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EnglishLiteratureIntroduction:TheoldandMedievalEnglishliterature.EnglishLiteratureIntroduction:TheoldandMedievalEnglishliterature.*****A. TheoldEnglishliterature1.Thetimeperiod:TheperiodofOldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066.2.TheclassificationoftheoldEnglishpoetry:TheoldEnglishpoetrycanbedividedintotwogroups:thereligiousgroupandthesecularone.a.)Thereligiousgroupismainlyonbiblicalthemes.b.)Theseculargroupconcludes;Thenationalepicpoem,Beowulf,andlyricalpoemsofshorterlength.3.Therepresentativeofthisperiod:Beowulf.a.)ThenatureBeowulfisregardedtodayasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.b.)ThesettingThestorytookplaceinScandinavia.c.)Thetheme:Thepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageunderawiseheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.d.)Thesignificance:Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.ThebattlebetweenBeowulfandtheDragonSymblicallyrepresentthatphraseofWinterandSummermythinwhichtheSummerGod,hereembodiedbyBeowulf.******B.ThemedievalEnglishliterature1.Thetimeperiod:From1066uptothemid-14thcentury.2.TheclassificationofthemedievalEnglishLiterature:MiddleEnglishliteraturedealswithawiderrangeofsubjects.a.)popularfolkliteraturealsooccupiesanimportantplaceinthisperiod.b.)RomancewhichusesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsisapopularliteraryformintheMedievalperiod.3.Therepresentativeofthisperiod:ChaucerandtheCanterburytales.a.)TheinfluenceofRenaissance:TheinfluenceofRenaissancewasalreadyfeltinthefieldofEnglishliteratureTheinfluenceofRenaissancewasalreadyfeltinthefieldofEnglishliteraturewhenChaucerwaslearningfromthegreatItalianwriterslikePetrarchandBoccaccio.b.)ThecontributionstoEnglishLiterature:1)ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzastoreplacetheoldEnglishalliterativeverse.2)IntheRomaunttheRose,hefixstintroducedintoEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet.InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishtherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.AndinTheCanterburyTales,Chauceremployedtheheroiccoupletwithtrueease.Chauceralsodevelopedtheartofliteratureitself.InTroilusandCriseyde,hegavetheworldwhatisvirtuallythefirstmodernnovel.InTheCanterburyTales,hedevelopedhisartofpoetrystillfurthertowardsdramaandtheartofnovel.JohnDryden,calledChaucerthefatherofEnglishpeotry.FortheRenaissance,hewastheEnglishHomer.======================================================================Chapter1TheRenaissancePeriod文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期)本章概述一.二.三.四.思想產(chǎn)生的歷史,背景;;及后世英國文學(xué)與的影響..文學(xué)史分析******* A. ThetimeperiodTheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernword.Itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturies.******B.ThedefinitionofRenaissance:Thebirthplace:InItalyThemeaning:TheRenaissancemeansrebirthorrevival.Thenature:TheRenaissance,inessence,isahistoricalperiod.****** c.ThetheoreticalbasisoftheRenaissance:1.TheessenceoftheRenaissance:a.)ThesourceHumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance,Itsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheantiqueauthors.b.)ThebasisoftheHumanism.itwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.2.Therepresentative:a.Thesymbol:Humanism2.Therepresentative:a.Thesymbol:HumanismbegantotakeholdinEnglandwhentheDutchscholarDesideriusErasmuscametoteachtheclassicallearningb.Themajorrepresentatives:ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.********* D. TheculturalBackgroundoftheRenaissance:1.Thenationalfeeling:StrongnationalfeelinginthetimeoftheTudorsgaveagreatincentivetotheculturaldevelopmentinEngland.Englishschoolsanduniversitieswereestablishedinplaceoftheoldmonasteries.2.Theintroductionofprinting:WilliamCaxtonIntroducedprintingintoEngland.Inthislifetime,CaxtonprintedaboutonehundredbooksinEnglish.3.TheemergenceofanageoftranslationWiththeintroductionofprinting,anageofthranslationcameintobeing.4.Thesignificance:Theintroductionofprintingledtoacommercialmarketforliterature,makingeverythingreadyfortheappearanceofthegreatElizabethanwriters.********* E. TheliteratureformsduringtheRenaissance:1.Thepoetrya.Thefeature:ThefirstperiodoftheEnglishRenaissancewasoneofimitationandassimilation.1.)petrarchwasregardedasthefountainheadofliteraturebytheEnglishwriters.2.)WyattintroducedthepetrarchansonnetintoEngland.3.)Surreybroughtinblankverse.4.)Sidneyfollowedwiththesestinaandterzarima5.)Marlowegavenewvigortotheblankversewithhis"mightylines."b.Therepresentatives:1.)Spenser'sTheShepheardesCalendershowedthepastoralconvention.2.)In"ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove."Marlowespokethatitwouldbeverydifficultforustoconnectitwiththevoiceinhistragedies.3.)PoetryandPoeticdramawerethemost3.)PoetryandPoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandcarriedonbyShakespeareandBenJohnson.2.ThedramaA.)Thefeature:TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.EnglishmaterialwasputintotheregularformoftheLatincomediesofPlautusandTerence.TragedieswereinthestyleofSeneca.B.)Therepresentativedramatists:ThemostfamousaramatistsarechristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,andBenJohnson.3.Theessays:A.)Therepresentativesessayist:FrancisBacon,thefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isbestknownforhisessays.B.)Theinfluence:BaconwasalsothefounderofmodernscienceinEngland,Hiswritingspavethewayfortheuseofscientificmethod.主要作家*斯賓塞一ThemasterpieceTheFaerieQueene.1.TheintentionandthestructureA.)TheintentionTheprincipalintentionistopresentthrougha"historicalpoem"theexampleofperfectgentleman.B)Thestructure:Thereare12virtuesoftheperfectgentleman,andplans12books,eachonewithadifferentherodistinguishedforoneoftheprivatevirtues.2.Theunifyingelement:A.)TherecurringappearancesofArthurserveasaunifyingelementforthepoemaswhole.B.)AnothercharactercontributingtotheuoftheworkisGloriana.3.Theallegory:TheRedcrossknightinBookIstandsforst.George,healsorepresentsHoliness.4.ThethemeThethemeisnot"Armsandtheman,"butsomethingmoreromantic----"FierceWaresandfaithfulloves."二Thepoeticfeatures1.Thefivemainqualities二Thepoeticfeatures1.Thefivemainqualities:ThefivemainqualitiesofSpenser'sare:1.)aperfectmelody;2.)araresenseofbeauty;3.)asplendidimagination;4.)alofymoralpurityandseriousness 5.)adedicatedidealism2.Inaddition:Spenserusesstrangeformsofspeechandobsoletewords,Hisexquisitemelodythatmakehimknownas"thepoet'spoet."*馬洛一TheworksTheplay:(6plays)Thenon-dramaticpoetry.Theversetranslation.二Themasterpieces:1.Tamburlaine:A. Theoutline:TamburlaineisaplayaboutanambitiousandpitilessTartarconquerorinthefourteenthcenturywhoroesfromashepherdtoanoverpoweringking.B.Theintention:Bydepictingagreatherowithhighambitionandsheerbrutalforce,MarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceforinfinitepowerandauthority.2.Dr.Faustus:A.Theoutline:Dr.FaustusisaplaybasedontheGermanlegendofamagicianaspiringforknowledgeandfinallymeetinghistragicendasaresultofsellinghissoultotheDevil.B.Theintention:Itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness;italsorevealsman'sfrustration.三Theartisticachievements1.Thestylisticfeatures:MarloweperfectedtheblankverseandbroughtvitalityandgrandeurintoMarloweperfectedtheblankverseandbroughtvitalityandgrandeurintotheblankversewithhis"Mightylines."Marloweemployedhyperboleashismajorfigureofspeech.2.Thecharactersandthehumanisticideal:A.Marlowe'ssecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition.B.HeembodiesMarlowe'shumanisticidealofhumandigandcapacity.withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theterpretsthetrueRenaissanceSpirit.*莎士比亞一Thedramaticcareer(4periods)ApprenticeshipperiodHighindividualizedperiodGreateststragediesanddarkcomediesperiod.Romantictragicomediesperiod.二ThethemesofShakespeare'sworks1.Thehistoryplays:A.ThethemeShakespeare'shistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalumightyandjustsovereignisanecessity.underaB.Theexamples:HenryVI(I,II,III)arethebeginningofShakespeare'sepictreatmentofEnglishhistory.HenryIV(I,II,III)areundoubtedlythemostwidelyreadamonghishistoryplays.2.Theromanticcomedies:A.Thetheme:Onhisromanticcomedies,Shakespearetakesanoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,andtheromanticelementsarebroughtintofullplay.Theexample:TheimportantplayamongthecomediesistheMerchantofVenice.a. Thetraditionaltheme:Thetraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethe friendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortandaoftheJew.eofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,andtoexposetheinsatiablegreedb.Themoderntheme:ManypeopletodaytendtoregardtheplayasasatireoftheChristian'shypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffriendshipandlove,theircunningwaysofpursuingworldinessandtheirunreasoningprejudiceagainstJews.3.Thetragedies:A.Thetheme:The3.Thetragedies:A.Thetheme:Theplay,thoughatragedy,ispermeatedwithopitimisticspirit.B. Theexample:ThesuccessfulromantictragedyisRomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.三Thegreatesttragedies1.Thecommonfeatures:Shakespeare'sgreatesttragediesare:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.2.TherealisticspiritsAlongwiththeportrayaloftheweaknessorbiasofthehero,weseethesharpsbetweentheindividualandtheevilforceinthesociety,whichshowsthatShakespeareisagreatrealistinthetruesense.3.TheanalysisA.Hamlet:Hamlet,thefirstofthegreattragedies,isgenerallyregardedasshakespeare'smostpopularplayonthestage.Hamlethasnoneofthesingle-mindedbloodlustoftheearlierrevengers.Itisnotbecauseheisincapableofaction,butbecausethecastofhismindissospeculative,soquestioning,andsocontemplativethataction.Hislifeisoneofconstantrole-playing,examiningthenatureofactiononlytodenyitspossibility.Byrevealingthepower-seeking,thejostlingforplace,shakespearecondemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralcorruptionattheroyalcourt.B.TheTempest:TheTempest,anelaborateandfantasticstory,isknownasthebestofhisfinalromances.TheTempestisatypicalexampleofhisPessimisticviewtowardhumanlifeandsocietyinhislateyears.四Theartisticachievements1.Thecharacters:Shakespeare'smajorcharactersareneithermerelyindividualonesortypeones.Byapplyingapsyche-analyticalapproach,Shakespearesucceedsinexploringthecharacters'innermind.C.ShakespearealsoportrayshisC.Shakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairs.Contrastsarefrequentlyusedtobringvividnesstohischaracters.Construction:Shakespeare'splaysarewell-knownfortheiradroitplotconstruction.Heborrowsthemfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks,orfromancientGreekandRomansources.Hewouldshortenthetimeandintensifythestory.Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay.Languageandstyle:Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.Disguiseisalsoanimportantdevicetocreatedramaticirony,usuallywithwomandisguisedasman.Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabularyandidiom.Hisinfluenceonlaterwritersisimmeasurable.AlmostallEnglishwritersafterhimhavebeeninfluencedbyhimeitherinartisticpointofview,inliteraryformorinlanguage.一TheworksHisworkscanbedividedintothreegroups.Thephilosophicgroups.Theliterarygroups.Thelawgroups.二Themasterpieces1.TheAdvancementofLearning:A.Thetheme:TheAdvencementofLearningisagreattractoneducation.B.Thecontents:InBookI,Baconhighlypraisesknowledge.Hedividedknowledgeintotwokinds.OneisfromtheDivineRevelation,theotherisfromtheworkingsofhumanmind.Thesecondbookisasurveyoflearning,AccordingtoBacon,man'sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:historytoman'smemory,poetrytoman'simaginationandcreationandphilosophytoman'sreason.2.NovumOrganum:A.Thetheme:NovumOrganumisasuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology.B.Thecontents:isthemostimpressivedisplayofBacon'sintellect.Theargumentisfortheuseoftheinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudy,Inthescondbook,Baconsuggesttheindustivereasoning.3.Essays:A.Thesources:Montaigneisthe3.Essays:A.Thesources:MontaigneisthepredecessorofBacon.Theterm"essay"wasborrowedfromMontaigne'sEssais.B.ThecomparisonwithMontaigne's:Theyaretotallyunlikeintemperament.outlookandwritingstyle.Montaigne'sessaysshowastrongaltouch.Bacon,asapracticalandprudentialman,intendstowritefortheambitiousElizabethanandJacobeanyouthofhisclassandtellthemhowtobeefficientandmaketheirwayinpubliclife.Ofthefifty-eightessaysinitsfinaledition,morethanhalfareaboutpubliclifeorpublicduty.C.Bacon'sstyles:Bacon'sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Theessayarewell-arrangedandenrichedbyBiblicalallusions,MetaphorsandCadence.約翰*一ThemetaphysicalpoetryThetern"Metaphysicalpeotry"iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertehinfluenceofJohnDonne.1.ThethemeThemetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.2.Thelanguage:Thedictionissimple,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.3.Theimagery:Itisdrawnfromtheactuallife.4.Theform:Itisfrequentlytheformofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.二. ThecharacteristicofDonne'sworks:1.Theinherentlytheatricalimpression:JohnDonneistheleadingfigureofthe"metaphysicalschool."Hispoemsgiveamoreinherentlytheatricalimpression.2.Thepoeticmode:ThemodeisdynamicratherthanstaticThemodeisdynamicratherthanstatic,withingenuityofspeech,vividnessofimageryandvitalityofrhythms.3.Thestylisticfeatures:ThemoststrikingfeatureofDonne'spoetryispreciselyitstangofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.三. Themasterpieces1.Thesongsandsonnets:A.ThethemeThesongsandSonnets,containsmostofhisearlylyrics,Loveisthebasictheme.B.Theunderstandingoflove:Donneholdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.Thisthoughisquitecontrarytothemedievalloveidea.Whatislove,idealismandcynicismaboutlovecoexistinDonne'slovepoetry.hesometimesexpressesthefufilityandinstabilityofloveinhispoems.C.Thestylisticmethod:Wheneulogizingawoman,Donnetellsusverylittleaboutherphysicalbeauty.Instead,Donne'sinterestliesindramatizingandillustratingthestateofbeinginlove.2.TheHolysonnets:A.Thetheme:Donne'schiefpowerasareligiouspoetisshownintheHolySonnets.B.Contents:InAHymntoGodtheFatherdowefindaanassuredfaith.ThebestoftheHolySonnetsexpressthesestrugleswithunparalleledforce.四TheArtisticfeatures1.Theconceits:Inhispoetry,Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits,hisconceitsmaybedividedintotwokinds;easyonesanddifficultones.Bycombiningtheeasyconceitswiththedifficultones,Donneachievessurprisinggoodeffectsinhispoetry.2.theargument:Donne'spoetryinvolvesacertainkindofargument,sometimesinrigidsyllogisticform.withthebrief.SimpleLanguage,theargumentiscontinuousthroughoutthepoem.3.Theimagination:Donne'sgreatproseworksaresermons,whicharebothrichandimaginative.someofDonne'ssermonsarecarefullycontrivedwithadramatic3.Theimagination:Donne'sgreatproseworksaresermons,whicharebothrichandimaginative.someofDonne'ssermonsarecarefullycontrivedwithadramatic.AnditistheobsessionwithdeaththatcharacterizesDonne'snaturereligiousworks.約翰*彌爾頓一WorksMilton'sliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups.1.Theearlyworks:MiltonappearsastheinheritorofallthatwasbestinElizabethanliterature.Lycidasisatypicalexample.2.Themiddleworks:Hispowerfulpamphletswrittenduringthisperiodmakehimthegreatestprosewriterofhisage.3.Thelastgreatpoems:Miltonwrotehisthreemajorpoeticalworks:ParadiseLost,ParadiseregainedandSamsonAgonistes.二Themasterpieces:1.paradiseLost:A.Thethemeandstructure:ParadiseLostisalongepicdividedinto12books.Thethemeisthe"FallofMan".B.Thehumanisticspiritsa. WorkingthroughthetraditionofaChristianhumanism,MiltonwroteParadiseLostintendingtoexposethewayofSatanandto"justifythewaysofGodtoman."b.AtthecenterofthebetweenhumanloveandspiritualdutyliesMilton'sfundamentalconcernwithfreedomandchoice.c.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton'screed.2.ParadiseRegained:A.Thecontent:ParadiseRegainedshowshowmankind,intheestablished2.ParadiseRegained:A.Thecontent:ParadiseRegainedshowshowmankind,intheestablishedoncemoreinthedivinefavor.ofChrist,withstandsthetempterandisB.Theme:Christ'stemptationinthewildernessistehtheme.3.SamsonAgonistes:A.Thesource:InsamsonAgonistes,MiltonagainborrowshisstoryfromtheBible.Butthistimeheturnstoamorevitalandaltheme.B.Thepurpose:Thepoet'saimwastopresentonEnglishapuretragedy,withallthepassionandrestraint.==========================================================================================Theneoclassicalperiod(新古典時(shí)期)本章概述一.啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)與新古典文學(xué)流派產(chǎn)生的歷史背景.二.新古典三.對(duì)同文學(xué)的主要特征與基本主張.與后世英國文學(xué)的影響.四.主要作家與TheNeoclassicalPeriod文學(xué)史分析一Thetimeperiod:Theneoclassicalperiodis文學(xué)史分析一Thetimeperiod:Theneoclassicalperiodisbetweenthereturnofthestudentsin1660andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsin1798.二TheAgeofElightenment1.Theoutline:A.Thedefinition:Theeighteenth-centuryEnglandisalsoknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.TheElightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement.B.Thesource:ItflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.C.Thenature:ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies.D.Thepurpose:Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmordernphilosophicalandartisticideas.2.Therationalprinciple:A.principles:Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Theyheldthatrationalityorreasonshouldbetheonly,thefinalcauseofanyhumanthoughtandactivities.B.Thesignificance:ItprovidedtheoryfortheFrenchRevolutionof1789andtheAmericanWarofIndependencein1776.C.Thehumanisticideas:Theenlightenersadvocateduniversaleducation.Theybelievedthathumanbeingswerelimited,dualistic,imperfect,andyetcapableofrationalityandperfectionthrougheducation.3.Theliteraturefeatrues:literatureatthetime,heavilydidacticandmoralizing,becameaverypopularmeansofpubliceducation.三Theliteratureforms:ThesentimentalLiterature:A.Thebackground:三Theliteratureforms:ThesentimentalLiterature:A.Thebackground:Inthelastfewdecadesofthe18thcentury.however,theneoclassicalemphasisuponreason,intellect,witandformwasrebelledagainstorchallengedbythesentimentalists,anwasgraduallybyRevolutionandasymbolofthegrowingimportanceandstrengthoftheEnglishMiddleclass.4.TheGothicnovels:A.Thebackground:Fromthemiddleparttotheendofthecenturytherewasalsoanapparentshiftofinterestinliteraturecreation.B.Thefetures:Gothicnovels---mostlystoriesofandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidatedMiddleAgeCastles---wereturnedoutprofuselybybothmaleandfemalewriters.5.Others:Eulogizingorlamentinglyrics;Theromanticpoems;thetheatricalworld;thewittyandsatiricprose.主要作家*蒲伯*笛福*斯威夫特*費(fèi)爾丁塞繆爾**比*謝立丹*格雷約翰*班揚(yáng)一Literaturestyles1.Bunyan'sstylewasmedafterthatoftheEnglishBible.Heusedconcretedandlivinglanguageandvividdetails.Hemadeitpossibleforthereaderoftheleasteducationtosharethepleasureofreadinghisnovel.二TheworksGraceAboundingtotheChiefofSinners二TheworksGraceAboundingtotheChiefofSinners,TheLifeandDeathofMr.Badman,TheHolyWarandThepilgrim'sprogress,(PartI,II)三SelectedReadingTheVaFair.1.Theimagery:A.Thepilgrim'sProgressisthemostsuccessfulreligiousallegoryintheEnglishlanguage.ItspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrineswiththeirownweaknessandallkindsofsocialevils.B.Itspredominantmetaphor--lifeasajourney--issimpleandfamiliar.Thefeatures:Thestrangeiscombinedwiththefamiliarandthetrivialjoinedtothedivine.Arichimaginationandanaturaltalentforstorytellingalsocontributetothesuccessofthework.*蒲伯一. Thethoughts:Theviewofrealism:Heupheldtheexistingsocialsystemasanidealone,buthewasnotentirelyblindtotherapidmoral,politicalandculturaldeterioration.Heassumedtheroleofchampionoftraditionalcivilization,butforhimthesupremevaluewasorder.2.TheviewofCriticism:A.HepublishedTheRapeoftheLockandusethemockepicformtoretellthecuttingofthelock,toridiculethetrivialincidentandtosatirizethefoolish,meaninglesslifeofthelordsandladiesinthearistocraticbourgeoissocietyoftheeighteenthcenturyEngland.B.TheDunciad,generallyconsideredPope'sbestsatiricwork,isdirectedatDullnessingeneral.Dullnessasreflectedinthecorruptnessofgovernment,socialmorals,educationandevenreligion,isexpertlyexposedandsatirized.二TheArtisticfeature1.Hestronglyadvocatedneoclassicism.Heworkedpainstakinglyonhispoems,developedaHeworkedpainstakinglyonhispoems,developedasatiricconcise,smooth,gracefulandwell-balancedstyle.Hefinallybroughttoitslastperfectiontheheroiccouplet.三TheworksThechiefworks:AnEssayonGriticism,TheRapeoftheLock,TheDunciad,AnEssayonMan.ThetranslationsofHomer'sIliadandOdyssey.Theeditionofshakespeare'splays.丹尼爾*笛福一TheworksThefirstnovel:RobinsonCrusoefourothernovels:CaptainSingleton,MollFlanders,ColonelJackandRoxana.Thepseuda-factualaccountofGreatplague:AJournalthePlagueYear.二Themasterpieces1.RobinsonCrusoe:RobinsonCrusoe,anadventurestoryverymuchinthespiritofthetime,consideredhismasterpiece.isuniversally2.Therestfournevels:Hisrestfournovelsdealwiththealhistoryofsomeheroore.ThegroupoffournovelsclearlymanifestsDefoe'sdeepconcernforthepoorandtheunfortunateinhissociety.Theyarethefirstliteraryworksdevotedtothestudyofproblemsofthelower-classpeoplel三TheArtisticfeatures:1.Therealisticnovels:A.Defoespokeforandtothemembersofhisdassandhisnovelsenjoyedgreatpopulatityamonythelesscultivated.B.Inmostofhisworks,hegavehispraisetothehard-working,studymiddleclassandshowedhissympathyforthedowntrodden,unfortunatepoor.Thelanguagefeature:Hehadagiftfororganizingminutedetails.Hissentencesaresometimesshort,crispandplain,andsometimeslongandrambling.c.Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular.四SelectedReadingRobinsoncrusoe1.Theoutline:Thenovelconsistsactuallyofthree四SelectedReadingRobinsoncrusoe1.Theoutline:Thenovelconsistsactuallyofthreepartsthoughonlythefirstpartismostwell-knownandwidelyread.Inthisparttheheroofthestory,RobinsonCrusoe,narratesinthefirsthisstories.Thehero:InRobinsonCrusoe,DefoetracesthegrowthofRobinsonfromanaveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman.Robinsonisherearealhero:atypicaleighteenth-centuryEnglishmiddle-classman.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder. thepioneercolonist.IndescribingRobison'slifeontheisland,DefoeglorifieshumanlaborandthePuritanfortitude.*斯威夫特一Theworks1.Theworkstoestablishhisname:ATaleofaTubandTheBattleoftheBooksestablishedhisnameasasatirist.2.ThelettersofDrapier:Hepublished,underthepseudonymofDrapier,aseriesofletters.EventodaySwiftstillrespectedasanationalIreland.3.Thegreatestsatiricwork:Hewroteandpublishedhisgreateststatiricwork,Gulliver'sTravels.二Thearitisticfeatures:Themastersatirist:Swiftisamastersatirist.Hissatireisusuallymaskedbyanoutwardgravityand anapparentearnestness.B.His"AModestProposal"isgenerallytakenasaperfectm.2.themasterofEnglishprose:SwiftisoneofthegreatmastersofEnglishprose,Hiswritingissimple,direct,preciseprose.Hedefinedagoodstyleas"properwordsinproperplaces."Clear,simple,concretediction,uncomplictedsentencestructure,economyandconcisenessoflanguagemarkallhiswritings.三SelectedReadingGulliver'sTravels1.Gulliver'sTravels,Jonathan'sbestfictionalwork.Thebookcontainsfourparts:HisexperienceinLilliput,AloneinBrobbingnayHisexperienceinLilliput,AloneinBrobbingnay,visittotheFlyingIslandandAccountofhisdiscoveriesintheHouyhnhnmland.Instructure,thefourpartsmakeanorganicwhole.2.GullivergiveanaccountofsomeaspectsofLilliputionlifeandobviouslyalludestothesimilarridiculouspracticesortricksoftheEnglishgovernment.亨利*費(fèi)爾丁一Theworks1.TheplaysA.FormsofplaysFieldinghadattemptedaconsiderablenumberofformsofplays:wittycomediesofmanners,farcesorballadoperas,andburlesquesorsatires.B.Thebestknownplays:ThebestknownareTheCoffee-HousePoliticiam,Thetragedyoftrgedies,pasquin,andTheHistoricalRegisterfortheYear1736.2.Thenovels:A.Thefirstnovel:TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrewandofhisfriendMr.AbrahamAdams,thebookquicklyturnsintoagreatnoveloftheopenroad,a"comicepicinprose".B.Theironicalnovel:TheHistoryofJosephwildtheGreat,pointsouttheGreatManisnobetterthanagreatgangster.C.Themasterpieces:TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundlingandTheHistoryofAmelia.Theformerisamasterpieceonthesubjectofhumannatureandthelatterthestoryoftheunfortunatelifeofanidealizedwoman.二TheArtisticfeatures:Aboutnovel:Thepurposeofthenovelwasnotjusttoamuse,buttoinstruct.Theobjectofhisnovelwastopresentafaithfulpictureoflife,toeachmentoknowthemselves.Fieldinghasbeenregardedbysomeas"FatheroftheEnglishNovel."Hewasthefirsttosetout,towritespecificallya"comicepicinprose".Thefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.C.Fieldingadopted"thethird-narration."d.Inpl