(最新整理)Stylistics(英語(yǔ)文體學(xué))課件

(最新整理)Stylistics(英語(yǔ)文體學(xué))2021/7/261(最新整理)Stylistics(英語(yǔ)文體學(xué))2021/7/TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.Keywords:Style(文體);stylistics(文體學(xué))VarietyofEnglish(語(yǔ)體)Langue(語(yǔ)言)Parole(言語(yǔ))Text(篇章)Discourse(/語(yǔ)篇/話語(yǔ))Context(語(yǔ)境);register(語(yǔ)域)Occasion(場(chǎng)合)Appropriacy/Appropriateness得體(性)2021/7/262TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.II.Whatisstyle?

styleasrhetoric—Gorgias（風(fēng)格即修辭）;styleasform—Aristotle（風(fēng)格即形式）;styleaseloquence—Cicero(風(fēng)格即雄辯術(shù));properwordsinproperplaces—Swift（在恰當(dāng)?shù)牡胤绞褂们‘?dāng)?shù)脑~）;2021/7/263II.Whatisstyle?

styleasrhII.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’estl’hommememe—Buffon（文如其人）

;Lestyle,C’estajouteraunepenseedonneetouteslescirconstancespropreaproduiretoutl’effectqueproduirecettepensee.—Stendhal（賦予既定思想并適合產(chǎn)生出它應(yīng)有效果的全部形式）

;styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy—Murry（個(gè)人表達(dá)上的特點(diǎn)）

;2021/7/264II.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’II.Whatisstyle?styleastechniqueofexposition—Murry(解說(shuō)技巧)

;styleasthehighestachievementofliterature—Murry（文學(xué)的最高成就）

;sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway—Enkvist（以最有效的方式講恰當(dāng)?shù)氖虑椋?/p>

;2021/7/265II.Whatisstyle?styleastecII.Whatisstyle?styleasdeviation—Spitzer(對(duì)于常規(guī)的變異);styleastransformation—Ohmann（語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換）;styleasmeaningpotential—Halliday(風(fēng)格即意義潛勢(shì));styleasexpressiveness—Ullman（認(rèn)知意義的表達(dá)）。Languageisthedressofthought.—SamuelJohnson（語(yǔ)言就是思想的外衣）2021/7/266II.Whatisstyle?styleasdevII.Whatisstyle?styleasashellsurroundingapre-existingcoreofthoughtorexpression—Enkvist（環(huán)繞已存在的思想感情或感情內(nèi)核的外殼）

;styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions—Enkvist（在不同表達(dá)方式中的選擇）

;styleasasetofcollectivecharacteristics—Enkvist(集合特點(diǎn)的綜合)

;2021/7/267II.Whatisstyle?styleasasII.Whatisstyle?styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitiesthatarestatableintermsofwiderspansoftextthanthesentence—Enkvist（超出句子以外的語(yǔ)言單位之間的關(guān)系）

;styleasequivalence—JakobsonandLeviStrauss（結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)等）；styleasfunction—ThePragueSchoolapproach（風(fēng)格即功能）;styleasforegrounding—Mukarovsky（風(fēng)格即突出）;2021/7/268II.Whatisstyle?styleasthoII.Whatisstyle?*Aninstrumentmadeofmetal,bone,etc.,havingoneendsharp-pointedforincisinglettersonawaxtablet,andtheotherflatandbroadforsmoothingthetabletanderasingwhatiswritten:=stylus(TheoxfordEnglishDictionary,NewEdition,1991)**A)Ageneralmannerofdoingsomethingwhichistypicalorrepresentativeofapersonorgroup,atimeinhistory,etc.B)Theparticularchoiceofwordsormannerofexpressionusedbyortypicalofawriterorspeaker(LONGMANDICTIONARYOFCONTEMPORARYENGLISH,1998)2021/7/269II.Whatisstyle?*Aninstrume

III.Whatisstylistics?

(1)Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofsituationally-distinctiveusesoflanguage,withparticularreferencetoliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage(TheFontanaDictionaryofModernThought,1977,2ndedn1988)2021/7/2610

III.Whatisstylistics?

(1)III.WhatisStylistics?(2)Thestudyofstyle;…justasstylecanbeviewedinseveralways,sothereareseveraldifferentstylisticapproaches.Thisvarietyinstylisticsisduetothemaininfluencesoflinguisticsandliterarycriticism.Byfarthemostcommonkindofmaterialstudiedisliterary;andattentionislargelytext-centered….Thegoalofmoststylisticsisnotsimplytodescribetheformalfeaturesoftextsfortheirownsake,butinordertoshowtheirfunctionalsignificanceforthe

2021/7/2611III.WhatisStylistics?(2)Th

interpretationofthetext;orinordertorelateliteraryeffectstolinguistic‘causes’wherethesearefelttoberelevant….Stylisticianswanttoavoidvagueandimpressionisticjudgmentsaboutthewaythatformalfeaturesaremanipulated.Asaresult,stylisticsdrawsonthemodelsandterminologyprovidedbywhateveraspectsoflinguisticsarefelttoberelevant.

(Wales,1989:ADictionaryofStylistics)2021/7/2612interpretationofthetext;III.Whatisstylistics?(3)Abranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.Itstudiestheuseoflanguageinspecificcontextsandattemptstoaccountforthecharacteristicsthatmarkthelanguageuseofindividualsandsocialgroups.2021/7/2613III.Whatisstylistics?(3)ACommoncoresof“stylistics”Stylisticsisconcernedwiththeideaof‘style’,withtheanalysisofliterarytexts,andtheuseoflinguistics.‘Style’isusuallyunderstoodwithinthisareaofstudyastheselectionofcertainlinguisticformsorfeaturesoverotherpossibleones.Somekeyaspectsofstylisticsare*theuseoflinguistics(thestudyoflanguage)toapproachliterarytexts**thediscussionoftextsaccordingtoobjectivecriteriaratherthanaccordingpurelytosubjectiveandimpressionisticvalues***emphasisontheaestheticpropertiesoflanguage(forexample,thewayrhymecangivepleasure)2021/7/2614Commoncoresof“stylistics”StIII.TheNeedsforStylistics：(i)Styleisanintegralpartofmeaning.(ii)Stylisticsmayhelpustoacquirea“senseofstyle”(iii)Stylisticspreparesthewaytotheintrinsicstudyofliterature.2021/7/2615III.TheNeedsforStylistics：Langue(語(yǔ)言)(LongmanDictionaryP382)TheFrenchwordfor“l(fā)anguage”.ThetermwasusedbythelinguistSaussuretomeanthesystemofalanguage,thatisthearrangementofsoundsandwordswhichspeakersofalanguagehaveasharedknowledgeofor,asSaussuresaid,“agreetouse”.Langueisthe“ideal”formofalanguage.Saussurecalledtheactualuseoflanguagebypeopleinspeechorwriting“parole”.2021/7/2616Langue(語(yǔ)言)(LongmanDictionaryLanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)AtermintroducedindeSaussure’sCoursde

linguistiquegénéraletodistinguishbetweenlanguage(Fr.Langue)asanabstractsystemofsignsandrules,andthespokenword(Fr.Parole)astheconcreterealizationoflanguageasitisused.Langueischaracterizedasastaticsystemofsymbolswithbroad(social)value,duetotheinvariantandfunctionalnatureofitselements.2021/7/2617LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDiLanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)Instancesof

parole

arebasedonthissystemoflangueandvaryaccordingtoregister,age,dialect,amongotherfactors.Thegoalofstructualistlinguisticsistoresearchthesystematicregularitiesoflangue(referredtocorpusinP106)usingdatafromparole,whileparoleitselfcanberesearchedinvariousdisciplines,likephonetics,psychology,andphysiology.2021/7/2618LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDiLanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)Thetypeofdifferencedescibedbetweenlangueandparolehasbeentekenmanyforms:amongthem,ergonvsenergeia(W.vonHumboldt),SprachevsRede(H.Paul),Sprach-systemvsaktualisierteRede(G.v.d.Gabelentz),SprachgebildevsSprechakt(K.Bühler),registervsuse,typevstoken(referredtotype-token-relationship).(M.A.K.Halliday)2021/7/2619LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDiText(篇章)(quotedfromQianYuanP11)ATEXTisanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.Itmaybetheproductofasinglespeaker/writer(e.g.asign,aletter,anewsreport,astatute法令anovel),orthatofseveralspeakers(e.g.apieceofconversation,adebate).Atextmaytakeinformsofadialogue,oramonologue;italsocanbeacasualtalk.2021/7/2620Text(篇章)(quotedfromQianYuaText(篇章)(LongmanDictioanryP705-706)Itisnormallymadeupofoneorseveralsentencesthattogethercreateastructureorunit,suchasaletter,areport,oranessay.IthasdistinctivestructuralanddiscoursecharacteristicsIthasaparticularcommunicativefunctionorpurposeItcanoftenonlybefullyunderstoodinrelationtothecontextinwhichitoccurs2021/7/2621Text(篇章)(LongmanDictioanryPContext(語(yǔ)境)(RoutledgeDictionaryP100-101)

Asacomprehensiveconceptincommunicationtheory,“context”referstoallelementsofacommunicativesituation:theverbalandnon-verbalcontext,thecontextofthegivenspeechsituationandthesocialcontextoftherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandhearer,theirknowledge,andtheirattitudes.Catforddistinguishesbetweenlinguisticcontextandsituationalco-text.2021/7/2622Context(語(yǔ)境)(RoutledgeDictioContext(LongmanDictionaryP149)Thatwhichoccursbeforeand/orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerUTTERANCEoraTEXT.Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.Forexample,thewordloudinloudmusicisusuallyunderstoodasmeaning“noisy”whereasinatiewithaloudpatternitisunderstoodas“unpleasantlycolorful”.Thecontextmayalsobethebroadersocialsituationinwhichalinguisticitemisused.Forexample,inordinaryusage,spinsterreferstoanolderunmarriedwomanbutinalegalcontextitreferstoanyunmarriedwoman2021/7/2623Context(LongmanDictionaryP1Contextualfactors

CharacteristicsoftheUSERoflanguage:a.Ageb.Sexc.Socio-regionalorethnicbackgroundd.EducationCharacteristicsoftheuser’sUSEoflanguageinsituationa.Mediumofcommunication:speechorwritingb.Setting:privateorpublic(tobecontinued)2021/7/2624ContextualfactorsCharacterisContextualfactorsc.Role-relationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee:thedegreeofintimacy;thedegreeofsocialdistanced.Purposeforwhichlanguageisused:e.g.toinform;tocommand;toexpressfeelings;toestablishsocialrelations,etc.e.Subjectmatter(oflimitedstylisticsignificance)2021/7/2625Contextualfactorsc.Role-relaAppropriatenessWhenproducinganutterance,aspeakerneedstoknowthatitisgrammatical,andalsothatitissuitable(appropriate)forparticularsituation.(LongmanDictionary

P38)2021/7/2626AppropriatenessWhenproducing語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家J.A.Fishman:WhoSpeaksWhatLanguagetoWhomandWhen(誰(shuí)何時(shí)對(duì)誰(shuí)說(shuō)什么話)美國(guó)社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家DellHymes:語(yǔ)境要素SPEAKINGS—SettingandScene(背景和場(chǎng)景)P—Participants（參與者）E—Ends（目的和結(jié)果）A—ActSequence（信息的形式與內(nèi)容）K—Key（信息傳遞方式）I—Instrumentalities（使用何種語(yǔ)言或方言）N—Norms（在特定情況下應(yīng)該遵循的常規(guī)和規(guī)范）G--Genres（體裁）2021/7/2627語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家J.A.Fishman1.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性(一)狹義:語(yǔ)境可指語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)部的上下文(co-text;linguisticcontext)e.ghottemper,hotnewsButsheturneditdown(Samcommittedtheftandwascaughtred-handedbyMary.SamofferedMary＄2,000tohushthematterup.ButsheturneditdownThesoundfromtheradiowassolowthatIaskedBobtoenhanceit,butheturneditdown2021/7/26281.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性(一)狹義:語(yǔ)境可指1.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性(二)語(yǔ)境可以指言語(yǔ)事件發(fā)生時(shí)的社會(huì)情境特征(socio-situationalfeatures)。社會(huì)情境特征有兩種:一種與語(yǔ)言使用者(theuseroflanguage)有關(guān),如社會(huì)地位社會(huì)角色文化修養(yǎng)職業(yè)所處的時(shí)代與地域處境與心情及其語(yǔ)言的可理解程度和范圍(rangeofintelligibility);一種與語(yǔ)言使用者對(duì)語(yǔ)言的使用(theuser’suseoflanguage)有關(guān),如交際雙方(或多方)之間的關(guān)系熟悉程度、具體的交際時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、交際方式、交際目的、交際的領(lǐng)域和題材等2021/7/26291.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性(二)語(yǔ)境可以指言語(yǔ)事件1.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性MichaelGregory三種情景語(yǔ)境劃分:fieldofdiscourse話語(yǔ)范圍modeofdiscourse話語(yǔ)方式語(yǔ)域(register)tenorofdiscourse話語(yǔ)基調(diào)(三)語(yǔ)境可以指交際雙方(或多方)的言語(yǔ)社團(tuán)之歷史文化和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,乃至價(jià)值觀念等因素,故可稱作“社會(huì)文化語(yǔ)境”(socio-culturalcontext),我們平常所說(shuō)的社會(huì)文化背景知識(shí).2021/7/26301.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性MichaelGreg1.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性對(duì)語(yǔ)境的了解既要考慮到語(yǔ)內(nèi)因素(篇章或話語(yǔ)本身的上下文)又應(yīng)考慮語(yǔ)外因素。這些復(fù)雜因素決定了人們語(yǔ)言形式的選擇言語(yǔ)內(nèi)容的信息傳遞和言語(yǔ)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn),同時(shí)也決定了言語(yǔ)交際的得體性(appropriateness/appropriacy)2021/7/26311.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性對(duì)語(yǔ)境的了解既要考慮到語(yǔ)1.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性

JohnLyons(Semantics):得體性(1)言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)的參與者必須知道自己在整個(gè)言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)中所起的作用和所處的地位(2)參與者必須知道言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)的空間和時(shí)間(3)參與者必須能夠辨別言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)的正式程度(4)參與者必須了解特定的情境所需要的合適的交際媒介(5)每個(gè)交際者都應(yīng)該知道如何使自己的話語(yǔ)與言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)與主題想適應(yīng),還應(yīng)了解主題在選擇方言或語(yǔ)言(如在多語(yǔ)社團(tuán))中所起的重要作用(6)每個(gè)參與者都必須知道如何使自己的話語(yǔ)與言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)的情境所屬的領(lǐng)域(province)和范圍(domain)相適應(yīng)2021/7/26321.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性JohnLyons1.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性(QinP17)1.Out!2.Runalong,now.3.Wouldyoumindleavingtheroomamoment,please?4.Theaudienceisrequiredtokindlyleavetheroomforafewmoments.5.Themanagementrespectfullyrequiredtheconfereestovacatetheauditoriumbetweensessionsinordertofacilitatetheoperationsofthecustodialstaff.2021/7/26331.2語(yǔ)境與言語(yǔ)交際的得體性(QinP17)1.Discourse(語(yǔ)篇/話語(yǔ))DiscourseisthelanguagewhichhasbeenusedtocommunicatesomethingandisfelttobecoherentasaunifiedwholeDiscourseisreallanguageusedbyrealpeopleinrealcommunicationfortherealcommunicativepurposeDiscourseislanguageinusewithinmultiplecontexts—textual,social,cultural,andpsychological.2021/7/2634Discourse(語(yǔ)篇/話語(yǔ))DiscourseisDiscourse(語(yǔ)篇/話語(yǔ))(TextbookDiscourseand～AnalysisP2-3)Discourse–languagebeyondthesentence–issimplylanguage–asitoccurs,inanycontext(includingthecontextoflinguisticanalysis),inanyform(includingtwomade-upsentencesinsequence;atape-recordedconversation,meeting,orinterview;anovelorplay)—Tannen(1989)Ageneraltermforexamplesoflanguageuse,i.e.languagewhichhasbeenproducedastheresultofanactofcommunication.(LongmanDictionary,Richards,etal,1985:83)2021/7/2635Discourse(語(yǔ)篇/話語(yǔ))(TextbookDisDiscourse/TextFirst,peopleoftentalkofspokendiscourseversuswrittentext.Oralternatively,discourseoftenisnaturallyoccurringspokenlanguage,asfoundinsuchdiscoursesasconversations,interviews,commentaries,andspeeches,whichimpliesinteractivediscourse;whereastextiswrittenlanguage,asfoundinsuchtextsasessays,notices,newspaperarticlesandchapters,whichimpliesnon-interactivemonologue,whetherintendedtobespokenaloudornot.2021/7/2636Discourse/TextFirst,peopleDiscourse/TextSecondly,discourseimplieslength,whereasatextmaybeveryshort.AnothertheoreticalwaytodrawadistinctionisproposedbyvanDijk(1977).Heusesthetermtexttorefertoanabstracttheoreticalconstructionwhichisrealizedindiscourse.Inotherwords,textistodiscourseassentenceistoutterance.Note:Halliday(1978:40)usesthetermtexttopointtothesamedistinction,buthechoosestheoppositetermtorefertosurfacerealization,andtalksoflanguagebeingactualizedintext.2021/7/2637Discourse/TextSecondly,discoRegister(語(yǔ)域)(LongmanDictionaryoflanguageteachingandappliedlinguistics0Aspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,usuallysharingthesameoccupation(e.g.doctors,lawyers)orthesameinterests(e.g.stampcollectors,baseballfans).Aparticularregisteroftendistinguishesitselffromotherregistersbyhavinganumberofdistinctivewords,byusingwordsorphrasesinaparticularway(ennis:deuce局末平分,love零分,tramlines雙打時(shí)球場(chǎng)兩側(cè)的加道),andsometimesbyspecialgrammaticalconstructions(e.g.legallanguage)2021/7/2638Register(語(yǔ)域)(LongmanDictionarRegister(語(yǔ)域)(RoutledgeDictionaryoflanguageandlinguisticsP402)Mannerofspeakingorwritingspecifictoacertainfunction,thatis,characteristicofacertaindomainofcommunication(orofaninstitution),forexample,thelanguageofreligioussermons,ofparentswiththeirchild,orofanemployeewithhis/hersupervisor.RegistersplayaprominentroleinHalliday’sschoolofSystemicFunctionalgrammar.(systemiclinguistics)2021/7/2639Register(語(yǔ)域)(RoutledgeDictionRegister(語(yǔ)域)Thedifferencebetweenformalandinformallanguageisalsocalledadifferenceofregister.AformalregisterisappropriateforlegaldocumentsandofficialoccasionsliketheopeningofParliament,whileaninformalregisterisappropriateforcasualconversations.2021/7/2640Register(語(yǔ)域)ThedifferencebetFieldofDiscourse(話語(yǔ)范圍)Eventsandexperiencesofthespeaker’sorthewriter’sreferredtointheuseoflanguageincommunication,whichmanifeststheintentiontoberealized.Itisconcernedwithdiscourseaspresentation,i.e.,howrealityisrepresentedinlanguage.(e.g.technicalEnglish,non-technicalEnglish)話語(yǔ)范圍指的是言語(yǔ)交際過(guò)程中發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)論及的事情或表達(dá)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等,它能體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言使用者在特定情景語(yǔ)境中所要實(shí)現(xiàn)的交際目的.2021/7/2641FieldofDiscourse(話語(yǔ)范圍)EventsModeofdiscourse(話語(yǔ)方式)Thewaypeoplearetalking.Itconcernsdiscourseasmessage,i.e.,howthelanguagebeingusedisorganizedinitsownright.話語(yǔ)方式指言語(yǔ)交際的渠道或媒介.*speaking(講話):Conversing,monologuing;(spontaneously)reciting,thespeakingofwhatiswritten(non-spontaneously)*writing(寫作):writingtoberead,writingtobespoken2021/7/2642Modeofdiscourse(話語(yǔ)方式)ThewayTenorofdiscourse(話語(yǔ)基調(diào))Whomwearetalkingtoandhowweexpressourfeelingsandopinions.(interpersonalfunction)話語(yǔ)基調(diào)指的是交際情景中講話者與受話者之間的關(guān)系和講話者的交際意圖(intention)。

personaltenor?degreeofformality(個(gè)人基調(diào)):角色關(guān)系(如父與子、母與女、夫與妻、至親、好友、上級(jí)與下級(jí)等)決定個(gè)人基調(diào),而個(gè)人基調(diào)又影響交際雙方使用語(yǔ)言的正式程度()

functionaltenor(功能基調(diào)):instruct(傳授)、persuade(勸說(shuō))、advise(告戒)、educate(訓(xùn)導(dǎo))等等。功能基調(diào)可分為phatic(寒暄性)、expository(說(shuō)明性)、persuasive(說(shuō)服性)、didactic(說(shuō)教性)等2021/7/2643Tenorofdiscourse(話語(yǔ)基調(diào))WhomwRomanJakobson:語(yǔ)言交際六要素及其所對(duì)應(yīng)的功能

發(fā)話人(addresser) ?

情感功能emotivefunction受話人(addressee)?意動(dòng)功能conative~語(yǔ)境context ?

指稱功能referential~代碼code ?元語(yǔ)言功能metalinguistic~接觸contact ?寒暄功能phatic~信息要旨message?詩(shī)學(xué)功能poetic~2021/7/2644RomanJakobson:語(yǔ)言交際六要素及其所對(duì)應(yīng)的功VarietiesoflanguageAlanguagevarietyisasub-setofformaland/orsubstantialfeatureswhichcorrelatesregularlywithaparticulartypeofsocio-situationalfeatures.(J.C.Catford:ALinguisticTheoryoftranslation,P.84,1965)(語(yǔ)言變體是其形式和/或?qū)嵸|(zhì)特征的一種分化,這種分化經(jīng)常地與某一特定的社會(huì)情境特征相互關(guān)聯(lián)。2021/7/2645VarietiesoflanguageAVarietiesoflanguageDialectalvarieties:方言變體1.Individuality(語(yǔ)言使用者的個(gè)人特征)2.Temporalfeatures(時(shí)代特征)3.Geographicalfeatures(地域特征)4.Socialfeatures(社會(huì)特征)5.可理解的程度和范圍2021/7/2646VarietiesoflanguageDialectalVarietiesoflanguage(QinP20-21)Diatypicvarieties(register)話語(yǔ)類別變體(accordingtotheuser’suseoflanguage)Halliday:1)ideationalfunction;2)interpersonalfunction3)textualfunction1)fieldofdiscourse---Ideationalfunction2)tenorofdiscourse---interpersonalfunction3)modeofdiscourse---textualfunction(Gregory&Carroll:1978:46)2021/7/2647Varietiesoflanguage(QinP20Varietiesoflanguage(DiscourseanalysisP27-28)Theideationalfunctionreferstotheuseoflanguagetoorganizethespeaker’sorwriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginedworldTheinterpersonalfunctionmeanstheuseoflanguagetoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeopleThetextualfunctionistocreatewrittenorspokentextswhichcoherewithinthemselvesandwhichfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.2021/7/2648Varietiesoflanguage(DiscourOccasion

Timeorplaceinwhichaneventistakingplace.2021/7/2649Occasion

TimeorplaceinwhicSaussureSwisslinguist.Thefounderofstructurallinguistics,hedeclaredthatthereisonlyanarbitraryrelationshipbetweenalinguisticsignandthatwhichitsignifies.Theposthumouslypublishedcollectionofhislectures,CourseinGeneralLinguistics(1916),isaseminalworkofmodernlinguistics.索緒爾，費(fèi)迪南德·德(1857-1913)瑞士語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言的創(chuàng)始人，他聲稱在語(yǔ)言符號(hào)和其所指含義之間僅有一種模糊的關(guān)系。他死后，他的講演集出版為《普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》(1916年），是現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)的開山之作2021/7/2650SaussureSwisslinguist.Thefo第一章導(dǎo)論

1.1什么是文體?1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解1.1.2文體研究中的“一元論”、“二元論”和“多元論”1.1.3小結(jié)1.2語(yǔ)境與語(yǔ)言交際的得體性1.3語(yǔ)言變體1.3.1方言1.3.2語(yǔ)域話語(yǔ)范圍、話語(yǔ)方式、話語(yǔ)基調(diào)2021/7/2651第一章導(dǎo)論

1.1什么是文體?2021/第一章導(dǎo)論

1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解

“風(fēng)格”既可指一個(gè)作家運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的特色,又可指某個(gè)時(shí)代盛行的“文風(fēng)”既可指某種語(yǔ)篇體裁的語(yǔ)言特征,又可指某篇作品的語(yǔ)言格調(diào)和表現(xiàn)風(fēng)格“文體”*狹義的文體指文學(xué)文體*廣義的文體指包括文學(xué)文體在內(nèi)的各種語(yǔ)言變體2021/7/2652第一章導(dǎo)論

1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(1).“表達(dá)方式說(shuō)”Leech&Short(1981:38)文體是“語(yǔ)言使用的一種方式,它屬于言語(yǔ),而不屬于語(yǔ)言”Enkvistetal(1964:11-12)文體是“以最有效的方式講恰當(dāng)?shù)氖虑椤監(jiān)hmann(1964,inFreeman:1970:259)文體是“寫作的一種方式”語(yǔ)言學(xué)家C.F.Hockett也認(rèn)為:在同一種語(yǔ)言中,如果兩段話語(yǔ)(utterance)表達(dá)大體上相同的信息,但其語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)不同,便可以把它看作是屬于不同的文體.(參見(jiàn)Hockett,C.F.:ACourseinModernLinguistics,p.556,NewYork:MacMillan.1958)2021/7/26531.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(1).“表達(dá)方式1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(2)“外衣說(shuō)”Leech&Short(1981:18)文體是“思想的外衣”

SamuelJohnson“語(yǔ)言就是思想的外衣”(Languageisthedressofthought.18thcentury)PhilipDormerStanhopeChesterfield“文體是思想之外衣”

（參見(jiàn)Milic,L.T.:“TheProblemofStyle”,inWinterowd,W.R.,ContemporaryRhetoric,pp.271-295,HarcourtBraceJovanovich,1975)CharlesBally,MichelRiffaterre(20世紀(jì)法國(guó)文體學(xué)家)認(rèn)為文體就是富有表達(dá)性或情感性的語(yǔ)言成分,這些語(yǔ)言成分常附加在對(duì)信息所作出的中性表達(dá)之上N.E.Enkvist(1964)把文體歸納為“圍繞已存在的思想或感情內(nèi)核的一種外殼”2021/7/26541.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(2)“外衣說(shuō)”1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(3)“行為方式說(shuō)”法國(guó)博物學(xué)家Georges-LouisLeclercdeBuffon(1753:Discourssurlestyle)提出“文體(風(fēng)格)即其人本身”(lestyleestl’hommememe)RichardOhmann(1964)認(rèn)為:STYLE的概念應(yīng)該用來(lái)指“那些部分是不可變的、部分又可變的人類行為”,既“做某事的一種方式”;就寫作而言,文體風(fēng)格就是寫作的一種行為方式。2021/7/26551.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(3)“行為方式說(shuō)”1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(4)“選擇說(shuō)”認(rèn)為文體特征體現(xiàn)在對(duì)“不同的表達(dá)方式的選擇”(Enkvistetal:1964)G.W.Turner(1973:21)認(rèn)為:在對(duì)文體這一概念的各種理解中,看來(lái)有一個(gè)基本的要素,那就是“選擇”.選擇什么樣的文體風(fēng)格受語(yǔ)境所制約。Traugott&Pratt(1980:20)認(rèn)為人們?cè)谡f(shuō)話或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)總有一種進(jìn)行選擇的意向,從語(yǔ)言能提供的種種結(jié)構(gòu)中進(jìn)行選擇;所謂文體風(fēng)格,就是這種選擇的結(jié)果2021/7/26561.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(4)“選擇說(shuō)”201.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(5)“社會(huì)情境制約說(shuō)”語(yǔ)言的使用離不開社會(huì)情境.交際方式交際內(nèi)容和交際雙方的關(guān)系對(duì)語(yǔ)言使用和語(yǔ)言成分的選擇起重要的制約作用。因而語(yǔ)言在使用中形成不同的功能變體,如“文學(xué)文體”、“廣告文體”、“新聞文體”、“法律文體”以及“科技文體”等。2021/7/26571.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(5)“社會(huì)情境制1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(6)“語(yǔ)言成分排列說(shuō)”(源于布拉格學(xué)派)Enkvict(etal1964)認(rèn)為文體特征體現(xiàn)在“集合特點(diǎn)的綜合”,體現(xiàn)在“超出句子以外的語(yǔ)言單位之間的關(guān)系上”DonaldC.Freeman(1970:4)概括為:文體就是“語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)模式的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)(recurrence)”或聚合(convergence)著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家RomanJakobson(1896-1982)提出著名論斷:“語(yǔ)言的詩(shī)學(xué)功能將等價(jià)原則從選擇軸投射到組合軸”。PaulKiparsky認(rèn)為:詩(shī)歌的文體特征主要體現(xiàn)在“語(yǔ)言同項(xiàng)”(linguisticsames)即等值的語(yǔ)言成分:結(jié)構(gòu)上的排比詩(shī)歌篇章的節(jié)奏和韻律等。2021/7/26581.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(6)“語(yǔ)言成分排列1.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(7)“偏離說(shuō)”認(rèn)為文體是對(duì)常見(jiàn)規(guī)的某種偏離(deviance/deviation),偏離常規(guī)可以產(chǎn)生“前景化”(foregrounding)的效果。明顯違背語(yǔ)音詞匯語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)義及書寫形式等方面的常規(guī),可使語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生質(zhì)的偏離(qualtitativedeviation);語(yǔ)言的某種成分出現(xiàn)的頻率超乎尋常,則會(huì)構(gòu)成量的偏離(quantitativedeviation)。該學(xué)說(shuō)在西方文體研究領(lǐng)域頗為流行。2021/7/26591.1.1對(duì)STYLE一詞的不同理解(7)“偏離說(shuō)”20小結(jié)一簡(jiǎn)而言之,文體學(xué)是一門運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論和方法研究文體的科學(xué)?，F(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論有不同的流派,兼之不同的人可以出于不同的目的研究文體,于是就有如下“百花齊放”的局面:Wales(1989):“普通文體學(xué)”(GeneralStylistics)和“文學(xué)文體學(xué)”(LiteraryStylistics)“形式文體學(xué)”(FormalStylistics)“功能文體學(xué)”(FunctionalStylistics)“話語(yǔ)文體學(xué)”(DiscourseStylistics)“語(yǔ)言文體學(xué)”(LinguisticsStylistics)“社會(huì)歷史/文化文體學(xué)”(Socio-historical/Socio-culturalStylistics)、“政治文體學(xué)”(PoliticalStylistics)2021/7/2660小結(jié)一簡(jiǎn)而言之,文體學(xué)是一門運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論和方法研究文1.1.2文體研究中的“一元論”、“二元論”、“多元論”“一元論”(monism)認(rèn)為:文體風(fēng)格和內(nèi)容是不可分的,任何形式上的改變都會(huì)帶來(lái)內(nèi)容上的變化“二元論”的文體觀是建立在形式主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ)上的,其核心是關(guān)于內(nèi)容與形式的二分對(duì)立(dichotomy)模式。(1)文體風(fēng)格是“思想的外衣”;(2)文體風(fēng)格就是“表達(dá)方式”“二元論”者認(rèn)為形式與內(nèi)容是可分的,講話和講話的方式是兩碼事。認(rèn)為我們能夠用“不同的方式說(shuō)出同樣的內(nèi)容”(differentwaysofsayingthesamecontent)。語(yǔ)篇風(fēng)格體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)音、書寫、詞法、句法乃至語(yǔ)篇模式等不同的語(yǔ)言層面上。2021/7/26611.1.2文體研究中的“一元論”、“二元論”、“多元論1.1.2文體研究中的“一元論”、“二元論”、“多元論”“多元論”(pluralism)者認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言可以完成許多不同的功能,任何語(yǔ)言形式都可能是不同的功能層次上的選擇結(jié)果。I.A.Richards(1929)區(qū)分了語(yǔ)言的四種功能及四種意義(《實(shí)用批評(píng)》PracticalCriticism)意義sense情感feeling語(yǔ)氣tone意圖intention2021/7/26621.1.2文體研究中的“一元論”、“二元論”、“多元論1.1.2文體研究中的“一元論”、“二元論”、“多元論”當(dāng)代功能主義語(yǔ)言觀代表人物M.A.K.Halliday認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言具有三種主要功能:1.表達(dá)說(shuō)話者經(jīng)驗(yàn)的概念功能(ideationalfunction);2.表達(dá)說(shuō)話者態(tài)度、評(píng)價(jià)以及交際角色之間關(guān)系的人際功能(interpersonalfunction);3.組句成篇的語(yǔ)篇功能(textualfunction)2021/7/26631.1.2文體研究中的“一元論”、“二元論”、“多元論1.3語(yǔ)言變體(varietiesoflanguage)1.3.1方言變體(dialectalvarieties)方言變體亦稱方言,是以語(yǔ)言使用者(theuseroflanguage)為基準(zhǔn)而區(qū)分的語(yǔ)言變體。與交際者的社會(huì)地位地域年齡性別及所處的時(shí)代密切相關(guān)。它具有以下特征(一)語(yǔ)言使用者的個(gè)人特征(individuality)(二)時(shí)代特征(temporalfeatures)(三)地域特征(geographicalfeatures)(四)社會(huì)特征(socialfeatures)(五)可理解的程度和范圍(standard/nonstandard)2021/7/26641.3語(yǔ)言變體(varietiesoflanguag話語(yǔ)范圍(FieldofDiscourse)話語(yǔ)范圍指的是言語(yǔ)交際過(guò)程中發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)論及的事情或表達(dá)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等,它能體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言使用者在特定情景語(yǔ)境中所要實(shí)現(xiàn)的交際目的.話語(yǔ)范圍、話題/主題A:Hi,howarethings?B:Notsobad,andyou?A:Couldbeworse.B:HeartheBudget?A:WishIhadn’t.B:(Laugh)Nevermind,it’sgoingtobeagoodweekend.A:Ithadbetterbe.2021/7/2665話語(yǔ)范圍(FieldofDiscourse)話語(yǔ)范圍指的話語(yǔ)方式、話語(yǔ)基調(diào)話語(yǔ)方式指言語(yǔ)交際的渠道或媒介:講話(speaking);寫作(writing);話語(yǔ)基調(diào)指的是交際情景中講話者與受話者之間的關(guān)系和講話者的交際意圖(intention)。

personaltenor(個(gè)人基調(diào)):角色關(guān)系(如父與子、母與女、夫與妻、至親、好友、上級(jí)與下級(jí)等)決定個(gè)人基調(diào),而個(gè)人基調(diào)又影響交際雙方使用語(yǔ)言的正式程度(degreeofformality)

functionaltenor(功能基調(diào)):交際意圖如傳授、勸說(shuō)、告戒、訓(xùn)導(dǎo)等等。功能基調(diào)可分為寒暄性(phatic)、說(shuō)明性(expository)、說(shuō)服性(persuasive)、說(shuō)教性(didactic)等2021/7/2666話語(yǔ)方式、話語(yǔ)基調(diào)話語(yǔ)方式指言語(yǔ)交際的渠道或媒介:2021/小結(jié)二個(gè)人基調(diào)和功能基調(diào)可以是相互獨(dú)立的。其典型的表現(xiàn)是某些功能基調(diào)可能處在“正式—熟悉”這一連續(xù)體(continuum)的任何一點(diǎn)上。個(gè)人基調(diào)和功能基調(diào)可以同時(shí)在語(yǔ)言交際過(guò)程中發(fā)揮作用,其間并沒(méi)有固定的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。有些語(yǔ)域主要是由話語(yǔ)范圍決定的,而話語(yǔ)方式和話語(yǔ)基調(diào)的選擇可以看作是對(duì)話語(yǔ)范圍性質(zhì)的補(bǔ)充。話語(yǔ)方式也和話語(yǔ)范圍密切相關(guān)話語(yǔ)方式也與個(gè)人基調(diào)和功能基調(diào)密切相關(guān)ExercisesI2021/7/2667小結(jié)二個(gè)人基調(diào)和功能基調(diào)可以是相互獨(dú)立的。其典型的表現(xiàn)是某些Assignments

Purposesofstylistics“Style”and“stylistics”(atleast10)VarietyofEnglish(語(yǔ)體)Langue(語(yǔ)言)Parole(言語(yǔ))Text(語(yǔ)篇)Discourse(話語(yǔ))Context(語(yǔ)境);register(語(yǔ)域)Occasion(場(chǎng)合)Appropriacy/Appropriateness得體(性)2021/7/2668Assignments

Purposesofstylis2021/7/26692021/7/2669(最新整理)Stylistics(英語(yǔ)文體學(xué))2021/7/2670(最新整理)Stylistics(英語(yǔ)文體學(xué))2021/7/TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.Keywords:Style(文體);stylistics(文體學(xué))VarietyofEnglish(語(yǔ)體)Langue(語(yǔ)言)Parole(言語(yǔ))Text(篇章)Discourse(/語(yǔ)篇/話語(yǔ))Context(語(yǔ)境);register(語(yǔ)域)Occasion(場(chǎng)合)Appropriacy/Appropriateness得體(性)2021/7/2671TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.II.Whatisstyle?

styleasrhetoric—Gorgias（風(fēng)格即修辭）;styleasform—Aristotle（風(fēng)格即形式）;styleaseloquence—Cicero(風(fēng)格即雄辯術(shù));properwordsinproperplaces—Swift（在恰當(dāng)?shù)牡胤绞褂们‘?dāng)?shù)脑~）;2021/7/2672II.Whatisstyle?

styleasrhII.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’estl’hommememe—Buffon（文如其人）

;Lestyle,C’estajouteraunepenseedonneetouteslescirconstancespropreaproduiretoutl’effectqueproduirecettepensee.—Stendhal（賦予既定思想并適合產(chǎn)生出它應(yīng)有效果的全部形式）

;styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy—Murry（個(gè)人表達(dá)上的特點(diǎn)）

;2021/7/2673II.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’II.Whatisstyle?styleastechniqueofexposition—Murry(解說(shuō)技巧)

;styleasthehighestachievementofliterature—Murry（文學(xué)的最高成就）

;sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway—Enkvist（以最有效的方式講恰當(dāng)?shù)氖虑椋?/p>

;2021/7/2674II.Whatisstyle?styleastecII.Whatisstyle?styleasdeviation—Spitzer(對(duì)于常規(guī)的變異);styleastransformation—Ohmann（語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換）;styleasmeaningpotential—Halliday(風(fēng)格即意義潛勢(shì));styleasexpressiveness—Ullman（認(rèn)知意義的表達(dá)）。Languageisthedressofthought.—SamuelJohnson（語(yǔ)言就是思想的外衣）2021/7/2675II.Whatisstyle?styleasdevII.Whatisstyle?styleasashellsurroundingapre-existingcoreofthoughtorexpression—Enkvist（環(huán)繞已存在的思想感情或感情內(nèi)核的外殼）

;styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions—Enkvist（在不同表達(dá)方式中的選擇）

;styleasasetofcollectivecharacteristics—Enkvist(集合特點(diǎn)的綜合)

;2021/7/2676II.Whatisstyle?styleasasII.Whatisstyle?styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitie