfulyouthandstuckhim.Johnturnedonthegot-watertap.上述句子都包含這樣的結(jié)構(gòu):turn+on+賓語(yǔ),但第一句中的on是介詞,說(shuō)明theboastfulyouth與動(dòng)詞turn之間的敵對(duì)關(guān)系,因此on之后接的是介詞賓語(yǔ);而第二句中的on卻是副詞,它與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“開(kāi)(水龍頭、燈等”,因此on之后接的是動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。同樣,下列第一句中的upon是介詞,第二句中的off是副詞:Thepresidentcalleduponthenationtoeconomiseasmuchaspossible.Theyoungcoupledecidedtocalloffthewedding.3.動(dòng)詞與副詞結(jié)合可以形成不及物的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,也可以形成及物的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,及物短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的副詞可以與動(dòng)詞分離,移到賓語(yǔ)之后(而動(dòng)詞之后接介詞時(shí),介詞則不能移到介詞賓語(yǔ)之后。Mrs.Browncutupthecake(=cutthecakeupandgaveeachofusapiece.4.如果短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí),副詞通常移到人稱(chēng)代詞之后。例如:Heknewhewasbeingfollowedbutcouldnotshakethem(hispursuersoff.Iforgottowindit(theclockup.九、介詞性副詞某些詞既可以用作介詞,又可以用作副詞。例如:Theyclimbedupthesteepcliff.Theyclimbedupandsoonreachedthesteepcliff.Thefactorywasbytheriver.Theaccidentoccurredwhennobodywasby.從以上例句可以看出,up,by等可以用作介詞,后接介詞賓語(yǔ)。這些介詞說(shuō)明了介詞賓語(yǔ)和句中另一個(gè)詞之間的某種關(guān)系。在從上下文可以理解的情況下,介詞賓語(yǔ)?？梢圆槐硎境鰜?lái),因此,up,by等又起副詞作用。這類(lèi)副詞可以稱(chēng)為介詞性副詞。Note:1.常見(jiàn)的介詞性副詞有:about,above,after,along,around,before,below,between,by,down,in,of,on,over,past,since,through,under,up,without等。2.有些介詞不能轉(zhuǎn)為介詞性副詞,如at,beside,for,from,into,of,till,to,until,with等;outof也永遠(yuǎn)是介詞,轉(zhuǎn)為副詞時(shí)只能用out.Themanjumpedoutofthewindow.Themanrantothewindowandjumpedout.十、介詞的釋義和用法aboardaboard原來(lái)是指“上船”、“在船上”,后又延伸表示“上車(chē)”、“在車(chē)上”、“上飛機(jī)”、“在飛機(jī)上”等,例如:Weareaboardtheship.Hegotaboardthetrain.Shecameaboardaplane.Hewentaboardahorse.Note:aboard也可用作副詞,如下例所示:Hecameaboardoftheship.aboutabout表示“在……各處”、“向……各處”、“在……周?chē)?、“在……附近”、“在……身邊”等空間位置;又引申表示“大約”、“即將”、“關(guān)于”、“從事于”等意思。A.“向……各處”、“在……各處”例如:Wewanderedaboutthecityonourfirsteveningthere.Thechildrenhadlefttheirtoyslyingabouttheroom.Thecowslipsdottedaboutthefield.Note:在英國(guó),口語(yǔ)中常用about表示“向……各處”、“在……各處”。在美國(guó)口語(yǔ)中常用,around代替about表示這個(gè)意思,about只用于正式文體。B.“在……周?chē)崩?Shehasagoldchainaboutherneck.Wecouldseethehighwallabouttheprison.Note:about的這個(gè)意思只用于正式文體,一般口語(yǔ)中應(yīng)說(shuō)round或around。C.“在……附近”例如:Thestreetsaboutthecastlearefullofplacesofhistoricinterest.Thebombfellabouthere.Note:1.around常用來(lái)代替about表示這個(gè)意思,尤其是在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)里。2.about有時(shí)不指“在……附近”,而含有“在……里頭”的意思(somewherewithinagivenplaceorarea。MrsJonesdoesnotappeartobeaboutthehouse,soIpresumeshehasgoneout.D.“在……身邊”、“在……身上”例如:Doyouhappentohavehisletteraboutyou?Thereisastrangesmellabouthim.Note:介詞on,with等也可以表示“在……身上”、“在……身邊”的意思。E.“大約”、“近于”、“左右”例如:Ishallbehomesomewhereaboutlunch-time.Mywatchhasbeengainingabouttenminutesadayforsometime.HishouseisabouttenmilesfromLondon.Heisaboutmystatue.Note:1.介詞about可以用于表示“時(shí)刻、數(shù)量、大小”等的“大約”數(shù)字或程度;表示“時(shí)刻”時(shí),也可以說(shuō)atabout,但這里的about已轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞。Iwoke(ataboutseveno'clock.2.在其他情況下(不是表示“時(shí)刻”時(shí),about之前的at是不能省略的(這里的about是副詞。Theysoldatabout$3ashare.3.about之前可以根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要加用其他介詞。Hehasbeenintheofficeforaboutanhour.I'llgoforafittinginaboutaweek'stime.F.“正要”、“即將”例如:Theyareabouttobemarried(=Theyaregoingtobemarried.Ifeelthatsomethingterribleisabouttohappen.Note:“beabouttodosth”表示即將發(fā)生的行為,因此不需要再用表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。其主語(yǔ)可以是有生命的,也可以是無(wú)生命的,但用“on/uponthepointofdoingsth”時(shí),主語(yǔ)通常是有生命的。Wewereonthepointoftelephoningyouwhenyourtelegramarrived.G.“關(guān)于”、“對(duì)于”例如:Ihadn'theardaboutthat.Rogerisratherfussyaboutfood.Becarefulaboutthepronunciationof"quiet"and"quite"Thestoryisaboutgiants.Note:1.在某些動(dòng)詞之后,有時(shí)可以用of代替about表示“關(guān)于”的意思,例如speakof,tellof,dreamof等。這些短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于speakabout,tellabout,dreamabout。但of通常用于比較正式的文體,因此平常比較少用。Thesoldieroftendreamsabout/ofhome.2.有些及物動(dòng)詞與about/of連用時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為不及物動(dòng)詞,行為的直接對(duì)象變成了間接對(duì)象,語(yǔ)義也隨之發(fā)生變化。Idon'tknowMrSmithbutIknowabout/ofhim.我不認(rèn)識(shí)史密斯先生,但我聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這個(gè)人。Ireadthebook.我曾讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。Ireadabout/ofthebook.我曾讀過(guò)關(guān)于這本書(shū)的介紹。3.動(dòng)詞think后面接about或接of,意思不一樣。試比較:I'vebeenthinkingabout(=consideringthequestionforalongtime.這個(gè)問(wèn)題我已經(jīng)考慮很久了。Suchathingisnoteventobethoughtof.(=tobebroughttomind這種事情不可思議。4.當(dāng)about所構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí),about通常不能改用of或concerning。Haveyouanybooksaboutstamp-collecting?5.在口語(yǔ)中,“What/Howabout…?”這類(lèi)句子用于表示“提議”或“提問(wèn)”。例如:Whataboutgoingtherenow?Howabout(havingadrink?What/Howaboutit?(=Whatshallwedo?或Tellmemorepreciselywhatyoumean.H.“就……的特征而言”例如:It'safunnythingaboutholidays;nomatterhowlongaholidaywehave,IalwaysfeelIwantafewdaysmore.Note:在口語(yǔ)中常說(shuō)“Hehassomethingabouthim”,意思是”他很能干(很有個(gè)性“(havingenergy,forceofcharacter,etc.,反之就“Hehasnothingabouthim.”I.“從事于……”例如:Whatareyouabout(=at?IdonotliketobeinterruptedwhenIamaboutanimportantpieceofwork.Note:1.setabout與toabout都含有“著手做……”的意思。例如:Imustsetaboutmypacking.Hewentaboutthejobhalf-heartedly.2.seeabout含有“處理”、“照料”的意思。例如:Hepromisedtoseeaboutthematter.aboveabove的原意是“在……上面”,表示地理位置,后又引申表示(地位“在……之上”,(水平、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、價(jià)值等“超過(guò)……”,此外,還含有(因?yàn)樘?以致“不可能……”、(行為、意思“不屑于……”、“不至于……”等意思。A.“在……上面”(地理空間位置例如:Theshelfshouldbesixfeetabovethelevelofthefloor.Thecastletowersabovealltheland.Note:1.above只表示一物處于比另一物更高的位置(meaningsimplythatoneobjectisonahigherlevelthantheother,不一定在正上方,它與below相對(duì)應(yīng)。over則通常表示兩個(gè)物體之間垂直的相對(duì)位置(tendingtoindicateadirectverticalrelationship,與under相對(duì)應(yīng)。over可以用來(lái)代替above,above卻不能用來(lái)代替over。例如:Thefalconsailedabovetheclouds.Abirdhoveredover/aboveus.2.over與表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的記號(hào)連用時(shí),有時(shí)含有“越過(guò)”的意思,相當(dāng)于across,而above卻沒(méi)有這個(gè)意思,它只表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的位置是“在……上面”。試比較:Weflewover/acrosstheSahara.Weflewabovetheclouds.3.on(upon也表示“在……上面”,但僅用于兩個(gè)物體相互接觸的情況下。如果兩個(gè)物體沒(méi)有接觸,那就應(yīng)該用over或above。試比較:Inhisroomthereisaclockoverthefireplace.Thereisacatontheroof.4.above有時(shí)還引申表示“在……上游”的意思。例如:Thewaterfallisabovethebridge.B.“在……之上”(位置例如:Anavy-captainranksaboveanarmy-captain.Heisabovemeinrank.Note:above與over都可以表示地位、職位“高于……”;below與under都可以表示地位、職位“低于……”;但over與under還表示“統(tǒng)轄”、“支配”關(guān)系,above與below則只一般地說(shuō)明地位、職位的高低。因此,表示“統(tǒng)轄”、“支配”時(shí),只能用over或under。C.“越過(guò)……”、“超出……”(能力、水平例如:Asascholar,heisfaraboveme.Imustconfessitisabovemycomprehension.D.“在……之上”(數(shù)量例如:Abovetwohundredpeopleattendedthemeeting.Thetemperaturewasonlyafewdegreesabovethefreezing-point.Note:表示數(shù)量“在…以上”時(shí),above與over可以互相替用。Over/Abovefivehundredpeoplewerepresentattheceremony.E.“勝于……”、“重于……”(質(zhì)量、價(jià)值例如:Healthisabovewealth.Weshouldvaluehonourabovelife.F.“無(wú)可……”、“不勝……”(因?yàn)樘谩⑻珎ゴ蠖?Themissingboy'sunclewasabovesuspicion.Hisbehaviourisabovepraise.Note:這里的above經(jīng)?？梢耘cbeyond互相替用。G.“不屑于……”、“不至于……”(行為、思想例如:Williamisabovemeanness(=Hewouldn'teverbemean.Allthesemenarehonestandabovebribery.Note:“notabove”含有“不恥于……”等意思。例如:Ifwewanttolearn,wemustnotbeaboveaskingquestions.Heisnotabovetellingalie,ifitwillservehispurpose.H.注意下列詞組的意思:1aboveall(首先,首要的是ThinkaboutwhatIhavetoldyou;aboveall,don'tbreatheawordofittoHenry.2keepone'sheadabovewater(脫離困境,擺脫債務(wù)Erown'sbusinessisnotdoingwell;heisfindingitdifficulttokeephisheadabovewater.3getaboveoneself(自高自大Hegotabovehimself.4tobeaboveoneself(興高采烈Heisabovehimself.5abovesb'shead(過(guò)于深?yuàn)W使人不能理解Thelecturewasabovetheheadsoftheaudience.6overandabove(除……之外Hegetsanumberofperquisites,overandabovehissalary.7aboveboard(光明正大There'snothingsecretaboutwhatwearedoing.It'sallperfectlyaboveboard.accordingtoaccordingto是由副詞according與介詞to組成的復(fù)合介詞,表示“根據(jù)”、“按照”等意思。A.“根據(jù)”、“按照”例如:Dothisproblemaccordingtothewayyouhavebeenshowed.Takeonetothreetablets,accordingtotheseverityofthepain.B.“據(jù)……所說(shuō)”、“如……所示”例如:AccordingtotheBible,Adamwasthefirstman.Accordingtomywatchitishalfpasttwo.Note:accordingto用作介詞;而accordingas則用作連詞,后接從句,意思是“根據(jù)……而……”、“按照……而……”。例如:Youmaygoorstay,accordingasyoudecide.Peopleseethingsdifferentlyaccordingastheyarematerialistsoridealists.acrossacross含有“橫過(guò)”、“在……另一邊”、“交叉”等意思,并上“橫過(guò)”引申為“經(jīng)過(guò)”(一段時(shí)間、“遍及”(整個(gè)地區(qū)。A.“橫過(guò)”、“穿過(guò)”例如:Hewentacrossthestreettothebaker's.Hewalkedacrossthesquare.Note:1.along與across相對(duì)應(yīng),across表示“橫過(guò)一條直線(xiàn)或一個(gè)平面的運(yùn)動(dòng)”;along則只表示“沿著一條直線(xiàn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)”。Theywalkednotonlyalongthepathsbutalsoacrossthegrass.2.across表示“橫過(guò)”時(shí),可以與over替用。Theydroveacross/overthefrontier.B.“在……的另一邊“例如:Theyboughtthosethingsacrosstheriver.Lincolnwascarriedunconscioustoahouseacrosstheroadfromthetheatre.Note:1.我們可以把a(bǔ)cross與from短語(yǔ)搭配使用,具體表明“出發(fā)點(diǎn)”或“觀察點(diǎn)”。Helivedacrossthestreetfrommyhouse.2.across表示“靜止空間位置”時(shí),意思是“在……的另一邊”;along表示“靜止空間位置”時(shí),含有“沿線(xiàn)”、“在……的另一端”等意思。Thereisahotelacrosstheroad.Therearetreesallalongtheriverbanks.C.“經(jīng)過(guò)”(一整段時(shí)間,“遍及”(整個(gè)地區(qū)例如:Icanremember,acrosstheyears.Theytravelledacrossthecountry.D.注意下列短語(yǔ)的意思:1come(runacross(遭遇,巧遇Theycameacrossatigerinthejungle.Anideacameacrossmymind.2getacrosssb.(引起某人的不滿(mǎn)或反對(duì)Dr.Jameshasgotacrossseveralofhispatientsbecauseofhisbrusqueoutspokenmanner.3acrosstheboard(全體成員Itisanacross-the-boardpayrise.afterafter的基本意思是“在……之后”,可以表示時(shí)間、順序、位置等的先后,與before相對(duì)應(yīng)。此外還表示“由于”、“盡管”、“仿照”、“依照”、“追蹤”、“追趕”、“追求”、“關(guān)于”等意思。A.表示時(shí)間,“在……之后”例如:Afterasoundsleep,hewentforaswim.Afteraraintheairismuchcleanerthanatordinarytime.Note:1.表示時(shí)間“已過(guò)幾點(diǎn)”或“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)后”,在英國(guó)多用past,在美國(guó)則用after.It'shalfafter/pasttwo.It'safter/pasttwoo'clock.2.after與具體的時(shí)間數(shù)字連用時(shí),含有“在若干時(shí)間之后”的意思(attheendofaspecifiedperiod,動(dòng)詞只能用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:我們可以說(shuō)“Hecamebackafterthreeyears.”(他三年之后回來(lái)了。而當(dāng)表示“從說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)間起經(jīng)過(guò)若干時(shí)間之后”時(shí),則不用after,而用in。如:Hewould(willcomebackin(不用afterthreeyears.(他將于三年之后回來(lái)。試比較:AfteralittletimeMrsPriestleyjoinedusagain.Hesaidhewouldcomeagaininafewdays.3.after也可以用作副詞,與具體的時(shí)間數(shù)字連用。當(dāng)表示“在若干時(shí)間之后”時(shí),動(dòng)詞也只能用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài);如果副詞after單獨(dú)使用,動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)則不受限制,這時(shí)的after相當(dāng)于later或lateron。Hefellillon(uponMondayanddiedthreedaysafter.(=afterthreedays=threedayslaterWecandothatafter(=later=lateron.4.副詞later與具體的時(shí)間數(shù)字連用表示“經(jīng)過(guò)若干時(shí)間以后”時(shí),時(shí)間起點(diǎn)可以是過(guò)去或?qū)?lái),但不能是現(xiàn)在。如我們只能說(shuō)Ishallseeyouinaweek.而不能說(shuō)Ishallseeyouaweeklater.Icalledon(uponhimon25July,andcalledagainaweeklater.Ishallcallonhimon20October,andshallcallagainaweeklater.B.表示順序,“在……之后”(behindinplaceofposition;(名望、地位“次于”、“亞于”(belowinrankorexcellence;“跟著”、“接著”(following,behind例如:TheycametoEnglandafterus(laterthanwedidYournamecomesaftermineinthelist.MiltonisusuallyplacedafterShakespeareamongEnglishpoets.wedrovemileaftermilethroughopenmoorland.Note:1.表示位置“在……之后”時(shí),用behind比用after更為普通。Thesunwasbehind(hiddenbytheclouds.Theboywashidingbehindatree.2.behind可以由表示位置的“在……后面”引申為“落后”、“不如”等意思,而after則不能。同樣地,當(dāng)after表示時(shí)間、順序“在……之后”時(shí),也不能代替behind。Thetrainwasbehindtime.Thecountryisfarbehinditsneighbours.C.“后果”、“結(jié)果”after還可以由上述的“在……之后”、“經(jīng)過(guò)……以后”引申出某種“后果”、“結(jié)果”的意思。A“鑒于”、“由于”、“因?yàn)椤?asaconsequenceof,asaresultof,becauseof例如:Youmustbefeelingtiredafterthatlongwalk.Idislikehimafterhistreatingusthus.B“盡管……但……”(inspiteof例如:Afterallmyadvice,hestillwenthisownway.Afterallmycareinpackingit,theclockarrivedbroken.Note:afterall單獨(dú)用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),有兩種解釋:1.“不管怎么樣”、“到底”、“畢竟”等(inspiteofHefailedafterall(inspiteofallthathadbeendone.Afterallitisnotsohardasitlooks.2.“切記”、牢記“(ItmustberememberedthatIknowhehasn'tfinishedthework,butafterallheisaverybusyman.Whyshouldn'tsheeatthecake?Afterallshebakedit.D.“仿照”、“模仿”例如:Theseshipsarebuiltafterthesamemodel.Thepaintingisafterthegreatmaster.E.“依照”、“與……相一致”例如:Itisajobafterhisownheart.(=ofthekindheverymuchlikesTheboywasnamedSamuelafterhisuncle.H.“追趕”、“追求”、“追蹤”例如:Theboyracedafterthebutterfly.Whatareyouafter?Theystartedaftertheenemyinhothaste.Note:1.在call,shout等動(dòng)詞之后接after時(shí),含有“喚起某人注意”的意思(attemptingtoattractattention。例如:Ishoutedafterhim,butapparentlyhedidnothear,forhestillwenton.2.在某些動(dòng)詞(如seek,search,yearn,long等之后。可以接after,也可以接for,同樣表示“尋求”的對(duì)象、目的(toshowtheaimorobjectofcertainactions,但for比after普通。例如:Wesearchedafter/forthelostkitten.Heyearnedafter/forhisson.3.lookafter與lookfor有語(yǔ)義上的差別,試比較:WillyoulookaftermyhousewhileI'maway?我不在的時(shí)候,請(qǐng)你照看一下我的家好嗎?HewenttoAustraliatolookforgold.他到澳大利亞去尋找金子。I.“關(guān)于”例如:MrsJacksonaskedafteryouandthechildren.Heinquiredafteryourhealth.againstagainst可以表示“朝著”、“逆”、“反抗、反對(duì)”、“違反”、“倚靠在……上”、“撞在……上”、“在……對(duì)面”、“以……為背景”、“與……對(duì)比(對(duì)照”、“預(yù)備”、“預(yù)防”等意思。中心意思是“對(duì)立”。A.“朝著”、“對(duì)著”例如:Stopknockingthestickagainstthefence.Therainbeatsagainstthewindow-panes.B.“逆”例如:Itishardtoswimagainstthecurrent.Theysailedagainstthewind.Note:against表示方向的“對(duì)立”時(shí),與with相對(duì)應(yīng)。例如:Soundwavesgofasterwiththewindthanagainstthewind.Itismucheasiertorowwiththecurrentthanagainstit.C.“反抗”、“反對(duì)”例如:Istherealawagainstspittinginthestreetsinthiscountry?Note:1.在對(duì)某人某事表示反對(duì)或贊成時(shí),against與for相對(duì)應(yīng)。這里for的意思是infavourof。Areyoufororagainstthemotion?2.在對(duì)處于沖突或競(jìng)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)的雙方中的一方表示反對(duì)或支持時(shí),against與with相對(duì)應(yīng)。這里的with的意思是onthesamesideof。Areyouwithusoragainstus?3.against在與fight連用、表示“跟”、“同”(……競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、對(duì)抗時(shí),可與with互相替用。試比較:GreatBritainfoughtwith/againstGermanyintwowars.GreatBritainfoughtwith(onthesideofFranceagainstGermany.4.against有時(shí)引申為“對(duì)……不利”。Thingshavecomeoutagainstus.D.“違反”例如:Smokingisagainsttheschoolrules.Hediditagainsthiswill.E.“倚靠在……”例如:Herestedhisbicycleagainstthewall.Hestoodwithhisbackagainstthedoor.Note:動(dòng)詞lean之后有時(shí)接against,有時(shí)接on(upon。如果依靠在某一側(cè)面上,通常用against,但也可以用on;如果是倚靠在某一平面上,則只能用on。例如:Heleanedtheladderagainst/onthewall.Heleanedhiselbowsonthetable.F.“與……相碰或相撞”例如:Hehithisforeheadagainstthekerbwhenhefell.AsIgropedmywaythroughthedarknessoftheroom,Iknockedagainstachair.G.“在……對(duì)面”例如:Againstthelaboratorystandsawatertower.實(shí)驗(yàn)室對(duì)面有一座水塔。Helivesoveragainsttheschool.他住在學(xué)校對(duì)面。H.“以……為背景”,“在……的襯托下”例如:Thehouselooksveryprettyagainstthewhitesnow.Thebeautifulvillastoodoutagainsttheslumssurroundingit.I.“與……對(duì)比”、“與……對(duì)照”例如:Fourstudentshavepassedthisyear'sexaminationagainstthreeoflastyear.3against0.Note:as可以與against連用,表示“對(duì)比”、“對(duì)照”。例如:Thebusinessdonethisyearamountsto￡2,000asagainst￡1,500lastyear.J.“防備”,“預(yù)防”例如:Shealwayshadaroomreadyagainstthearrivalofunexpectedvisitors.Wemusttakeprecautionagainstfire.alongalong可以表示“沿著一條直線(xiàn)在水平方向上的運(yùn)動(dòng)”,也可以表示“在沿著一條直線(xiàn)邊上的地理位置”,有時(shí)還含有“在……的另一端”的意思。A.“沿著”、“順著”----處于作為along的賓語(yǔ)的“道路”、“河流”等之中(inthedirectionofthelengthof例如:Agoodwalkbytheseaoralongthecliffeverydaywoulddoyouaworldofgood.Ourboatmadeherwayalongtheriver.Note:1.along與“運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞連用,通常表示沿著一條直線(xiàn)在水平方向上的運(yùn)動(dòng),與across相對(duì)應(yīng)。2.up與down通常表示沿著垂直方向向上或向下的運(yùn)動(dòng),但up與down也可以轉(zhuǎn)用于水平方向的運(yùn)動(dòng),這時(shí),up與down實(shí)際上等于along。3.along可以跟here或there連用,表示朝著這個(gè)方向或那個(gè)方向(inthisorthatdirection。Heiswalkingalonghere.Itflewalongthere.----處于作為along的賓語(yǔ)的“河流”或“道路”的近旁。(inalinenexttothelengthof例如:Helivesalongthestreet.Farmhousesweretobefoundhereandtherealongtheriver.Note:along可以表示“在沿著一條線(xiàn)的某些地方”,也可以表示“沿著整條線(xiàn)”(fromoneendtoanotherofthelengthorofanypartofthelength。但為了明確表示“沿著整條線(xiàn)”,along通常與副詞all連用。例如:Therearetreesallalongtheriverbanks.Thereweremuddyfootmarksallalongthecorridor.B.“在……的另一端”例如:Thereisabankalongthestreet.Note:表示在一條線(xiàn)的中部時(shí),可以用halfwayalong…這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Halfwayalongthestreettheystopped.alongsidealongside的意思是along和beside兩者的結(jié)合,含有“在……旁邊”,“與……一起(并肩”,“橫靠”等意思,此外還引申為“與……比較”的意思。A.“在……旁邊”、“與……一起(并肩”、“橫靠”(sidebysidewith。例如:Thedogranalongsidemealltheway.It'sapleasuretoworkalongsidesuchmen.Note:alongside經(jīng)常與of連用,但這時(shí)它成了副詞。例如:Thedogtrottedalongsideofus.B.“與……比較”(incomparisonwith例如:Hisworksaresecond-rateproductions,alongsidethoseofsomeofhiscontemporaries.alongwith這里的along實(shí)際上是副詞,with才是介詞,但在許多情況下,alongwith結(jié)合得很緊密,起著一個(gè)復(fù)合介詞的作用,意思是“與……一道(一起”、“連同……”(inthecompanyof,togetherwith。例如:Hewentonthedangerousjourneyalongwithhistwofriends.Putthisletterinthefile,alongwiththeothers.Note:在口語(yǔ)中常說(shuō)“Get/goalongwithyou.”意思是“滾開(kāi)”或“我不相信你的話(huà)”。這里的along是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的副詞,與動(dòng)詞get/go組成一個(gè)意群,不同于前面論述過(guò)的復(fù)合介詞alongwith。amid(stamid也可以寫(xiě)成amidst,意思是“在……當(dāng)中”、“在……中”(inthemiddleof,among。例如:Heperseveredamidstallthesedifficulties.Thecurtainfellamidst(=intheaccompanimentofthecheersoftheaudience.Note:1.amid(st多見(jiàn)于文學(xué)用語(yǔ)。在英國(guó)口語(yǔ)中,amidst比amid常見(jiàn),在美國(guó)口語(yǔ)中情況正好相反,即amid比amidst普通。2.amidst跟amongst一樣,可以指“在某一數(shù)量不定的群體之中”(applytoanindefinitenumberofobjects。但amidst可以與物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞連用,而amongst則只能與復(fù)數(shù)的名詞或代詞連用,試比較:Amidst/Amongsttheflowerstheroseisqueen.Theywalkedamid(stthesnow.among(stamong也可以寫(xiě)成amongst,為了聲音的和諧或句子的韻律,有時(shí)用among,有時(shí)則用,在美國(guó)通常用。含有“在……的包圍中”、“在……之中(之間”等意思,并引申為“其中之一”、“在……中間分配”、“通過(guò)……的聯(lián)合行動(dòng)”等意思。A.“在……的包圍之中”、“在……之中”、“在……之間”例如:MyhomeisamongthemountainsofSwitzerland.Themotherissittingamongherchildren.Note:1.among(st跟動(dòng)詞連用時(shí),表示“從……中間(穿過(guò)”(throughthemidstof。Hepassedamong/throughthecrowd.2.當(dāng)among(st接具體物體時(shí),有時(shí)可在among(st之前加用in。例如:Ifoundtheletterinamong