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戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史1飛機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介飛機(jī)自從發(fā)明的那一天開始,就注定要將自己與軍事連結(jié)在一起。為了獲得空中優(yōu)勢(shì),人們一直在琢磨如何在空戰(zhàn)中占據(jù)主動(dòng),不斷地探索新的空戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)、技術(shù)。新的空戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)不斷對(duì)飛機(jī)的性能提出新的要求,而飛機(jī)性能的提高又不斷促使人們充分利用這些性能發(fā)展相應(yīng)的空戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)。兩者的相互促進(jìn)推動(dòng)了戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)研制的發(fā)展。最初的空戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)是盤旋,飛機(jī)的水平機(jī)動(dòng)能力決定著空戰(zhàn)的成敗。隨著德國著名飛行員殷麥曼首創(chuàng)的垂直機(jī)動(dòng)開始,飛機(jī)的垂直機(jī)動(dòng)能力越來越受到重視,一直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn),空戰(zhàn)的主要原則是“誰有高度優(yōu)勢(shì),誰就能控制戰(zhàn)斗”,當(dāng)時(shí)的單機(jī)空戰(zhàn)四要素是:高度、速度、機(jī)動(dòng)、火力,因此設(shè)計(jì)師們不斷地提高飛機(jī)的速度和升限。隨著噴氣技術(shù)突破性的進(jìn)展,在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)末期,噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)進(jìn)入了歷史舞臺(tái)。從噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)開始服役至今有半個(gè)世紀(jì)了,人們根據(jù)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)性能的變化,將噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)進(jìn)行了分代,以一個(gè)清晰的脈絡(luò)使50年來飛機(jī)的發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)在了人們眼前。Aircraftandussincetheinventionofthedaybegins,theydoomedthemselveswithmilitary-linkedtogether.Inordertoobtainairsuperiority,peoplehavebeenwonderinghowtotaketheinitiativeinaircombat,constantlyexploringnewaircombattactics,technology.Newaircombattacticsarenewdemandsonaircraftperformance,andimproveaircraftperformanceandcontinuedtopromotethefulluseoftheperformancedevelopmentofaircombattactics.Mutualpromotionofbothpromotedthedevelopmentoffighterdevelopment.Firstaircombattacticswerecircling,aircraftmobilitylevelsdeterminethesuccessorfailureofaircombat.WithGermanyfamouspilotsImmelman'sfirstverticalmaneuveringbegan,theaircraft'sverticalmobilitymoreandmoreattention,untilthesecondworldwar,aircombatisthemainprincipleof"whohadaheightadvantage,whowillbeabletocontrolthefighting",fourelementsofindividualcombatthenwas:high,speed,mobility,firepower,sodesignershavecontinuouslyimprovedtheaircraft'sspeedandmaximumaltitude.AsJettechnologybreakthroughprogress,attheendofthesecondworldwar,jetfightershadenteredthestageofhistory.Fromjetfighterenteredserviceinhalfacenturysofar,accordingtofighterperformancechanges,jetfighters,aircraftwithaclearthreadof50yearsofdevelopmentinthesightofthepeople.飛機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介2一代機(jī)一代機(jī)3F86F864戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述5米格-15米格-156戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述7第一代Firstgenerationfightercomeoutearlyoninthelate1940ofthe20thcentury,representativemodelUnitedStatessuchasF-86andMig-15intheSovietUnion,thisgenerationfighterstolargecaliberairguns(cannon)asaweapon,inthetransonicareaclose-combatfighting,maximumaltitudeisabout15000m,theuseofmoderatesweepwings,withthrust-weightratio4~5.Late-generationturbojetengineinanAfterburnerequippedwithopticalsights,andoperatingrangeonlythousandsofmetershavingpartofaircraftequippedwithradar,thefirstgenerationofwarplaneshadlargelyretired,myfirstgenerationfighterJ-5,J-6.第一代戰(zhàn)機(jī)于20世紀(jì)40年代末50年代初問世,代表機(jī)型有美國的F-86和蘇聯(lián)的Mig-15等,這代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)以大口徑航空機(jī)槍(炮)為武器,可在跨聲速區(qū)進(jìn)行近距空戰(zhàn)格斗,最大飛行高度約為15000m,采用中等后掠角機(jī)翼,裝推重比4~5。后期代加力燃燒室的渦噴發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)配備光學(xué)瞄準(zhǔn)具,且部分飛機(jī)裝有作用距離僅幾千米的截?fù)衾走_(dá),第一代戰(zhàn)機(jī)已基本退役,我國第一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)有J-5,J-6。第一代Firstgenerationfighterco8。Firstgenerationfighterhasbeenabletoachievesupersonicflight,withamaximumflightspeedcanreachMach1.3.Firstgenerationoffighteraircraftusedsweptwings,withanAfterburner-equippedturbojetengine.Aircraftelectronicequipmentisalsoverysimple,mainlycommunication,altimeterandradio,radiocompassesandasimpleintegratedfriendorfoeidentificationdevices.Weaponunitdominatedbylargediameteraircraftgun,latermountair-to-airmissileofthefirstgeneration.Aircraftfirecontrolsystemforsimpleoptical-electrical-sights,laterfirstgenerationradarwasinstalled.第一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)已經(jīng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)超音速飛行,其最大飛行速度可以達(dá)到馬赫數(shù)1.3。第一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)普遍采用后掠機(jī)翼,裝有帶加力燃燒室的渦輪噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。飛機(jī)的電子設(shè)備還非常簡(jiǎn)陋,主要是通訊電臺(tái)、高度表和無線電羅盤以及簡(jiǎn)單的敵我識(shí)別裝置。武器裝置以大口徑航炮為主,后期型可以掛裝第一代空空導(dǎo)彈。飛機(jī)的火控系統(tǒng)為簡(jiǎn)單的光學(xué)-機(jī)電式瞄準(zhǔn)具,后期安裝了第一代雷達(dá)。第一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)已經(jīng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)超音速飛行,其最大飛行速度可以達(dá)到9二代機(jī)二代機(jī)10第二代第二代超音速戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)出現(xiàn)于50年代末和60年代初。代表機(jī)型包括美國洛克希德公司F-104“戰(zhàn)星”式、麥克唐納公司F-4“鬼怪”式、諾斯羅普公司F-5“自由戰(zhàn)士”;英國“閃電”式;法國的“幻影”Ⅲ和“幻影”F1;瑞典的薩伯-37;前蘇聯(lián)的米格-21、米格-23、米格-25和蘇-17;中國在米格-21基礎(chǔ)上研制的殲7和自行研制的殲8等。Secondgenerationsupersonicfighteraircraftappearedinthelate50andearly60.RepresentativemodelsincludingUnitedStatesLosgramsGreekdecompanyF-104"warStar"type,andMcDonaldcompanyF-4"ghost"type,andNorthroFryecompanyF-5"freefighters";UnitedKingdom"lightning"type;Franceof"phantom"ⅲand"phantom"F1;SwedenofSapo-37;QianSovietofMiG-21,andMiG-23,andMiG-25andSu-17;ChinainMIG-21basedShangdevelopmentoffighter7andthemselvesdevelopmentoffighter8,.第二代第二代超音速戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)出現(xiàn)于50年代末和60年代初。代表機(jī)11戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述12戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述13戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述14戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述15第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的空戰(zhàn)武器主要是第二代空對(duì)空導(dǎo)彈,并裝有第二代雷達(dá),有的還裝備了有攔射能力的火力控制系統(tǒng)。第二代超音速戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)速度快、升限高、火力強(qiáng),因而作戰(zhàn)能力大大提高,它的出現(xiàn)使第一代超音速戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)逐步退出歷史舞臺(tái)。Secondgenerationfightersinaircombat,principallythesecondgenerationair-to-airmissiles,andequippedwiththesecondgenerationofradar,firecontrolsystemoftheequipmenthavetheabilitytostopshooting.Secondgenerationsupersonicfighterspeed,highceiling,morepowerful,andcombatcapabilitiesgreatlyenhance,theemergenceofthefirstgenerationsupersonicfightergraduallywithdrawfromthestageofhistory.第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的空戰(zhàn)武器主要是第二代空對(duì)空導(dǎo)彈,并裝有第二代雷16為保證性能要求,在氣動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)上這一代已過渡到頭部尖銳、兩側(cè)進(jìn)氣,為改善低速性能有的采用了可變后掠翼。在翼型上,開始采用較薄的超音速翼型。這種翼型前緣尖銳、上下對(duì)稱,常見的有菱形翼型、六面形翼型、雙凸翼型。Toguaranteetheperformancerequired,transitiononaerodynamicdesignofthisgenerationistoheadsharply,airintakesonbothsides,inordertoimprovelowspeedperformanceeitherwithavariablesweepwing.Ontheairfoil,supersonicairfoilsintroducedthethin.Thisleadingedgesharp,aboutsymmetricalAirfoil,commonwithdiamond-shapedwings,sixface-shaped,biconvexwingairfoil.為保證性能要求,在氣動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)上這一代已過渡到頭部尖銳、兩側(cè)進(jìn)氣17飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)師們就是按照上述這些作戰(zhàn)思想和想法研制了第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。這一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的最大平飛速度達(dá)到了2倍音速。采用大推力渦輪噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),開始裝備獨(dú)立的航空電子設(shè)備系統(tǒng),如單脈沖雷達(dá)、導(dǎo)航計(jì)算機(jī)、慣性導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)等等。第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)具有全天候作戰(zhàn)能力,裝備了中距空空導(dǎo)彈,而且兼顧對(duì)地攻擊,對(duì)地攻擊能力較強(qiáng)。第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的機(jī)載電子設(shè)備和武器系統(tǒng)的性能有了較大改進(jìn),飛機(jī)的重型化傾向明顯。Aircraftdesignersareinaccordancewiththesethoughtsandideasofwarfaredevelopedasecondgenerationoffighteraircraft.Thisgenerationoffightersmaximumflyingspeedofuptotwicethespeedofsound.Usinglargethrustturbojetengine,startingequipmentindependentofavionicssystems,suchasMono-pulseradar,inertialnavigationsystem,navigationcomputer,andsoon.Secondgenerationfighterwithallweatheroperationcapability,equippedwithmedium-rangeair-to-airmissile,andbalancedgroundattack,attackability.Secondgenerationfightersairborneelectronicequipmentandlargeimprovementsintheperformanceofweaponssystems,heavytendencyclearoftheaircraft.飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)師們就是按照上述這些作戰(zhàn)思想和想法研制了第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)18三代機(jī)

三代機(jī)

19第三代美國、前蘇聯(lián)等國在上世紀(jì)“越戰(zhàn)”之后開始研制第三代噴氣戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。它的重點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)格斗空戰(zhàn)能力和全天候作戰(zhàn)能力;重視飛機(jī)在亞、跨音速范圍內(nèi)的機(jī)動(dòng)性;機(jī)載航電和武器系統(tǒng)的性能水平有了突破性進(jìn)展。從實(shí)戰(zhàn)結(jié)果看,第三代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)研制比較成功。這首先是由于設(shè)計(jì)師們們正確總結(jié)實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),調(diào)整了戰(zhàn)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)理念;其次是由于20世紀(jì)60年代末至70年代初,航空科技在氣動(dòng)理論、動(dòng)力裝置、電子技術(shù)、機(jī)載武器、新型材料等方面的發(fā)展迅速,為戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的研發(fā)創(chuàng)造了良好的條件。代表機(jī)型有:F-15、F-16、蘇-27、米格-29和殲-10、殲-11等。UnitedStates,theformerSovietUnionandothercountriesinthelastcentury,"theVietnamwar"startsafterthedevelopmentofthethirdgenerationjetfighters.Itsfocusisontherepresentationoffighterdogfightcombatcapabilityandoperationalcapacityaroundtheclock;importanceofaircraftinAsia,mobilitywithinthetransonicrange;airborneavionicsandweaponsystem'sperformancelevelhasmadeprogress.Fromtheperspectiveofpracticalresults,thethird-generationfighterdevelopmentofthemoresuccessful.Firstofall,becausethedesignerswerecorrectlysumminguptheexperienceandlessonslearned,adjustedthefighterdesignphilosophy;andsecondlybecauseearlyinthelate1960ofthe20thcentury,aviationtheory,powerplanttechnologyinpneumatic,electronictechnology,airborneweapons,newmaterialsandotheraspectsoftherapiddevelopmentoffightershascreatedgoodconditionsforresearchanddevelopment.Representativemodelsare:F-15,F-16,Su-27,MiG-29andtheJian-10,fighter,suchas-11.第三代美國、前蘇聯(lián)等國在上世紀(jì)“越戰(zhàn)”之后開始研制第三代噴氣20特點(diǎn):具有高的機(jī)動(dòng)性,要求飛機(jī)推重比(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推力/飛機(jī)重量)大于1.0,以往的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)推重比均小為此要采用大量先進(jìn)技術(shù),特別是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的推重比(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推力/發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)重量)要達(dá)到8.0。飛機(jī)能垂直上升,飛機(jī)的最大飛行M=2.1~2.3,巡航M=0.8,作戰(zhàn)半徑=800~2000kmFeatures:highmobilityrequirementsaircraftthrust-weightratio(enginethrust/weight)isgreaterthan1,fighterthrust-weightratioissmallerinthepastthroughtheuseofalargenumberofadvancedtechnologies,inparticulartheenginethrust-weightratio(enginethrust/weightoftheengine)toreach8.Aircraftverticalupward,theaircraft'smaximumflightM=2.1~2.3cruiseM=0.8,combatradius=800~2000km特點(diǎn):具有高的機(jī)動(dòng)性,要求飛機(jī)推重比(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推力/飛機(jī)重量)21F-16“戰(zhàn)隼”F-16“戰(zhàn)隼”22F-15“鷹”F-15“鷹”23蘇-27“側(cè)衛(wèi)”蘇-27“側(cè)衛(wèi)”24蘇-30蘇-3025殲-10“猛龍”殲-10“猛龍”26米格-29“支點(diǎn)”米格-29“支點(diǎn)”27FC-1“梟龍”FC-1“梟龍”28jas-鷹獅jas-鷹獅29幻影-2000幻影-200030蘇-35蘇-3531戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述32戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述33四代機(jī)四代機(jī)34第四代第四代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)是目前正在研制的最先進(jìn)的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),它的技術(shù)戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)是根據(jù)現(xiàn)代高技術(shù)局部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出的?,F(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)由過去的單一兵器的對(duì)抗轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹?、陸、空軍三位一體全方位的較量,而其中最重要的則是制空權(quán)的爭(zhēng)奪。如美國的F-22、F-35,俄羅斯的蘇-47.米格1.44.T-50以及中國的殲-20以及殲-31等。主要特點(diǎn)是具有突出的隱身性能、超音速巡航能力、超常規(guī)機(jī)動(dòng)性和敏捷性、短起降能力(或全環(huán)境作戰(zhàn)能力),簡(jiǎn)稱4S。采用推重比10一級(jí)的渦扇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、相控陣火控雷達(dá)、隱身技術(shù)和推力矢量技術(shù)等,以“發(fā)射后不管”空空導(dǎo)彈為主要武器。第四代第四代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)是目前正在研制的最先進(jìn)的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),它的技術(shù)戰(zhàn)35戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述36F-22Raptor(Raptor)isaUnitedStatesrockRashid·Martin(LockheedMartin),Boeing(Boeing)andGeneralDynamicsCorporationjointlydesignedanewgenerationofheavystealthfighter.Iscurrentlyreferredtobyexperts"fourthgenerationfighter"AsatopUSmilitaryaircombatfighter,theF-22willreplacetheBoeingCompanyF-15.

IstheUnitedStatesintheearly21stcenturythemajorheavyfighter,itisbyfarthemostexpensivefighteraircraft.Itisequippedwithacandoesnotemitelectromagneticwavebyaircraftandradardetectionaircraftandthepassivephasedarrayradaranddetectionrangeofactivephasedarrayradarisfar,AIM-9X(AerialInterceptMissile-9X)(SideWinder)shortrangecombatair-to-airmissile,AIM-120C(AMRAAMAdvancedMedium-RangeAir-to-AirMissile)advancedmedium-rangeair-to-airmissiles,Turbofanenginewiththrust-weightratiocloseto10F-119,advancedintegratedavionicsandhuman-machineinterfaces,andsoon.Inthedesignofsupersoniccruise(donotrequireAfterburnermaintained),beyondvisualrangecombat,highmaneuverability,radarandinfra-redstealth(Lowdetectability)andotherfeatures.

EstimatedtheircombatcapabilitiesforactiveF-152to4times.Overalongerperiodoftimeasheavyfighteroverlordoftheworld.ResearchanddevelopmentF-22technologywillalsobeappliedtoasinglemedium-F-35.Supersoniccruisearetheonlyactiveoneoftwofighters.F-22Raptor(Raptor)isaUnit37F-22Raptor(猛禽)是由美國洛克希德·馬?。↙ockheedMartin)、波音(Boeing)和通用動(dòng)力公司聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)的新一代重型隱形戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。也是目前專家們所指的“第四代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)”作為美軍空戰(zhàn)的頂級(jí)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),F-22將替代波音公司生產(chǎn)的F-15.F22是美國于21世紀(jì)初期的主力重型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),它是目前最昂貴的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。它配備了可以不發(fā)射電磁波,用敵機(jī)雷達(dá)波探測(cè)敵機(jī)的無源相控陣?yán)走_(dá)和探測(cè)范圍極遠(yuǎn)的有源相控陣?yán)走_(dá),AIM-9X(AerialInterceptMissile-9X)(響尾蛇)近程格斗空對(duì)空導(dǎo)彈、AIM-120C(AMRAAMAdvancedMedium-RangeAir-to-AirMissile)高級(jí)中程空對(duì)空導(dǎo)彈、推重比接近10的F-119渦扇引擎、先進(jìn)整合航電與人機(jī)接口等。在設(shè)計(jì)上具備超音速巡航(不需要使用后燃器維持)、超視距作戰(zhàn)、高機(jī)動(dòng)性、對(duì)雷達(dá)與紅外線隱身性(低可探測(cè)性)等特性。據(jù)估計(jì)其作戰(zhàn)能力為現(xiàn)役F-15的2到4倍。將會(huì)在較長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間里成為世界重型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的霸主。研發(fā)F-22的技術(shù)也同時(shí)應(yīng)用到了單發(fā)中型的F-35上。是僅有的現(xiàn)役可以超音速巡航兩種戰(zhàn)機(jī)之一。F-22Raptor(猛禽)是由美國洛克希德·馬丁(Loc38戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述39戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述40戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述41俄羅斯第五代戰(zhàn)機(jī)T-50引?為單座雙發(fā)重型戰(zhàn)機(jī),具備隱身性能好、起降距離短、超機(jī)動(dòng)性能、超音速巡航等特點(diǎn)。根據(jù)俄媒體透露的技術(shù)指標(biāo),T-50最大起飛重量34噸,在以27噸重量起飛時(shí),最高速度能達(dá)到每小時(shí)1900千米。其超音速巡航速度可達(dá)每小時(shí)1450千米,作戰(zhàn)半徑1100千米,戰(zhàn)斗負(fù)荷可達(dá)6噸,內(nèi)置3個(gè)武器艙,能實(shí)現(xiàn)飛行性能和隱身性能的良好結(jié)合。航電設(shè)備一向是俄制戰(zhàn)機(jī)的“軟肋”,但在T-50身上有了質(zhì)的改善。其裝備的機(jī)載雷達(dá)可發(fā)現(xiàn)400公里外的目標(biāo),能同時(shí)跟蹤60個(gè)空中目標(biāo)并打擊其中的16個(gè)。

Russiaintroducedafifth-generationfighterT-50forsingle-seattwinheavyfighter,withgoodstealthperformance,shorttakeoffandlandingdistances,Super-maneuverablesupersoniccruisingperformance,andsoon.AccordingtotheRussianmediaspecifications,T-50maximumtakeoffweightof34tonnes,to27tonsweighttakeoff,1900-kilometermaximumspeedperhourcanbeachieved.Itssupersoniccruisespeedsofupto1450-kilometerperhour,combatradius1100-kilometer,combatloadupto6tons,built-in3weaponsclass,abletoflightcharacteristicsandgoodbalanceofstealthperformance.AvionicshavebeenRussian-madewarplanes"Achillesheel",butT-50hasimprovedquality.Itson-boardradarequipment400kilometersofthetargetcanbefound,cansimultaneouslytrack60airtargetsand16againstit.俄羅斯第五代戰(zhàn)機(jī)T-50引?為單座雙發(fā)重型戰(zhàn)機(jī),具備隱身性能42戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述43戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述44戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述45J-20相比F-22的優(yōu)勢(shì)是在氣動(dòng)布局和體積上,J-20的鴨式氣動(dòng)布局雖然在隱身效果上不如F-22的常規(guī)布局,但機(jī)動(dòng)性更好,特別是配上全動(dòng)垂尾,機(jī)動(dòng)性絕對(duì)在F-22之上(當(dāng)然前提是配上好發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和適量噴嘴),而J-20的體積更大說明其油箱更大,航程更遠(yuǎn),可掛載武器更多。但是J-20的缺點(diǎn)也在上面,隱身性不如猛禽,沒有大推力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí)超音速巡航也無從談起。殲-20,空軍代號(hào)“鯤鵬”,因?yàn)樵摍C(jī)將擔(dān)負(fù)我軍未來對(duì)空,對(duì)海的主權(quán)維護(hù),北約代號(hào)為“FireTooth”(火焰牙)。J-20comparedtoF-22ofadvantageisinpneumaticlayoutandvolumeShang,J-20ofducktypepneumaticlayoutwhileinstealtheffectShangthanF-22ofgenerallayout,butmobilitybetter,especiallydistributionShangfulldynamicverticaltail,mobilityabsoluteinF-22on(coursepremiseisdistributionShanggoodengineandmoderatenozzle),andJ-20ofvolumemorelargedescriptionitstankmorelarge,voyagemorefar,canhangingcontainsarmsmore.DisadvantagesofJ-20ontop,stealthratherthanprey,nomajorthrustsupersoniccruisingengineisimpossible.Fighter-20airforcecodenamed"kunpeng",becausethemachinewouldtakeonthefutureofourarmedforces,onthesovereigntyofthesea,NATOcode-named"FireTooth"(flame).J-20相比F-22的優(yōu)勢(shì)是在氣動(dòng)布局和體積上,J-20的鴨46戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述47戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述48戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述49F22T50F22T5050戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史51飛機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介飛機(jī)自從發(fā)明的那一天開始,就注定要將自己與軍事連結(jié)在一起。為了獲得空中優(yōu)勢(shì),人們一直在琢磨如何在空戰(zhàn)中占據(jù)主動(dòng),不斷地探索新的空戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)、技術(shù)。新的空戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)不斷對(duì)飛機(jī)的性能提出新的要求,而飛機(jī)性能的提高又不斷促使人們充分利用這些性能發(fā)展相應(yīng)的空戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)。兩者的相互促進(jìn)推動(dòng)了戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)研制的發(fā)展。最初的空戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)是盤旋,飛機(jī)的水平機(jī)動(dòng)能力決定著空戰(zhàn)的成敗。隨著德國著名飛行員殷麥曼首創(chuàng)的垂直機(jī)動(dòng)開始,飛機(jī)的垂直機(jī)動(dòng)能力越來越受到重視,一直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn),空戰(zhàn)的主要原則是“誰有高度優(yōu)勢(shì),誰就能控制戰(zhàn)斗”,當(dāng)時(shí)的單機(jī)空戰(zhàn)四要素是:高度、速度、機(jī)動(dòng)、火力,因此設(shè)計(jì)師們不斷地提高飛機(jī)的速度和升限。隨著噴氣技術(shù)突破性的進(jìn)展,在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)末期,噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)進(jìn)入了歷史舞臺(tái)。從噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)開始服役至今有半個(gè)世紀(jì)了,人們根據(jù)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)性能的變化,將噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)進(jìn)行了分代,以一個(gè)清晰的脈絡(luò)使50年來飛機(jī)的發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)在了人們眼前。Aircraftandussincetheinventionofthedaybegins,theydoomedthemselveswithmilitary-linkedtogether.Inordertoobtainairsuperiority,peoplehavebeenwonderinghowtotaketheinitiativeinaircombat,constantlyexploringnewaircombattactics,technology.Newaircombattacticsarenewdemandsonaircraftperformance,andimproveaircraftperformanceandcontinuedtopromotethefulluseoftheperformancedevelopmentofaircombattactics.Mutualpromotionofbothpromotedthedevelopmentoffighterdevelopment.Firstaircombattacticswerecircling,aircraftmobilitylevelsdeterminethesuccessorfailureofaircombat.WithGermanyfamouspilotsImmelman'sfirstverticalmaneuveringbegan,theaircraft'sverticalmobilitymoreandmoreattention,untilthesecondworldwar,aircombatisthemainprincipleof"whohadaheightadvantage,whowillbeabletocontrolthefighting",fourelementsofindividualcombatthenwas:high,speed,mobility,firepower,sodesignershavecontinuouslyimprovedtheaircraft'sspeedandmaximumaltitude.AsJettechnologybreakthroughprogress,attheendofthesecondworldwar,jetfightershadenteredthestageofhistory.Fromjetfighterenteredserviceinhalfacenturysofar,accordingtofighterperformancechanges,jetfighters,aircraftwithaclearthreadof50yearsofdevelopmentinthesightofthepeople.飛機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介52一代機(jī)一代機(jī)53F86F8654戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述55米格-15米格-1556戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述57第一代Firstgenerationfightercomeoutearlyoninthelate1940ofthe20thcentury,representativemodelUnitedStatessuchasF-86andMig-15intheSovietUnion,thisgenerationfighterstolargecaliberairguns(cannon)asaweapon,inthetransonicareaclose-combatfighting,maximumaltitudeisabout15000m,theuseofmoderatesweepwings,withthrust-weightratio4~5.Late-generationturbojetengineinanAfterburnerequippedwithopticalsights,andoperatingrangeonlythousandsofmetershavingpartofaircraftequippedwithradar,thefirstgenerationofwarplaneshadlargelyretired,myfirstgenerationfighterJ-5,J-6.第一代戰(zhàn)機(jī)于20世紀(jì)40年代末50年代初問世,代表機(jī)型有美國的F-86和蘇聯(lián)的Mig-15等,這代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)以大口徑航空機(jī)槍(炮)為武器,可在跨聲速區(qū)進(jìn)行近距空戰(zhàn)格斗,最大飛行高度約為15000m,采用中等后掠角機(jī)翼,裝推重比4~5。后期代加力燃燒室的渦噴發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)配備光學(xué)瞄準(zhǔn)具,且部分飛機(jī)裝有作用距離僅幾千米的截?fù)衾走_(dá),第一代戰(zhàn)機(jī)已基本退役,我國第一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)有J-5,J-6。第一代Firstgenerationfighterco58。Firstgenerationfighterhasbeenabletoachievesupersonicflight,withamaximumflightspeedcanreachMach1.3.Firstgenerationoffighteraircraftusedsweptwings,withanAfterburner-equippedturbojetengine.Aircraftelectronicequipmentisalsoverysimple,mainlycommunication,altimeterandradio,radiocompassesandasimpleintegratedfriendorfoeidentificationdevices.Weaponunitdominatedbylargediameteraircraftgun,latermountair-to-airmissileofthefirstgeneration.Aircraftfirecontrolsystemforsimpleoptical-electrical-sights,laterfirstgenerationradarwasinstalled.第一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)已經(jīng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)超音速飛行,其最大飛行速度可以達(dá)到馬赫數(shù)1.3。第一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)普遍采用后掠機(jī)翼,裝有帶加力燃燒室的渦輪噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。飛機(jī)的電子設(shè)備還非常簡(jiǎn)陋,主要是通訊電臺(tái)、高度表和無線電羅盤以及簡(jiǎn)單的敵我識(shí)別裝置。武器裝置以大口徑航炮為主,后期型可以掛裝第一代空空導(dǎo)彈。飛機(jī)的火控系統(tǒng)為簡(jiǎn)單的光學(xué)-機(jī)電式瞄準(zhǔn)具,后期安裝了第一代雷達(dá)。第一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)已經(jīng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)超音速飛行,其最大飛行速度可以達(dá)到59二代機(jī)二代機(jī)60第二代第二代超音速戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)出現(xiàn)于50年代末和60年代初。代表機(jī)型包括美國洛克希德公司F-104“戰(zhàn)星”式、麥克唐納公司F-4“鬼怪”式、諾斯羅普公司F-5“自由戰(zhàn)士”;英國“閃電”式;法國的“幻影”Ⅲ和“幻影”F1;瑞典的薩伯-37;前蘇聯(lián)的米格-21、米格-23、米格-25和蘇-17;中國在米格-21基礎(chǔ)上研制的殲7和自行研制的殲8等。Secondgenerationsupersonicfighteraircraftappearedinthelate50andearly60.RepresentativemodelsincludingUnitedStatesLosgramsGreekdecompanyF-104"warStar"type,andMcDonaldcompanyF-4"ghost"type,andNorthroFryecompanyF-5"freefighters";UnitedKingdom"lightning"type;Franceof"phantom"ⅲand"phantom"F1;SwedenofSapo-37;QianSovietofMiG-21,andMiG-23,andMiG-25andSu-17;ChinainMIG-21basedShangdevelopmentoffighter7andthemselvesdevelopmentoffighter8,.第二代第二代超音速戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)出現(xiàn)于50年代末和60年代初。代表機(jī)61戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述62戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述63戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述64戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述65第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的空戰(zhàn)武器主要是第二代空對(duì)空導(dǎo)彈,并裝有第二代雷達(dá),有的還裝備了有攔射能力的火力控制系統(tǒng)。第二代超音速戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)速度快、升限高、火力強(qiáng),因而作戰(zhàn)能力大大提高,它的出現(xiàn)使第一代超音速戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)逐步退出歷史舞臺(tái)。Secondgenerationfightersinaircombat,principallythesecondgenerationair-to-airmissiles,andequippedwiththesecondgenerationofradar,firecontrolsystemoftheequipmenthavetheabilitytostopshooting.Secondgenerationsupersonicfighterspeed,highceiling,morepowerful,andcombatcapabilitiesgreatlyenhance,theemergenceofthefirstgenerationsupersonicfightergraduallywithdrawfromthestageofhistory.第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的空戰(zhàn)武器主要是第二代空對(duì)空導(dǎo)彈,并裝有第二代雷66為保證性能要求,在氣動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)上這一代已過渡到頭部尖銳、兩側(cè)進(jìn)氣,為改善低速性能有的采用了可變后掠翼。在翼型上,開始采用較薄的超音速翼型。這種翼型前緣尖銳、上下對(duì)稱,常見的有菱形翼型、六面形翼型、雙凸翼型。Toguaranteetheperformancerequired,transitiononaerodynamicdesignofthisgenerationistoheadsharply,airintakesonbothsides,inordertoimprovelowspeedperformanceeitherwithavariablesweepwing.Ontheairfoil,supersonicairfoilsintroducedthethin.Thisleadingedgesharp,aboutsymmetricalAirfoil,commonwithdiamond-shapedwings,sixface-shaped,biconvexwingairfoil.為保證性能要求,在氣動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)上這一代已過渡到頭部尖銳、兩側(cè)進(jìn)氣67飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)師們就是按照上述這些作戰(zhàn)思想和想法研制了第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。這一代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的最大平飛速度達(dá)到了2倍音速。采用大推力渦輪噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),開始裝備獨(dú)立的航空電子設(shè)備系統(tǒng),如單脈沖雷達(dá)、導(dǎo)航計(jì)算機(jī)、慣性導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)等等。第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)具有全天候作戰(zhàn)能力,裝備了中距空空導(dǎo)彈,而且兼顧對(duì)地攻擊,對(duì)地攻擊能力較強(qiáng)。第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的機(jī)載電子設(shè)備和武器系統(tǒng)的性能有了較大改進(jìn),飛機(jī)的重型化傾向明顯。Aircraftdesignersareinaccordancewiththesethoughtsandideasofwarfaredevelopedasecondgenerationoffighteraircraft.Thisgenerationoffightersmaximumflyingspeedofuptotwicethespeedofsound.Usinglargethrustturbojetengine,startingequipmentindependentofavionicssystems,suchasMono-pulseradar,inertialnavigationsystem,navigationcomputer,andsoon.Secondgenerationfighterwithallweatheroperationcapability,equippedwithmedium-rangeair-to-airmissile,andbalancedgroundattack,attackability.Secondgenerationfightersairborneelectronicequipmentandlargeimprovementsintheperformanceofweaponssystems,heavytendencyclearoftheaircraft.飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)師們就是按照上述這些作戰(zhàn)思想和想法研制了第二代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)68三代機(jī)

三代機(jī)

69第三代美國、前蘇聯(lián)等國在上世紀(jì)“越戰(zhàn)”之后開始研制第三代噴氣戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。它的重點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)格斗空戰(zhàn)能力和全天候作戰(zhàn)能力;重視飛機(jī)在亞、跨音速范圍內(nèi)的機(jī)動(dòng)性;機(jī)載航電和武器系統(tǒng)的性能水平有了突破性進(jìn)展。從實(shí)戰(zhàn)結(jié)果看,第三代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)研制比較成功。這首先是由于設(shè)計(jì)師們們正確總結(jié)實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),調(diào)整了戰(zhàn)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)理念;其次是由于20世紀(jì)60年代末至70年代初,航空科技在氣動(dòng)理論、動(dòng)力裝置、電子技術(shù)、機(jī)載武器、新型材料等方面的發(fā)展迅速,為戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的研發(fā)創(chuàng)造了良好的條件。代表機(jī)型有:F-15、F-16、蘇-27、米格-29和殲-10、殲-11等。UnitedStates,theformerSovietUnionandothercountriesinthelastcentury,"theVietnamwar"startsafterthedevelopmentofthethirdgenerationjetfighters.Itsfocusisontherepresentationoffighterdogfightcombatcapabilityandoperationalcapacityaroundtheclock;importanceofaircraftinAsia,mobilitywithinthetransonicrange;airborneavionicsandweaponsystem'sperformancelevelhasmadeprogress.Fromtheperspectiveofpracticalresults,thethird-generationfighterdevelopmentofthemoresuccessful.Firstofall,becausethedesignerswerecorrectlysumminguptheexperienceandlessonslearned,adjustedthefighterdesignphilosophy;andsecondlybecauseearlyinthelate1960ofthe20thcentury,aviationtheory,powerplanttechnologyinpneumatic,electronictechnology,airborneweapons,newmaterialsandotheraspectsoftherapiddevelopmentoffightershascreatedgoodconditionsforresearchanddevelopment.Representativemodelsare:F-15,F-16,Su-27,MiG-29andtheJian-10,fighter,suchas-11.第三代美國、前蘇聯(lián)等國在上世紀(jì)“越戰(zhàn)”之后開始研制第三代噴氣70特點(diǎn):具有高的機(jī)動(dòng)性,要求飛機(jī)推重比(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推力/飛機(jī)重量)大于1.0,以往的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)推重比均小為此要采用大量先進(jìn)技術(shù),特別是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的推重比(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推力/發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)重量)要達(dá)到8.0。飛機(jī)能垂直上升,飛機(jī)的最大飛行M=2.1~2.3,巡航M=0.8,作戰(zhàn)半徑=800~2000kmFeatures:highmobilityrequirementsaircraftthrust-weightratio(enginethrust/weight)isgreaterthan1,fighterthrust-weightratioissmallerinthepastthroughtheuseofalargenumberofadvancedtechnologies,inparticulartheenginethrust-weightratio(enginethrust/weightoftheengine)toreach8.Aircraftverticalupward,theaircraft'smaximumflightM=2.1~2.3cruiseM=0.8,combatradius=800~2000km特點(diǎn):具有高的機(jī)動(dòng)性,要求飛機(jī)推重比(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推力/飛機(jī)重量)71F-16“戰(zhàn)隼”F-16“戰(zhàn)隼”72F-15“鷹”F-15“鷹”73蘇-27“側(cè)衛(wèi)”蘇-27“側(cè)衛(wèi)”74蘇-30蘇-3075殲-10“猛龍”殲-10“猛龍”76米格-29“支點(diǎn)”米格-29“支點(diǎn)”77FC-1“梟龍”FC-1“梟龍”78jas-鷹獅jas-鷹獅79幻影-2000幻影-200080蘇-35蘇-3581戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述82戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述83四代機(jī)四代機(jī)84第四代第四代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)是目前正在研制的最先進(jìn)的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),它的技術(shù)戰(zhàn)術(shù)指標(biāo)是根據(jù)現(xiàn)代高技術(shù)局部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出的?,F(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)由過去的單一兵器的對(duì)抗轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹?、陸、空軍三位一體全方位的較量,而其中最重要的則是制空權(quán)的爭(zhēng)奪。如美國的F-22、F-35,俄羅斯的蘇-47.米格1.44.T-50以及中國的殲-20以及殲-31等。主要特點(diǎn)是具有突出的隱身性能、超音速巡航能力、超常規(guī)機(jī)動(dòng)性和敏捷性、短起降能力(或全環(huán)境作戰(zhàn)能力),簡(jiǎn)稱4S。采用推重比10一級(jí)的渦扇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、相控陣火控雷達(dá)、隱身技術(shù)和推力矢量技術(shù)等,以“發(fā)射后不管”空空導(dǎo)彈為主要武器。第四代第四代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)是目前正在研制的最先進(jìn)的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),它的技術(shù)戰(zhàn)85戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)展史概述86F-22Raptor(Raptor)isaUnitedStatesrockRashid·Martin(LockheedMartin),Boeing(Boeing)andGeneralDynamicsCorporationjointlydesignedanewgenerationofheavystealthfighter.Iscurrentlyreferredtobyexperts"fourthgenerationfighter"AsatopUSmilitaryaircombatfighter,theF-22willreplacetheBoeingCompanyF-15.

IstheUnitedStatesintheearly21stcenturythemajorheavyfighter,itisbyfarthemostexpensivefighteraircraft.Itisequippedwithacandoesnotemitelectromagneticwavebyaircraftandradardetectionaircraftandthepassivephasedarrayradaranddetectionrangeofactivephasedarrayradarisfar,AIM-9X(AerialInterceptMissile-9X)(SideWinder)shortrangecombatair-to-airmissile,AIM-120C(AMRAAMAdvancedMedium-RangeAir-to-AirMissile)advancedmedium-rangeair-to-airmissiles,Turbofanenginewiththrust-weightratiocloseto10F-119,advancedintegratedavionicsandhuman-machineinterfaces,andsoon.Inthedesignofsupersoniccruise(donotrequireAfterburnermaintained),beyondvisualrangecombat,highmaneuverability,radarandinfra-redstealth(Lowdetectability)andotherfeatures.

EstimatedtheircombatcapabilitiesforactiveF-152to4times.Overalongerperiodoftimeasheavyfighteroverlordoftheworld.ResearchanddevelopmentF-22technologywillalsobeappliedtoasinglemedium-F-35.Supersoniccruisearetheonlyactiveoneoftwofighters.F-22Raptor(Raptor)isaUnit87F-22Raptor(猛禽)是由美國洛克希德·馬?。↙ockheedMartin)、波音(Boeing)和通用動(dòng)力公司聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)的新一代重型隱形戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。也是目前專家們所指的“第四代戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)”作為美軍空戰(zhàn)的頂級(jí)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),F-22將替代波音公司生產(chǎn)的F-15.F22是美國于21世紀(jì)初期的主力重型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),它是目前最昂貴的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。它配備了可以不發(fā)射電磁波,用敵機(jī)雷達(dá)波探測(cè)敵機(jī)

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