發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪殼加工工藝及其夾具設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

課題：飛輪殼的加工工藝及其夾具設(shè) sPlanningandConcurrentT.RamayahandsTheproductdesignistheplanfortheproductanditscomponentsand s.Toconverttheproductoaphysicalentity,amanufacturingplanisneeded.Theactivityofsuchaplaniscalledsplanning.Itthelinkassemblynproductdesignandmanufacturingsplanninginvolvesdeterminingthesequenceofsingtmustplishedto課題：飛輪殼的加工工藝及其夾具設(shè) sPlanningandConcurrentT.RamayahandsTheproductdesignistheplanfortheproductanditscomponentsand s.Toconverttheproductoaphysicalentity,amanufacturingplanisneeded.Theactivityofsuchaplaniscalledsplanning.ItthelinkassemblynproductdesignandmanufacturingsplanninginvolvesdeterminingthesequenceofsingtmustplishedtomaketheproducthepresentchapterxaminesingplanningseveralrelatedAttheoutset,weshoulddistinguishnsplanningandproductionplanning,whichiscoveredinfollowingchapter.splanningisconcernedwiththeengineeringandtechnologicalesofhowtomaketheanditsparts.Whattypesofequipmentandtoolingarerequiredtofabricatethepartsandassembletheproduct?planningisconcernedwiththelogisticsofmakingtheproduct splanningisconcernedwithorderingthetiestosatisfydemandforandobtainingtherequiredtomaketheproductinssplanninginvolvesdeterminingthemostappropriatemanufacturingandassemblysesandthesequencewhichtheyshouldplishedtoproduceagivenpartorproductaccordingtospecificationssetforthintheation.Thescopeandvarietyoftcanbeplannedaregenerallylimitedbytheavailableequipmentandtechnologicalcapabilitiesofthecompanyofplanttcannotbeernallymustbepurchasedsoftheproductdesign.Thisoutsidevendors.Itshouldbe tthechoiceofa wewillreturntosesisalsolimitedbysplanningisplishedbymanufacturingengineers.(Othertitlesincludeinindustrialengineer.)splannermustbefamiliarwiththeparticularmanufacturingseshefactoryandbeablesingstepsareheengineeringdrawings.Basedontheplanner’sknowledge,skill,andexperience,thelogicalsequencetomakeeachpart.Followingisalistofthemany ssusuallyincludehescopesplanning. ,surfacefinished,etc.)atthestartofthesplanningsand Thesplannermustselectwhich sesarerequiredandtheirsequence.Adescriptionofsingstepsmustbe.Equipmentselection Ingeneral,splannersmustdeveloptutilizeexistingequipmentinplant.Otherwise,thecomponentmustbepurchased,oraninvestmentmustbemadeinnewequipment Thesmustdecidewhattoolingisrequiredforeachsingactualdesignandfabricationofthesetoolsisusuallydelegatedtoatooldesigndepartmentandtoolroom,oranoutside hattypeoftoolisysis Workplacelayout,smalltools,hoistsforliftingheavyparts,eveninsomecaseshandandmotionsmustbespecifiedformanualoperations.Theindustrialengineeringdepartmentisusuallyresponsibleforthis.Workstandards.Workmeasurementtechniquesareusedtosettimestandardsforeachoperation.Cuttingtoolsandcutting Thesemustbespecifiedformachiningoperations,oftenwithreferencestandardsPlanningforForindividualparts,thesingsequenceedonaformcalledaroutesheet.(Notallcompaniesusenameroutesheet;anothernameis“operationsheet.”)Justas drawingsareusedtospecifythedesign,routesheetsareusedtospecifythemanufacturingsplan.Theyarearts,oneforproductdesign,theotherAtypicalsingsequencetofabricateanindividualpartconsistsof:(1)abasic s,(2)secondary sesoperationstoenhancephysicalsPlanningforForindividualparts,thesingsequenceedonaformcalledaroutesheet.(Notallcompaniesusenameroutesheet;anothernameis“operationsheet.”)Justas drawingsareusedtospecifythedesign,routesheetsareusedtospecifythemanufacturingsplan.Theyarearts,oneforproductdesign,theotherAtypicalsingsequencetofabricateanindividualpartconsistsof:(1)abasic s,(2)secondary sesoperationstoenhancephysicalproperties,and(4)finishingoperations.ThesequenceisshowninFig.21.2.Abasicsdeterminesthestartinggeometryoftheworkpart.Metalcasting,plasticmolding,androlingofsheetmetalareexamplesbasicses.Thestartinggeometrymustoftenberefinedbysecondaryttransformthegeometry(orclosetofinalgeometry).Thesecondarygeometrytmightbeusedarecloselycorrelatedtothestprovidesthestartinggeometry.Whensandcastingisthebasicses,machiningoperationsaregenerallysecondsecondaryses.Whenarollingmillsheet operationssuchaspunchingandbendingareses.Whenplasticinjectionmoldingisthebasics,secondaryoperationsareoftenmostofthegeometricmoldingandothertwouldotherwiserequiremachiningcanbecreatedbythemoldingtrequirenosubsequentsecondary singarecallednet trequiresomebutnotmuchsecondarysing(usuallymachining)arereferredtoasnearnet dieingshiscategory.Thesepartscanoftenbedheingoperation(basictminimal (secondary sing)isrequiredOncethegeometryhasbeenestablished,thenextstepforsomepartsistoimprovetheirmechanicalandproperties.Operationstoenhancepropertiesdonotalterthegeometryofthepart;instead,theyhysicalproperties operationsonmetalpartsarethemostcommonexamples.Similarheatingtreatmentsareperformedonglassproducetemperedglass.Formostmanufacturedparts,theseproperty-enhancingoperationsarenotsequenceheFinallyfinishoperationsusuallyprovideacoatontheworkparts(orassembly)surface.Exampleselectroplating,thinfilmitiontechniques,and ing.Theeofthecoatingistoenhanceappearancecolor,orprotectthesurfacefrom,andsoforth.Finishingoperationsarenotrequiredonmanypartsexample,plasticmoldingrarelyrequirefinishing.Whenfinishingisrequired,itisusuallythefinalstepinthesequencesingPlanningforAssembThetypeofassemblymethodusedforagivenproductdependsonfactorssuchas:(1)ipatedties;(2)complexityoftheassembledproduct,forexample,thenumberofdistinctcomponents;and sesused,forexample,mechanicalassemblyversuswelding.Foratistobemadeinrelativelyties,assemblyisusuallyperformedonmanualassemblylines.Forsimpleproductsofadozenorsocomponents,tomadeinlargeworkmustties,automatedassemblysystemsareappropriate.Inanycase,thereisaprecedenceorderinwhichplished.Theprecedencerequirementsaresometimesportrayedgraphicallyonaprecedencesplanningforassemblyinvolvesdevelopmentofassembly.Forlowties,theentireassemblyiscompletedatasinglesion.Forhighproductiononanassemblylinesconsistsofallocatingworkelementstotheindividualsionsoftheline,aprocedurecalledlinebalancing.Theassemblyroutestheworkunittoindividualsheproperorderasdeterminedbythelineolution.Asinsforindividualcomponents,anytoolsandfixturesrequiredplishanassemblytaskmustbedeterminedbuilt;andtheworksionarrangementmustbelaidout.MakeorBuyAnimportanttarisesinsplanningiswhetheragivenpartshouldbehecompany’sfactoryorpurchasedfromanoutsidevendor,andtheanswertothisquestionisknownasthemakeorbuy.Ifcompanydoessessthetechnologicalequipmentorheparticularmanufacturingsesrequiredtothepart,thentheanswerisobvious:built;andtheworksionarrangementmustbelaidout.MakeorBuyAnimportanttarisesinsplanningiswhetheragivenpartshouldbehecompany’sfactoryorpurchasedfromanoutsidevendor,andtheanswertothisquestionisknownasthemakeorbuy.Ifcompanydoessessthetechnologicalequipmentorheparticularmanufacturingsesrequiredtothepart,thentheanswerisobvious:Thepartmustbepurchasedbecausethereisernalalternative.Howevertcases,thepartcouldeitherbeernallyusingexistingequipment,oritcouldbepurchasedexternallyfroma ssimilarmanufacturingInourtheirrawmaterialsofthemakeorbuy ,itshouldberecognizedatthes.Amachineshoppurchasesitsstartingbarstockfromtnearlyallmanufacturesmetalsdistributoranditscastingsfromafoundry.Aplasticmoldingplantbuysitsmoldingcompoundfromachemicalcompany.Afactorypurchasessheetmetaleitherfroadistributorordirectfromarollingmill.Veryfewcompaniesareheirproductionoperationsallthewayfromrawmaterials,itseemsreasonabletoeastsomeoftwouldotherwisebeproducedinitsownplant.ItisprobablyappropriatetoaskthemakeorbuyquestionfortisusedbythecompanyThereareanumber tothemakeorbuye dalistofthefactorsandtaffecttheable21-3ouldtcostisthemostimportantfactorindeterminingwhethertothepartorpurchaseit.Ifanoutsidevendorismorenthecompany’sownhemanufacturingusedtomakethepart,thenernalproductioncostislikelytobenthepurchasepriceevenafterthevendorincludedaprofit.However,ifthetopurchaseresultsinidleequipmentandhecompany’sownplant,thenapparentadvantageofpurchasingthepartmaybelost.Considerthefollowingexample.Example21.1MakeorBuyThequotedpriceforacertainpartis$20.00perunitfor100units.Thepartcanbeproducedplantfor$28.00.Thecomponentsofmakingthepartareasfollows:Unitrawmaterialcost=$8.00perunitDirectlaborcost=6.00perunitLaboroverheadat150%=9.00perEquipmentfixedcost=5.00perhecompany’sTotal=28.00per Shouldthecomponentbyboughtormadein-Solution:Althoughthevendor’squoteseemstofavorabuy,letusconsidersibleimpactonoperationsifthequoteisaccepted.Equipmentfixedcostof$5.00locatedcostbasedontwasmade.Iftheequipmentdesignedforthisesunutilizedbecauseofatopurchasethepart,thenthefixedcontinueseveniftheequipmentstandsidle.Inthesameway,thelaboroverheadcostof$9.00consistsofspace,utility,andlabortremainevenifthepartispurchased.Bythisreasoning,abuyisnotagoodbecauseitmightbecostthecompanyasmuchas$20.00+$5.0+$9.00=$34.00perunitifitresultsinidletimeonthetebeenusedtoproducethepart.Ontheotherhand,iftheequipmentinquestioncanbeusedfortheofotherpartsforwhichthein-housecostsarenthecorrespondingoutsidequotes,thenabuyisaMakeorbuyarenotoftenasstraightforwardhisexample.TheotherfactorslistedinTable21-affectthe.Atrendinrecentyears heautomobileindustry,isforcompaniestostresstheimportancebuildingcloserelationshipswith rs.WeturntothiseinourlaterofconcurrentsMakeorbuyarenotoftenasstraightforwardhisexample.TheotherfactorslistedinTable21-affectthe.Atrendinrecentyears heautomobileindustry,isforcompaniestostresstheimportancebuildingcloserelationshipswith rs.WeturntothiseinourlaterofconcurrentsThereiserestbymanufacturingfirmsinautomatingthetaskofsplanningusingcomputer-aidedsplanning(CAPP)systems.Theshop-trainedpeoplewhoarefamiliarwithsofmachiningandother sesgraduallyretiring,andthesepeoplewillbehefuturetodosplanning ternativewaybepartthisfunctionisneeded,andCAPPsystemsareprovidingthisalternative.CAPPisusuallyconsideredcomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM).However,thistendstotCAMisastand-alongsystem.Infact,aresultswhenCAMiscombinedwithcomputer-aideddesigntocreateaCAD/CAMsystem.Insuchasystemthedirectconnectionincludethendesignandmanufacturing.Thebenefitsderivedfromcomputer-automateds srationalizationandstandardization.Automatedsplanningleadstomorelogicaland snwhensisdonecompleymanually.Standardplanstendtoresultinlowermanufacturingcosts roduct.Increasedproductivityofthedatafilespermitmoreworktosplanner.Thesystematicapproachandtheavailabilityofstandardsplansplishedbythes.Reducedleadtimeforsplanning.splannerworkingCAPPsystemcanprovideroutesheetsinshorterleadtimecomparedtomanualpreparation.Improvedlegibility.reparedroutsheetsareneaterandeasierto nmanuallypreparedroute.Incorporationofotherapplicatonprograms.TheCAPPprogramcanerfacedwithotherchascostestimatingandworkComputer-aidedsplanningsystemsaredesignedaroundtwoapproaches.Theseapproachesarecalled:retrievalCAPPsystemsand(2)generativeCAPPsystems.SomeCAPPsystemscombinethetwoapproachesinwhatisknownassemi-generativeCAPP.ConcurrentEngineeringandDesignforConcurrentengineeringreferstoanapproachusedinproductdevelopmentinwhichthefunctionsofengineering,manufacturingengineering,andotherfunctionsegratedtoreducetheelapsedtimerequiredtobringaproducttomarket,Alsocalledsimultaneousengineering,itmightbethoughtofasanizationalartCAD/CAMhetraditionalapproachtolaunchinganewproduct,thetwofunctionsofdesignengineeringmanufacturingengineeringtendtobeseparatedandsequential,asillustratedinFig.21.3.(a).Theproductdesigndepartmentdevelopsthenewdesign,sometimeswithoutmuchconsiderationgiventothemanufacturingcapabilitiesofcompany,Thereislittleopportunityformanufacturingengineerstoofferadviceonhowthedesignmightbealertedtomakemoremanufacturable.Itisasifawallexitsndesignandmanufacturing.Whenthedesignengineeringcompletesthedesign,ittossesthedrawingsandspecificationsoverthewall,andonlythendoessplanning(a)TraditionalproductdevelopmentSalesProductManufacturingProductionandsFig.21.3Comparison:(a)traditionalproductdevelopmentcycleand(b)productdevelopmentconcurrentBycontrast,inatconcurrentengineering,themanufacturing(a)TraditionalproductdevelopmentSalesProductManufacturingProductionandsFig.21.3Comparison:(a)traditionalproductdevelopmentcycleand(b)productdevelopmentconcurrentBycontrast,inatconcurrentengineering,themanufacturingengineering heproductdevelopmentcycleearlyon,providingadviceonhowtheproductanditscomponentscanbedesignedtofaciliemanufactureandassembly.ItalsoproceedswithearlystagesofmanufacturingplanningfortheproductconcurrentengineeringapproachispicturedinFig.21.3(b).Inadditiontomanufacturingengineering,otherfunctionareheproductdevelopmentcycle,suchasqualityengineering,themanufacturingdepartments,fieldservicesupplyingcriticalcomponents,andinsomecasesthecustomerwhowillusetheproduct.Allifthesefunctionscancontributionsduringproductdevelopmenttoimprovenotonlythenewproduct’sfunctionandperformance,butalsoproduceability,inspectability,testability,serviceability,and ainability.Throughearlyinvolvement,asedreviewingthefinalproductdesignafteritistoolatetoconvenientlymakeanychangesinthedesign,thedurationofproductdevelopmentcycleConcurrentengineeringincludesseveralelements:(1)designforseveralmanufacturingandassembly,(2)designquality,(3)designforcost,and(4)designforlifecycle.Inaddition,certainenablingchas(b)productdevelopmentusingconcurrent time,concurrentProductionand ductManufacturingengineeringandpro splanningThe“wall”bet ndesignandmanufaturing ,virtualanizationalchangesarerequiredtofacilietheconcurrentengineeringapproachinDesignforManufacturingandIsbeentabout70%ofthelifecyclecostofaproductisdeterminedbybasicsmadeproductdesign.Thesedesignsincludethematerialofeachpart,part,surfacertso s,andtheassemblymethodstobeused.Once ,virtualanizationalchangesarerequiredtofacilietheconcurrentengineeringapproachinDesignforManufacturingandIsbeentabout70%ofthelifecyclecostofaproductisdeterminedbybasicsmadeproductdesign.Thesedesignsincludethematerialofeachpart,part,surfacertso s,andtheassemblymethodstobeused.Oncethesesaremade,theabilitytoreducemanufacturingcostoftheproductislimited.Forexample,iftheproductdesignertapartistobemadeofaluminumsandcastingbutwhichsestcanbeachievedonlybymachining(suchasthreadedholesand),themanufacturingengineerhasnoalternativeexpecttoplanaststartswithsandfollowedbythesequenceofmachiningoperationsneededtoachievethespecifiedfeatureshisexample,abettermightbetouseaplasticmoldedparttcanbemadeinasinglestep.Itisimportantforthemanufacturingengineertobegiventheopportunitytoadvicethedesignengineerastheproductdesignisevolving,tofavorablyinfluencethemanufacturabilityoftheproduct.Termusedtodescribesuchattemptstofavorablyinfluencethemanufacturabilityofanewproductaredesignmanufacturing(DFM)anddesignforassembly(DFA).Ofcourse,DFMandDFAareinextricablylinked,soletususethedesignformanufacturingandassembly(DFM/A).Designformanufacturingconsiderationofmanufacturabilityandassemblabilityinthedevelopmentofaanizationalchangesand(2)designprincipleandandassemblyinvolvesthenewproductdesign.Thisincludes:anizationalChangesinDFM/A.EffectiveimplemenionofDFM/Ainvolvesmakingchangesinaanizationstructure,eitherformallyorinformallyteractionandbettercommunicatio