液壓修井解決方案介紹

液壓修井解決方案介紹2Introductionto

HydraulicWorkover

Solutions

液壓修井解決方案介紹

3HistoryofHydraulicWorkover

液壓修井的歷史HydraulicWorkover“HWO”isawellworkoverperformedusingahydraulicworkover(snubbing)unittorunand/orpulltubulars–withorwithoutsurfacepressurepresentonthewellhead.液壓修井是一項對油氣井進(jìn)行的服務(wù)，在井口有壓或者無壓的情況下用液壓修井機（帶壓作業(yè)機）進(jìn)行起下管柱。

HydraulicWorkoverTechniquesinusesince1920’s液壓修井技術(shù)自從1920年就開始存在了。

FirstHydraulicUnitsdevelopedin1959第一套帶壓作業(yè)機開發(fā)于1959年。4DefinitionofSnubbing帶壓作業(yè)的定義 Snubbingistheprocessofrunningandpullingtubing,drillpipe,orcasingwithsurfacepressurepresentonthewellhead.帶壓作業(yè)是指在井口存在壓力的情況下，起下油管，鉆桿或者套管的作業(yè)過程。

Snubbingalsodescribesaforce-balancecondition(orthe“pipe-light”condition)whereanexternalforceisrequiredtopreventtheworkstringfrombeingforceoutofthehole.帶壓作業(yè)也可以被描述成一種力平衡（或者叫輕管柱）的條件，就是需要外力的作用下防止管柱被頂出井眼。

Insomesituations,HydraulicWorkover(HWO)mayalsobeusedtotriptubularsintoandoutofwellswithnoexistingoranticipatedsurfacepressure.在另外一些情況下，液壓修井服務(wù)也可以用于在井口無壓力的情況下起下管柱。5ReasonsforUtilizingHWO選擇液壓修井的原因WhenCTorWirelineisincapableofperformingthetask連續(xù)油管或者電纜作業(yè)因能力限制而無法完成的作業(yè)Whenreservoirdamageisanticipated儲層的傷害無法預(yù)知Whenplatforminfrastructureisinadequate作業(yè)平臺的輔助設(shè)施不充分Costconsiderations作業(yè)費用考慮HPHT/CriticalDeviation-EmergencyWork高壓高溫/斜度井-應(yīng)急作業(yè)6BenefitsofHWOServices液壓修井的優(yōu)勢Operationsarecompletedwhileunderpressure,welldoesnotneedtobekilled.作業(yè)過程可以允許井口有壓力，不必壓井。ReducesCostsbyeliminatingneedforkillfluidsEliminatesriskofdamagingproducingformationwithkillfluids不需要壓井液而減少作業(yè)費用消除了壓井液對儲層的傷害的危險Compactsize,mobile,fastrigup/rigdown小型化，移動性，快速裝拆設(shè)備Reducesoverallcosts減少了總成本W(wǎng)ellremainsinproduction油氣井依然可以生產(chǎn)Versatile-Rotationalabilityallowsdrilling/milling多用途-設(shè)備具有轉(zhuǎn)盤，因此可以進(jìn)行鉆/磨作業(yè)7MisconceptionsforUsingHWOServices

液壓修井服務(wù)的誤讀For“LastDitch”effortonproblem/criticalwellsinemergencysituations.是疑難井緊急處理的最后防線

Canbeusedforallapplications-routineorcritical.所有情形下均可以啟用液壓修井服務(wù)-日常作業(yè)或者緊急情況

Foronly“l(fā)ive”wellremedialservices.液壓修井僅針對井口有壓力的井進(jìn)行修井服務(wù)

Canbeusedon“l(fā)ive”or“dead”wells.對井口有壓或者無壓的井均可進(jìn)行服務(wù)Foronlyhighpressureapplications.僅對高壓井進(jìn)行液壓修井服務(wù)。

Canbeusedonlowpressureapplicationsaswell.也可以被用作低壓井的修井服務(wù)。Veryexpensive.非常昂貴

Canbeaverycosteffectivetool.可以是一項非常性價比高的修井工具8SafetyConsiderationsForHWO液壓修井安全因素的考慮ThoroughPre-JobPlanning十分詳細(xì)的作業(yè)前計劃RequiredEmployeeTraining&PPE需要對作業(yè)人員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)和安全教育PerformPreventiveMaintenanceServicetoEquipment對設(shè)備進(jìn)行定期檢修LocationSafetyMeetingsConducted井場安全會議LocationStandardsAdheredTo遵守井場規(guī)則EngineeringCalculationsConsidered工程計算LocationLayoutofEquipment井場設(shè)備布置圖9HydraulicWorkoverUnit液壓作業(yè)機 ConventionalStandAloneHydraulicWorkoverunitsareselfcontainedoperatingsystemsconsistingofmodularequipmentgroupsthatareeasilytransportedandriggedup.傳統(tǒng)的獨立式液壓作業(yè)機是一種由不同的設(shè)備模塊組成的自我運行系統(tǒng)，而且運輸和安裝都很容易。10WorkBasketandcontrolpanel工作籃和控制面板HydraulicJackassembly液壓舉升機TravelingSlips移動卡瓦RotaryTable轉(zhuǎn)盤GuideTubes導(dǎo)管StationarySlips固定卡瓦Hydraulicpowerpack,accessories,andhydraulichoses液壓動力源，附件和液壓管線Circulatingswivel,kellyhose,andpumps旋轉(zhuǎn)循環(huán)頭，水龍帶和泥漿泵BOPStack防噴器組ComponentsofHWOUnit帶壓作業(yè)機的組成

11Workbasket工作籃Theworkbasket,locatedontopofthejack,isusedasaworkplatform.Controlsforthejack,travelingandstationaryslips,BOPs,andcounterbalancearelocatedintheworkbasket.工作籃位于舉升機頂部，是操作手的工作平臺。控制面板可以控制舉升機，移動及固定卡瓦，防噴器組和絞車，位于工作籃內(nèi)。12ControlPanel控制面板Typicallytherearetwocontrolpanels,oneforthejackoperatorandoneforthehelper.Theoperatorcontrolstheverticalmovementofthejackandtheoperationoftheslips.Thehelperoperatesacounterbalancethatliftsandlowersjointsofpipetoandfromthebasket.通常來講，有兩種控制面板，一種是舉升機操作手的，一種是操作手助手用的。操作手的控制面板是用來控制舉升機上下移動的，助手來控制絞車，在工作籃上吊放油管用。13TravelingandStationaryslips移動固定卡瓦 TravelingSlips–locatedonthetravelingassembly,whichmovesverticallyupanddownasthecylinderrodsareextendedandretracted移動卡瓦組，液壓缸的伸縮控制移動卡瓦組的上下。

StationarySlips–attachedtothebaseofthejackandareusedtoholdthepipewhilethetravelingslipsarenotengaged固定卡瓦組，裝在舉升機的底座上，在移動卡瓦開啟的時候，用來抓住管柱。14Hydraulicjack–oneormorehydrauliccylindersconfiguredtomovethepipeintoandoutofthehole液壓舉升機-通過配置的一個或者多個液壓缸來起下管柱GuideTube–placedintheboreofthejacktoprovidethelateralsupportnecessarytopreventbucklingoftheworkstring導(dǎo)管-位于舉升機的通孔中，為放置管柱的彎曲，為其提供橫向支撐。HydraulicJackAssembly液壓舉升機15Hydraulicallydrivenandusedformillingandfishingoperations液壓驅(qū)動的轉(zhuǎn)盤，可以進(jìn)行鉆/磨服務(wù)RotaryTable轉(zhuǎn)盤16Powertongs–riggedupinthebaskettomakeuppipeconnections液壓鉗位于工作籃之上，用來上卸扣PowerTongs液壓鉗17Thepowerpack,locatedonthegroundordeck,suppliesthehydraulicpressurenecessarytooperatethejack,BOPs,rotary,counterbalanceandpowertongs.動力源位于地面或者平臺甲板上，為操作舉升機，防噴器組，轉(zhuǎn)盤，絞車和動力鉗的操作提供必需的液壓壓力。Hydraulicpowerpack,accessories,andhydraulichoses液壓動力源，附件和液壓管線

18Acirculatingswivelisplacedontopofthetubingandallowsfluidtobepumpedthroughthetubingduringmillingorwashoutoperations循環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)頭位于夾持的油管頂部，在磨/洗作業(yè)中允許修井液在油管內(nèi)循環(huán)Theswivelisconnectedtothepumpswithflexiblehoseorchicksanlines.循環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)頭用高壓膠管或者硬管線與泥漿泵連接CirculatingSwivel,KellyHoseandPumps旋轉(zhuǎn)循環(huán)頭，水龍帶和泥漿泵19HydraulicWorkover“BasicJack”液壓修井機的基本部件TRAVELINGHEADW/ROTARYANDTRAVELINGSLIPS移動頭包括轉(zhuǎn)盤和移動卡瓦POWERTONGSUPPORTARM液壓鉗臂POWERTONGS液壓鉗TELESCOPINGTUBINGGUIDE可伸縮導(dǎo)管STATIONARYSNUBSLIPS固定卡瓦組STATIONARYHEAVYSLIP固定卡瓦STRIPPERBOWL自密封頭WORKWINDOW工作窗JACKFRAME舉升機架BASKETRISER工作籃下部短節(jié)TELESCOPINGGINPOLEW/DUALCOUNTERBALNCEWINCH桅桿包括多用絞車GUYWIRES繃?yán)KGUYWIRES繃?yán)KWORKBASKET工作籃2021CuddHWOStandAloneUnits卡德獨立式帶壓作業(yè)機HighAvailableLift/SnubCapacity-to600,000lb.最大起/下能力可達(dá)600,000lbHighAvailableRotaryTorqueCapacity-to20,000lb/ft最大轉(zhuǎn)盤扭矩可達(dá)20,000lb/ftCompact(smallerfootprint)小型化（更小的作業(yè)半徑）HandlesWidestRangeofTubulars-3/4”-133/8”VerticalRU可以夾持的管柱大小從3/4’’到133/8’’，豎直升降Unitcanoperateasstandalone設(shè)備可以獨立作業(yè)UnitcanoperateasRigAssist設(shè)備可以輔助修井機作業(yè)Advantages優(yōu)勢22HWOStandAloneUnitSpecs獨立式作業(yè)機的參數(shù)23CuddRackJackSystem卡德快速起立型設(shè)備DualKelly

System雙水龍帶系統(tǒng)24CuddRackJackSystem卡德快速起立系統(tǒng)25CuddRackJackSystemLayout快速起立系統(tǒng)的簡圖26CuddRackJackSystem卡德快速起立系統(tǒng)CoiledTubing

Drilling連續(xù)油管鉆通能力RACKJACKDrilling快速起立系統(tǒng)的鉆通能力MarginofOverpull最大拉力0-30,000lbs70-130,000lbsHydraulics*液壓系統(tǒng)壓力4700psi2400psiRotation旋轉(zhuǎn)能力Notpossible6000-20000ft-lbsBuckling管柱彎曲>1000lbsWOB>4000lbsWOBJarPlacement震擊器的放置OnlyaboveBHAOptimallyplacedComponentWeight模塊的重量Lessthan35tonsLessthan11tons2”CTvs.23/8”or27/8”

*@2bbl/min27Applications應(yīng)用 FishingorMillingInsideTubingorCasing在油套管內(nèi)打撈或者鉆磨Cleaningoutformationplugsinproductiontubing,liner,orcasing清油管，襯管或者套管內(nèi)的儲層附近的砂塞DrillingoutCementandBridgePlugs鉆磨水泥塞和橋塞WashingoutFracMaterials清洗壓后管柱PressureControl/Wellkilling壓控/壓井CirculatingOutHeavyMudorFluids循環(huán)清除高密度泥漿和修井液RunningandPullingRetrievablePlugsforSelectiveTreatments下或起可回收橋塞，用于分層作業(yè)AcidizingandWashing酸化和沖洗作業(yè)RemovingIceandHydratesfromChristmasTreeorTubing清采油/氣樹或者油管內(nèi)的冰堵或者水合物RunningMacaroniTubingtoPumpNitrogeninWellswhereDepthandPressurearetooGreatforCoiledTubing在連續(xù)油管不可及的深度或者作業(yè)壓力情況下，帶壓作業(yè)機可以下小口徑油管泵注氮氣作業(yè)CompletingUnderPressure帶壓完井GravelPacking(SandConsolidation)填砂SqueezeCementingorPluggingBack擠注水泥或者回堵PluggingandAbandoning打塞或者油氣井廢棄服務(wù)28

SolidsRemoval固體顆粒清除

Washingsandbridges洗砂塞Washingproppantmaterials沖洗支撐劑沉淀Foam/Nitrogenwashes二氧化碳泡沫/氮氣沖洗Washingwithformationcompatiblefluids用與儲層配伍的修井液沖洗作業(yè)Washingoutpluggeddrillstrings沖洗卡堵的鉆井作業(yè)管柱De-scalingoperations清垢29Drilling–ExtendedReach鉆井-大位移井作業(yè)Drillingoutfromundersurface(completewellborepackage)傳統(tǒng)鉆井作業(yè)（包括完井作業(yè)）Conventionalsidetrack傳統(tǒng)開窗側(cè)鉆Throughtubingsidetrack過油管開窗側(cè)鉆Re-entry二次鉆井Underbalanceddrilling欠平衡鉆井Drillingintoundergroundblowout井噴井補救鉆井30

WhenCTorWirelineisIncapableoftheTask當(dāng)連續(xù)油管或者電纜作業(yè)能力不可及

Wherehighwellpressuresriskcollapse/burstofCT當(dāng)連續(xù)油管作業(yè)時遇到外擠或者內(nèi)壓過高風(fēng)險時Whenhighpumprates/pressuresarerequired需要高泵注排量/壓力作業(yè)時Wheresurfacerotationisrequired當(dāng)需要地上扭矩作業(yè)時Wherehightensile(H2S

resistant)jointedpipeisrequired當(dāng)需要高強度（抗硫化氫）管柱作業(yè)時Inhorizontal&highlydeviatedwells在水平井和大斜度井作業(yè)時31

PlugandAbandonment注塞和井報廢處理作業(yè)

Pull/fishexistingcompletions起完井管柱或者打撈目前管柱內(nèi)的落魚Set/squeezecementplugs擠/座灰塞SetCIBP座復(fù)合橋塞Cut/pullcasing切/起套管Milloutcementplugsunderpressure帶壓磨銑灰塞32CompletionOperations,Live/Dead,

SingleorDual完井作業(yè)，帶壓/無壓，單根或者立柱

Runningbitandscraperassembly下鉆頭和刮削工具M(jìn)illingcement鉆灰塞Tubingconveyedperforatingguns下射孔槍Settingpacker(s)坐橋塞Runcompletionstring(s)下完井管柱Gravelpackingandothersandconsolidationtask填砂和其他填砂作業(yè)33RecompletionsandWorkover,

LiveorDeadWell重新完井和修井，帶壓/無壓

Pull/fishexistingcompletions起完井管柱或者打撈落魚Millpackers磨銑封隔器Pump/squeezecement泵注/擠注作業(yè)Straddleassemblies隔跨作業(yè)Repaircasingproblems套管修補作業(yè)Runbit&scraperassembly下鉆頭和刮削器Tubingconveyedperforatingguns下射孔槍SetPackers坐封隔器Runcompletionstrings下完井管柱Gravelpackingandothersandconsolidationtask填砂和其他填砂作業(yè)Run/pullESP起下電潛泵34MECHANICSOF

HYDRAULICWORKOVER液壓修井機的機械原理介紹35MechanicsofHydraulicHWO液壓修井機的機械原理Primarypressurecontrolduringhydraulicworkoveroperationsisprovidedbyaself-energizingstripperandthroughanassemblyofstrippingrams.帶壓修井作業(yè)中的最基本壓力控制是通過自密封頭或者是防噴器內(nèi)部的密封工作閘板實現(xiàn)壓控

Thestrippingramsconsistsoftwosetsoframs,oneontopoftheother.Thereareopenedoneatatimetoallowthecollaroftheconnectionsbetweenjointsofpipetopassthroughtherams.防噴器的密封工作閘板是由兩塊一上一下的閘板組成，當(dāng)過結(jié)箍時，閘板打開，允許結(jié)箍通過閘板。Belowthestrippingramsarethesafetyrams,whichmayconsistofashear/blindblowoutpreventerandanannularBOP.在密封閘板下面時安全閘板，一般是由剪切/盲板密封閘板或者環(huán)形防噴器組成Thetertiarybarrier,ashear/sealBOP,sitsbelowthisdirectlyabovetheXmastree.第三封堵屏障，剪切密封閘板，位于采油氣樹之上。36MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液壓工作機機械原理AHWOrig-upisaverytallstructure.ItconsistsofahydraulicallypoweredHWOunit,whichprovidestheforceonapipe,abovestringofmulti-layeredpressurecontrolcomponents.液壓修井機完全裝配好之后是一個非常高的結(jié)構(gòu)。它是由液壓驅(qū)動的作業(yè)機（為作業(yè)管柱提供動力）組成的，在層疊的防噴器組之上。AtthetopoftheHWOunitisthebasket,whichservesasthecontrolpostfortherig-up.Belowthebasketarethehydraulicjacks,whichpowersthepipeintoanoutofthehole.Itconsistsoftwomechanismsforapplyingforcetothepipeineitherdirection.Eachmechanismconsistsoftravelingandstationaryslips.Thetravelingslipsareusedtomovethepipe,whilethestationaryslipsareusedtoholdthepipewhilethetravelingslipsarerepositionedbetweenstrokes.在液壓作業(yè)機頂部是工作籃，是控制單元所在。在工作籃之下，是液壓舉升機，起下作業(yè)管柱時提供動力。它是由兩個機械機構(gòu)來控制管柱上下的，每個機構(gòu)都是由移動卡瓦和固定卡瓦組成的。一般來講，移動卡瓦是用來上下移動管柱，固定卡瓦是用來夾持住管柱的，當(dāng)固定卡瓦關(guān)閉時，移動卡瓦就在不同作業(yè)沖程中開關(guān)。37TheRotaryandTravelingSlipscanworksimultaneously.轉(zhuǎn)盤和移動卡瓦可以同時工作。MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液壓修井機的機械原理38StationaryandTravelingSlipsarebothengagedatbeginningofsnubbingstroke.在開始作業(yè)時，移動和固定卡瓦都是關(guān)閉的。MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液壓修井機的機械原理39StationarySlipsaredisengaged固定卡瓦打開WithTravelingSlipsengaged,thehydrauliccylindersareextendedretracted-loweringthetubing-andcompletingthestroke.移動卡瓦關(guān)閉，液壓缸回縮，油管被下壓，完成第一作業(yè)沖程。MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液壓修井機的機械原理40Atcompletionofdownwardstroke,thestationaryslipsareengaged.完成第一下壓沖程后，固定卡瓦關(guān)閉TheTravelingSlipsaredisengaged,thenthehydrauliccylindersareextendedtomakethenextstroke.移動卡瓦打開，液壓缸上移去做下一沖程。MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液壓修井機的機械原理41ProcessisrepeatedasthetubingissnubbedthroughtheBOPStripperramsorannular重復(fù)作業(yè)沖程，直到所有油管通過防噴器或者環(huán)形被下入井中MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液壓修井機機械原理42STEP1:Withtreevalveopen,BHAisloweredthroughsnubbingstack–AllBOPramsareopen.PV#1,PV#4,PV#7,PV#8areclosed步驟1：井口主閥打開，井下工具串通過防噴器組被下入，所有防噴器閘板打開，1號，4號，7號和8號閥關(guān)閉BOP#2StripperramsareclosedaroundtubingaboveBHA2號防噴器密封工作閘板關(guān)閉位置位于井下工具串之上的油管上。Tubingissnubbeduntiltooljoint/connectionisbetweenBOP#1ramsandBOP#2rams油管被下入知道結(jié)箍在1號和2號防噴器之間RamtoRam

HWOProcedures閘板對閘板作業(yè)工作程序43STEP2:CloseBOP#1stripperrams步驟2：關(guān)閉1號密封閘板STEP3:OpenHydraulicPV#1開1號閥STEP4:AllowpressureunderBOP#2stripperramstoequalizebelowBOP#1stripperrams2號防噴器下部的壓力被1號防噴器之前的平衡防壓管線放掉RamtoRam

HWOProcedures44STEP5:OpenBOP#2stripperrams步驟5：開2號閘板STEP6:Snubtubingintothewellboreuntiltooljoint/connectionisbelowBOP#2stripperrams下油管知道結(jié)箍到2號閘板之下STEP7:ClosePV#1關(guān)閥1RamtoRam

HWOProcedures45STEP8:CloseBOP#2stripperrams步驟8：關(guān)2號閘板STEP9:OpenPV#4andallowpressurebetweenBop#1ansBOP#2stripperramstobleedoff開4號閥，允許1號和2號防噴器之前的壓力放掉STEP10:Allowpressuretobleedto-0-betweenstripperrams所有壓力要放到0RamtoRam

HWOProcedures46STEP11:OpenBOP#1stripperrams步驟11：開1號防噴器STEP12:ClosePV#4步驟12：關(guān)閥4STEP13:Again,tubingissnubbeduntiljoint/connectionisbetweenBOP#1andBOP#2stripperrams步驟13，如同上述，下入油管直至結(jié)箍位于1號防噴器與2號防噴器之間REPEATTHEPROCESS重復(fù)以上步驟RamtoRam

HWOProcedures47ENGINEERING帶壓作業(yè)工程設(shè)計48Theory原理 Pressure–AreaCalculations壓力-面積計算Tosnubpipeintoapressuredwell,adownwardforcegreaterthanthewellpressureforcemustbeappliedtothetubular.Thewellpressureforceisafunctionofthesurfacepressureandthesizeofthepipe.當(dāng)下管柱時，作用在管柱上的下壓力要比井口壓力大。井口的壓力要通過地表壓力和管柱的型號大小來計算。49Theory 50EngineeringCalculationsForHWOApplications帶壓作業(yè)的工程計算Collapse/BurstCalculationsforTubing-BasedonAnticipatedCompressionandTensionLoads油管外擠和內(nèi)壓的計算-基于估計的壓縮和拉伸的重量CriticalBucklingLoadLimitationsCalculated-BasedonUnsupportedLength&SnubForce臨界壓屈載荷計算，基于無支撐管柱的長度和下壓力RequiredSnubbingForce需要的作業(yè)力的計算RequiredHydraulicSnub/LiftPressure-JackForces需要的液壓下壓和舉升壓力-舉升機力的計算WellControlConsiderations井控的考慮51Calculations CalculateSnubForce計算下壓力公式P=F/AF=PxAP=Pressure(psi)F=Force(lbf)A=Area(in2)52ExampleSnubForceCalculation

帶壓作業(yè)計算舉例Awellhas1200psisurfacepressure.Whatisthewellpressureforcewhenthesealis:井口壓力1200psi，在以下密封的情況下，作業(yè)需要的力的計算Appliedtothetubebody作用于管體的Appliedtotheconnection作用于結(jié)箍的Workstring工作管串:1-1/4”3.02lb/ftCS-HydrilN-80TubeOD管體外徑=1.660”ConnectionOD結(jié)箍外徑=1.927”5354FrictionalForces摩擦力 ForceisrequiredtoovercomethefrictionalresistanceoftheBOP(orstrippingrubber)throughwhichthepipeisbeingmoved.ThemagnitudeofthefrictionalforcedependsonthepipesizeandsurfaceroughnessandtheBOPoperatingpressure.Becausethefrictionalforcealwaysactstoopposemotion,itactsupwardswhensnubbingintoawell.下壓力和上提力都要克服夾持管柱的防噴器閘板的摩擦力。這個摩擦力的大小基于管柱的大小，表面粗糙程度和防噴器操作的壓力。因為摩擦力是一種反作用力，所有下壓時摩擦力是向上的。55TotalSnubForce總的作業(yè)力的計算 Theweightofthepipeitselfactsdownwardsandthereforehelpstolowerthepipeintothewell.Whenfirstsnubbingintothehole,theweightofthesnubbingstringisusuallynegligibleandmaygenerallybeignored.Therefore,themaximumrequiredsnubbingforceoccursaspipeisfirststartedinthehole.管柱自重是向下的，因此幫助了管柱的下入。當(dāng)?shù)谝桓茏尤刖畷r，一般管柱的重量是忽略不計的。因此，最大的下壓力要用于第一根管子入井的情況下使用。

MaxSnubForce最大下壓力(lbs)=WellPressureForce井口壓力(lb)+FrictionForce摩擦力(lb)FMAXSNUB=FWP+FFRIC56TotalSnubForce 57Tri-axialStress三軸應(yīng)力Thereismorethanonestressthatcanbeexertedonthetubing作用在管子上的力不止一種AxialStress(compressionortensile)軸向力（壓縮或者拉伸）RadialStress(burstandcollapse)徑向力（外擠或者內(nèi)壓）HoopStress(shear)虎克定律，剪切效應(yīng)Torque扭矩58VonMisesDistortionEnergyTheory馮.米塞變形應(yīng)力圓分析5960Buoyancy懸重Asmorepipeisrunintothehole,thebuoyedweightofthesnubbingstringincreases.Eventually,thebuoyedweightequalsthewellpressureforce.Whenthishappens,thepipewillnolongerbeforcedoutoftheholebythepressure-areaforce.Thisisgenerallyknownasbalancepoint.Atbalancepoint:當(dāng)管柱不斷被下入時，懸重逐漸在增加，當(dāng)懸重等于井口壓力時，管柱不再有被頂出的危險，這個時候我們稱這個點為平衡點

Buoyedstringweight懸重平衡點(lb)=PressureAreaForce壓力面積值(lb) W=FWP61RequiredHydraulicPressure需要的液壓壓力Thesnubbingandliftingforcesrequiredtorunandpulltheworkstringareproducedbyamultiplehydraulicjackcylinders.Whensnubbing,thecylindersarepressuredonthepistonrodside;whenpullingpipe,thecylindersarepressuredontheoppositeside.多液壓缸的舉升機為起下工作管柱提供下壓和上提。當(dāng)下管柱時，液壓缸的切面被施壓；當(dāng)提出管柱時，液壓缸的另一端切面會受力。

62RequiredHydraulicPressure需要的液壓壓力63PipeBuckling-Inelastic/Elastic管柱彎曲-非彈性/彈性變形Aftertherequiredsnubbingforceisestablished,itmustbeconfirmedthattheworkstringcansupportthiscompressiveloadwithoutbuckling.當(dāng)需要的下壓壓力啟動時，要確保工作管柱在這種下壓力下能夠被支撐住不彎曲。

Withincreasingcompressiveload,bucklingwillfirstoccurinthemaximumunsupportedlengthoftheworkstring.在逐漸增加的壓縮負(fù)荷下，管柱彎曲首先會發(fā)生在工作管柱中最大無支撐長度部分。64PipeBuckling-Inelastic/Elastic管柱彎曲-彈性形變/非彈性形變65EngineeringCalculationsForHWOApplications

帶壓作業(yè)不同應(yīng)用的工程計算66CUDDWELLHISTORY’SCHINA卡德在中國的作業(yè)業(yè)績CHANQINGOIL長慶油田蘇里格氣田InnerMongoliaOctober2003內(nèi)蒙古，中國，2003年RemovalofRussianWellheadswhichmustbecompletelyremovedinordertopulltheproductiontubing.Thewellheadremovalwaspreviouslyonlypossibleby“killing”thewellwithaheavywork-overfluid.Theoperatingbudgetforthesewellsisquitelow;thereforeanytechnicalsolutionmustalsobeinexpensivetotheclient.Ourteamdesignedamethodtomeetthecriteriaandsuccessfullycompletedfourwells.換老式的俄式井口，為了提出生產(chǎn)管柱要求必須要完全去除井口。之前更換俄式井口的辦法只有注入高密度的修井液壓井，才能進(jìn)行更換。這種作業(yè)費用非常低，因此要求作業(yè)的手段費用也不需要太高，卡德團隊設(shè)計了一種作業(yè)方法，滿足了甲方要求并成功的完成了作業(yè)。Asaresultofthisproject,CUDDhasatechnicalsolutionforchangingtheinfamous“RussianWellhead”withoutcausingsignificantformationdamagetosensitivegasformations;arealprobleminotherChineseoilfields.這個項目的結(jié)果就是，卡德在沒有傷害長慶低滲敏感儲層的情況下成功更換不出名的俄式井口的決方案非常成功，解決了中國油田面臨的一些嚴(yán)重問題。CNPCTARIM中石油，塔里木油田WELLWC#1KUCHE,XINJIANGNORTHERNCHINA烏參1井，庫車，新疆Highpressureparaffinremovalwith13500psicirculatingpressureand8000psiSICP.Currentlyplanningtwomorewellsfor2013.清蠟作業(yè)，13,500psi循環(huán)壓力，關(guān)井壓力8,000psi，2013年在準(zhǔn)備再更多井的作業(yè)。EOGRESOURCESEOG能源（中國）YANTING,SICHUANCENTRALCHINA鹽亭，四川，中國Recompleted5wellswith2-3/8”EUEtubingwith2000psiSICP.5口帶壓更換完井管柱作業(yè)，完井管柱為2-3/8’’外加厚油管，2000psi關(guān)井壓力ConductedSnub/Fracwithexcellentresultforcustomer.成功完成帶壓作業(yè)輔助壓裂，給客戶帶來極大效益。AdditionalSnub/FracsplannedforAugust20132013年8月即將進(jìn)行下一次的帶壓作業(yè)輔助壓裂作業(yè)。67DownholeToolsforHWO帶壓作業(yè)井下工具串Workingagainstpressurerequiresspecialtoolsinthesnubbingstring.Toenablemakingandbreakingofpipeconnectionsastheworkstringistrippedintoandoutofapressuredwell,fluidflowthroughthestringmustbeprevented.Thisisaccomplishedwithbackpressurevalveslocatedneartheendoftheworkstring.帶壓作業(yè)需要特殊的工具串進(jìn)行作業(yè)。為了完成帶壓作業(yè)工作管柱的上卸扣，要防止工作液進(jìn)入管柱。這需要用將單流閥安裝在工作串的底部.68BackpressureValves單流閥 Backpressurevalves(BPVs)serveascheckvalvesintheworkstring.Theypermitfluidflowinonedirectiononly.TwotypesofBPVsaretypicallyusedinHWO:單流閥的原理是控制液體只能像一個方向流動，帶壓作業(yè)常用兩種單流閥BallandSeatBPV球及球座配合型單流閥Flapper-typeBPV瓣閥ProfilenipplesprovideameasureofpressurecontrolredundancyincasetheBPVsshouldfail工作筒的布置69BottomholeAssembly(BHA)井下工具串TheBHAcanbedesignedforspecificapplications.井下工具串是為不同應(yīng)用而設(shè)計的Overshotassemblieswhenconductingfishingoperations打撈筒是為打撈設(shè)計的Millsforworkingthroughdamagedwellboreorpipe鉆磨頭是為了在損壞的井眼或者鉆桿內(nèi)進(jìn)行工作設(shè)計的Jarsandbumpersubsforstickyconditions震擊器和伸縮節(jié)是為了解卡設(shè)計的SpecificallydesignedjetnozzlesforHPcleanoutsandscaleremoval特別設(shè)計的噴嘴是為高壓沖洗和除垢設(shè)計的Pump-offassemblies泵通工具串