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中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙20101LocalHemodynamicDisorders

局部血液循環(huán)障礙基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)系羅庚求LocalHemodynamicDisorders

2中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙20103Contents

循環(huán)血量的異常(充血、缺血)

circulationvolume

血液內(nèi)出現(xiàn)異常物質(zhì)

abnormalmaterial血管內(nèi)成分逸出血管外

emitContents循環(huán)血量的異常(充血、缺血)4HyperemiaAndCongestion

Alocalincreasedvolumeofbloodinaparticulartissue充血和淤血局部組織血管內(nèi)血液含量增多

HyperemiaAndCongestion5

Hyperemia

Arterialhyperemia/ActivehyperemiaAnactiveprocessresultingfromaugmentedbloodflowduetoarteriolardilation

充血

動脈性充血/主動性充血動脈輸入血量增多Hyperemia6中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙20107原因:血管舒張神經(jīng)興奮性↑血管收縮神經(jīng)興奮性↓舒張血管活性物質(zhì)釋放Causes:excitabilityofvasodilatator↑

excitabilityofvasoconstrictor↓diliveryofrelaxingvasoactivesubstance原因:血管舒張神經(jīng)興奮性↑Causes:exc8分類:生理性充血病理性充血減壓后充血Classification:physiologicalpathological

Post-decompression分類:生理性充血Classification:9physiological生理性充血physiological生理性充血10hyperemiaofappendix

闌尾充血hyperemiaofappendix11中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201012pathologicalchangesConsequence病變后果pathologicalchanges13hyperemiahyperemia14

Congestion

Venoushyperemia/PassivehyperemiaApassiveprocessresultingfromimpairedvenousreturnfromatissue

淤血靜脈性充血/被動性充血靜脈血流回流受阻Congestion15中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201016Reasons:Localcongestion:Externalpressure

ThrombosisSystemiccongestion:Heartfailures原因:局部:靜脈受壓/血栓形成全身:心力衰竭Reasons:17中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201018FateAtrophy(萎縮)Degeneration(變性)Necrosis(壞死)Edema(水腫)Hemorrhage(出血)Sclerosis(硬化)FateAtrophy(萎縮)19Lungcongestion

Lungbrowninduration

Heartfailurecells

Edema/Hemorrhage

肺淤血

肺褐色硬化心衰細胞水腫/出血Lungcongestion20LungbrownindurationLungbrowninduration21中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201022中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201023中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201024中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201025heartfailurecellsheartfailurecells26HeartFailurecellsHeartFailurecells27LungcongestionLungcongestion28

Livercongestion

肝淤血

Livercongestion29Fattydegeneration(脂肪變性)Atrophy(萎縮)Centrilobularnecrosis(小葉中央性壞死)Nutmegliver(檳榔肝)Congestivelivercirrhosis淤血性肝硬化Fattydegeneration30NutmegliverNutmegNutmegliverNutmeg31中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201032NutmegliverNutmegliver33NutmegliverNutmegliver34中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201035中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201036中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201037中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201038中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201039CongestivelivercirrhosisCongestivelivercirrhosis40Thrombosis

/ThrombusThrombosisistheprocessofformationofasolidfromthebloodwithinlivingbloodvesselsortheheart,theresultantistermedathrombus.血栓形成/血栓在活體的心臟和血管內(nèi),血液發(fā)生凝固或血液中某些有形成分凝集形成固體質(zhì)塊的過程.Thrombosis/Thrombus41中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201042Threeprimaryinfluencespredisposetothrombusformation:血栓形成的三個條件:Endothelialinjury(mostimportant)Alonecaninducethrombosis心血管內(nèi)皮細胞的損傷Stasisorturbulenceofbloodflow血流狀態(tài)的改變(緩慢,渦流)Bloodhypercoagulability血液凝固性增高

Threeprimaryinfluencespredi43▲心血管內(nèi)皮細胞的損傷▲心血管內(nèi)皮細胞的損傷44抗凝ProtectivescreenPGI2,NO,ADP酶ThrombomodulinMembrane-associatedheparin-likemoleculesProteinSt-PA抗凝ProtectivescreenPGI2,NO,ADP45促凝組織因子VonWillebrandfactorPAIs促凝組織因子VonWillebrandfactorPAI46Oncontactwithextracellularmatrix(ECM),plateletsundergothreegeneralreactions:

(血小板的活化)Adhesionreaction(粘附反應(yīng))Releasereaction(釋放反應(yīng))Aggregationreaction(粘集反應(yīng))Oncontactwithextracellular47中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201048中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201049中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201050Ulcerativeatherosclerosis(潰瘍性的動脈粥樣硬化)Transmuralmyocardialinfarction(透壁的心肌梗塞)Vasculitis(脈管炎,血管炎)Trauma(創(chuàng)傷,外傷,損傷)Radiation(輻射,放射)Bacterialtoxins(細菌毒素)EndothelialinjuryUlcerativeatherosclerosis(潰瘍性51

Stasisorturbulenceofbloodflow

(血流狀態(tài)的改變)Plateletsactivatedbycontactwithendothelium.(血小板與內(nèi)皮接觸后激活)Slowedflowretardsdilutionofactivatedbloodcoagulationfactor

.(凝血因子濃度升高)Turbulencemayinduceendothelialinjury(渦流導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮損傷)Stasisorturbulenceofbl52Hypercoagulablestates

(高凝狀態(tài))Primary(genetic):(原發(fā)性)AntithrombinIIIdeficiency(抗凝血酶III缺陷)ProteinCdeficiency(蛋白C缺陷)ProteinSdeficiency

(蛋白C缺陷)Hypercoagulablestates

(高凝狀態(tài))53HypercoagulablestatesSecondary(acquired):Highrisk:Prolongedbedrestorimmobilization.(不動)Myocardialinfarction(心肌梗死)

Tissuedamage(surgery,fractures,burns)Cardiacfailure(心衰)Acuteleukemia(急性白血?。〥IC.CancerAtrialfibrillation(房顫)Cardiomyopathy(心肌?。〩ypercoagulablestatesSecondar54HypercoagulablestatesSecondary(acquired):

Lowrisk:Nephroticsyndrome(腎病綜合征)

Hyperlipidemia(高脂血癥)Oralcontraceptives.(口服避孕藥)Sicklecellanemia(鐮刀細胞貧血)Smoking(吸煙)Thrombocytosis(血小板增多)HypercoagulablestatesSecondar55ProcessofthrombusformationProcessofthrombusformation56中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201057中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201058中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201059中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201060Typesofthrombus(血栓的類型)Palethrombus(白色血栓)Redthrombus(紅色血栓)Mixedthrombus(混合血栓)Hyalinethrombus/microthrombus/fibrinousthrombus

(透明血栓/微血栓/纖維素性血栓)Typesofthrombus61中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201062Downloadedfrom:Robbins&CotranPathologicBasisofDisease(on28August200509:34AM)?2005ElsevierDownloadedfrom:Robbins&Cot63Downloadedfrom:Robbins&CotranPathologicBasisofDisease(on28August200509:34AM)?2005ElsevierDownloadedfrom:Robbins&Cot64mixedthrombusmixedthrombus65mixedthrombusmixedthrombus66中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201067中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201068palethrombuspalethrombus69中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201070hyalinethrombushyalinethrombus71中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201072FateoftheThrombus(血栓的結(jié)局)Dissolution(軟化、溶解、吸收)Organization/recanalization

(機化/再通)Calcification/phlebolith/arteriolith

(鈣化/靜脈石/動脈石)FateoftheThrombus73中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201074中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201075中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201076recanalizationrecanalization77中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201078中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201079

Effectsofthrombosis

(影響:“弊大于利”)Ischemia(阻塞血管局部缺血)Embolism(栓塞)Heartvalvedisease(心瓣膜變形)DIC(廣泛性出血)Effectsofthrom80

Embolism(栓塞)Embolus(栓子)Anembolusisadetachedintravascularsolid,liquid,orgaseousmassthatiscarriedbythebloodtoasitedistantfromitspointoforigin。(在循環(huán)血液中出現(xiàn)的不溶于血液的異常物質(zhì),隨血流運行阻塞血管腔的現(xiàn)象稱為栓塞。)Embolism(栓塞)81Motionalpathwayofembolus

(栓子的運行途徑)

Embolusfromrightheartcavityorvenoussystem(右心或靜脈系統(tǒng))

Embolusfromleftheartcavityorarterialsystem(左心或動脈系統(tǒng))Embolusfromportalveins(門靜脈)Paradoxical/Crossedembolism(反常栓塞,交叉栓塞)

Retrogradeembolism(逆行栓塞)MotionalpathwayofembolusEm82中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201083Thromboembolism(血栓栓塞)

Pulmonarythromboembolism(肺動脈栓塞)Systemicthromboembolism(體循環(huán)動脈栓塞)

Thromboembolism84Pulmonaryembolism(肺動脈栓塞)1.Largeemboli(5%):

(大栓子)Instantaneousdeath(>60%).

(猝死)PulmonaryembolismInstantaneou85pulmonaryembolismpulmonaryembolism86

這里是位于通向左肺的肺動脈內(nèi)一個大的肺栓。這類血栓發(fā)源于不能走動的病人的大腿靜脈或骨盆靜脈。

87中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201088Largeembolusderivedfromalowerextremitydeepvenousthrombosisandnowimpactedinapulmonaryarterybranch.Largeembolusderivedfromal892.Smallemboli(60-80%):

(小栓子)Infarctions(梗死)2.Smallemboli(60-80%):

90中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201091Systemicembolism

(體循環(huán)栓塞)

I.

80-85%fromheart

(心臟)Ⅱ

.

Debrisfromulcerativeatheromata,

(動脈粥樣硬化潰瘍)orinaneurysms

(動脈瘤)Systemicembolism

(體循環(huán)栓塞)I.92中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201093中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201094中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙201095血栓栓子停留在腦動脈,發(fā)源于左心房的一個附壁血栓。心臟是這種拴子的常見來源。

血栓栓子停留在腦動脈,發(fā)源于左心房的一個附壁血栓。心臟是這種96Etiology:FracturesoflongbonesSofttissuetraumaBurnsFatembolismEtiology:Fatembolism97Fatembolism

(脂肪栓塞)

Fatembolism(脂肪栓塞)98Fig5-17Fig5-1799Fatembolismclinicalmanifestation(臨床表現(xiàn))Pulmonaryinsufficiency(肺功能不全)Neurologicsymptoms(神經(jīng)癥狀)Fatembolismclinicalmanifesta100Gasembolism(氣體栓塞)

Airembolism(空氣栓塞)

Decompression

sickness(減壓?。〨asembolism101Etiology(病因)Intravenoustherapeuticprocedures(靜脈輸液)Obstetricprocedures(分娩和流產(chǎn))Chestwallinjury(氣胸)Decompressionsickness

(nitrogen)(減壓病)AirembolismEtiology(病因)Airembolism102中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010103圖a為鎖骨下靜脈栓塞。圖b為上腔靜脈和左心室氣體栓塞。圖c為肺動脈干氣栓。

圖a為鎖骨下靜脈栓塞。104中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010105中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010106中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010107GasembolismClinicaleffect:>100cc

(臨床反應(yīng))Caissondisease/diver’sdisease(沉箱病/潛水員病)Multiplefociofischemicnecrosisinskeletalsystemandbends(骨關(guān)節(jié)缺血性多灶性壞死)GasembolismClinicaleffect:>108AMNIOTICFLUIDEMBOLISM

(羊水栓塞)Incidence:1/50000(發(fā)病率)Mortalityrate:80%(致死率)Clinicalonset:(臨床)Suddenseveredyspnea(呼吸困難)Cyanosis(發(fā)紺)hypotensiveshock(休克)Coma(昏迷)AMNIOTICFLUIDEMBOLISM

(羊水栓塞)109角化上皮角化上皮110Embolizationofthepulmonarymicrocirculationoftheparticulatedebrisinamnioticfluid.

(肺的微循環(huán)栓塞)Releaseofvasoconstrictoragents,e.g.,PGreducingpulmonarybloodflow.

(縮血管物質(zhì))IntercurrenceofDICShock(休克)Embolizationofthepulmonary111其他栓塞:膽固醇栓子其他栓塞:膽固醇栓子112中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010113癌栓癌栓114中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010115中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010116Infarction(梗死)Aninfarctionisanareaofischemicnecrosiscausedbyocclusionofeitherthearterialsupplyorthevenousdrainageinaparticulartissue。(器官或局部組織由于血管阻塞,動脈多見、血流停止導(dǎo)致缺氧而發(fā)生的壞死。)Infarction117Thrombosis(血栓形成)Embolism(栓塞)Twistingofthevessels

(血管痙攣)Extrinsiccompression(外源性壓迫)Etiology(病原學(xué))Thrombosis(血栓形成)Etiology118Factorsthatinfluencedevelopmentofaninfarct

(影響梗死的因素)

Natureofthevascularsupply

(血管類型)Vulnerabilitytohypoxia

(對缺血的敏感性)Factorsthatinfluence119INFARCTION

(梗死)Morphologyofinfarct

(形態(tài)學(xué))Shape:Wedge-shapedIrregularSegmentaltexturecolor

:RedandwhiteinfarctsINFARCTION

(梗死)Morphologyofi120Classification(分類)

Anemicinfarcts/Whiteinfarcts(貧血性梗死/白色梗死):心,腎,脾Hemorrhagicinfarcts/Redinfarcts(出血性梗死/紅色梗死):肺、腸Septicinfarcts(敗血性梗死)Classification121Tissuespreviouslycongested(淤血)Loosetissues

(組織疏松)Hemorrhagicinfarcts/Redinfarct

(出血性梗死)TissuespreviouslycongestedHe122中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010123中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010124中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010125中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010126中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010127SpleeninfarctSpleeninfarct128中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010129中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010130中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010131Lung

infarctLunginfarct132中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010133中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010134梗死區(qū)梗死區(qū)135中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010136腸梗死正常腸Intestineinfarct腸梗死正常腸Intestineinfarct137中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010138中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010139中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010140

ClinicalEffects決定于梗死的器官、梗死灶的大小和部位、以及有無細菌感染ClinicalEffects141Hemorrhage

(出血)Hemorrhage

(出血)142中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010143中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010144中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010145中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010146中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010147中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010148中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010149中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010150一、名詞解釋:

congestion

HeartfailurecellsBrownindurationoflung

Nutmegliver

Thrombosis

Decompressionsickness一、名詞解釋:151二、問答題:1、慢性肝淤血時,肝切面為什么會出現(xiàn)檳榔狀花紋?2、栓子是如何運行的?3、羊水栓塞的病理特征是什么?4、靜脈淤血、血栓形成、栓塞及梗死之間有何聯(lián)系?二、問答題:152Casediscussion

Caseabstract.Female,30-year-old,farmer.Chiefcomplaint.Intermittentpalpitation(心悸)

andshortbreathefor1years;lowerextrem-itiesedemaandoligouriafor1month.CasediscussionCaseabstract.153Currentmedicalhistory.Sincelastyear,shefeltpalpitationandshortbreathafterlaboring,andthesesymptomswererelievedwhenrelaxation.Shecaughtacold,andpresentedfever,worsenpalpitationandshortbreathonemonthbefore.Currentmedicalhistory.Since154Simultaneously,Lowerextremitiesedema,oligouria,andright-upperabdominalturgor(膨隆)beganandappetitedecreased,Especiallyshewasunabletoliehorizontally.ShewasadmittedtohospitalbecausetheGeneralmedicaltreatmentwasineffectivetoher.

Simultaneously,Lowerextremit155Pastmedicalhistory:

frequentpharyngodynia(咽痛)andarthralgia(關(guān)節(jié)痛)

10yearsbeforewasmentioned.Pastmedicalhistory:156Physicalexamination.Shewassemireclin-Ingposition,chronicsicklycomplexionwithterminalandlipscyanosis.Jugularveindilated,andmild-moderateralesinthedorsalofbothlungsWerenoticed.Thecardiacborderwasenlargedbilaterally.Physicalexamination.Shewas157HR110/min,BP:110/70mmHg,thunder-likemurmurduringdiastolic(舒張)

phasewaspalpatedinprecordiumregion.Andblowingmurmurduringsystolicphasewasausculated(聽診).Theliverwas3cmbeneaththeriband5cmbeneaththexiphoidprocess,toughandmildtenderness(觸痛).HR110/min,BP:110/70mmHg,t158

hepato-jugularveinsregurgitationsignwaspositiveandthelowerextremitieswasdepressiveedema.Labexamination:urine:protein(+),BRC1-2/HP,hyalinecast1-2/HP.X-ray:theheartwasbilaterallyenlargedAndthetextureofbothlungsincreased.hepato-jugularveinsregurgi159Diagnosis

1:rheumaticheartdisease2:mitralstenosisandinsuficiency3:pan-heartfailureDiagnosis160

勤奮、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、團結(jié)、進取

Diligent,rigorous,solidification,enterprising

Thanks!勤奮、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、團結(jié)、進取Thanks!161中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010162LocalHemodynamicDisorders

局部血液循環(huán)障礙基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)系羅庚求LocalHemodynamicDisorders

163中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010164Contents

循環(huán)血量的異常(充血、缺血)

circulationvolume

血液內(nèi)出現(xiàn)異常物質(zhì)

abnormalmaterial血管內(nèi)成分逸出血管外

emitContents循環(huán)血量的異常(充血、缺血)165HyperemiaAndCongestion

Alocalincreasedvolumeofbloodinaparticulartissue充血和淤血局部組織血管內(nèi)血液含量增多

HyperemiaAndCongestion166

Hyperemia

Arterialhyperemia/ActivehyperemiaAnactiveprocessresultingfromaugmentedbloodflowduetoarteriolardilation

充血

動脈性充血/主動性充血動脈輸入血量增多Hyperemia167中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010168原因:血管舒張神經(jīng)興奮性↑血管收縮神經(jīng)興奮性↓舒張血管活性物質(zhì)釋放Causes:excitabilityofvasodilatator↑

excitabilityofvasoconstrictor↓diliveryofrelaxingvasoactivesubstance原因:血管舒張神經(jīng)興奮性↑Causes:exc169分類:生理性充血病理性充血減壓后充血Classification:physiologicalpathological

Post-decompression分類:生理性充血Classification:170physiological生理性充血physiological生理性充血171hyperemiaofappendix

闌尾充血hyperemiaofappendix172中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010173pathologicalchangesConsequence病變后果pathologicalchanges174hyperemiahyperemia175

Congestion

Venoushyperemia/PassivehyperemiaApassiveprocessresultingfromimpairedvenousreturnfromatissue

淤血靜脈性充血/被動性充血靜脈血流回流受阻Congestion176中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010177Reasons:Localcongestion:Externalpressure

ThrombosisSystemiccongestion:Heartfailures原因:局部:靜脈受壓/血栓形成全身:心力衰竭Reasons:178中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010179FateAtrophy(萎縮)Degeneration(變性)Necrosis(壞死)Edema(水腫)Hemorrhage(出血)Sclerosis(硬化)FateAtrophy(萎縮)180Lungcongestion

Lungbrowninduration

Heartfailurecells

Edema/Hemorrhage

肺淤血

肺褐色硬化心衰細胞水腫/出血Lungcongestion181LungbrownindurationLungbrowninduration182中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010183中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010184中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010185中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010186heartfailurecellsheartfailurecells187HeartFailurecellsHeartFailurecells188LungcongestionLungcongestion189

Livercongestion

肝淤血

Livercongestion190Fattydegeneration(脂肪變性)Atrophy(萎縮)Centrilobularnecrosis(小葉中央性壞死)Nutmegliver(檳榔肝)Congestivelivercirrhosis淤血性肝硬化Fattydegeneration191NutmegliverNutmegNutmegliverNutmeg192中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010193NutmegliverNutmegliver194NutmegliverNutmegliver195中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010196中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010197中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010198中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010199中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010200CongestivelivercirrhosisCongestivelivercirrhosis201Thrombosis

/ThrombusThrombosisistheprocessofformationofasolidfromthebloodwithinlivingbloodvesselsortheheart,theresultantistermedathrombus.血栓形成/血栓在活體的心臟和血管內(nèi),血液發(fā)生凝固或血液中某些有形成分凝集形成固體質(zhì)塊的過程.Thrombosis/Thrombus202中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010203Threeprimaryinfluencespredisposetothrombusformation:血栓形成的三個條件:Endothelialinjury(mostimportant)Alonecaninducethrombosis心血管內(nèi)皮細胞的損傷Stasisorturbulenceofbloodflow血流狀態(tài)的改變(緩慢,渦流)Bloodhypercoagulability血液凝固性增高

Threeprimaryinfluencespredi204▲心血管內(nèi)皮細胞的損傷▲心血管內(nèi)皮細胞的損傷205抗凝ProtectivescreenPGI2,NO,ADP酶ThrombomodulinMembrane-associatedheparin-likemoleculesProteinSt-PA抗凝ProtectivescreenPGI2,NO,ADP206促凝組織因子VonWillebrandfactorPAIs促凝組織因子VonWillebrandfactorPAI207Oncontactwithextracellularmatrix(ECM),plateletsundergothreegeneralreactions:

(血小板的活化)Adhesionreaction(粘附反應(yīng))Releasereaction(釋放反應(yīng))Aggregationreaction(粘集反應(yīng))Oncontactwithextracellular208中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010209中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010210中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010211Ulcerativeatherosclerosis(潰瘍性的動脈粥樣硬化)Transmuralmyocardialinfarction(透壁的心肌梗塞)Vasculitis(脈管炎,血管炎)Trauma(創(chuàng)傷,外傷,損傷)Radiation(輻射,放射)Bacterialtoxins(細菌毒素)EndothelialinjuryUlcerativeatherosclerosis(潰瘍性212

Stasisorturbulenceofbloodflow

(血流狀態(tài)的改變)Plateletsactivatedbycontactwithendothelium.(血小板與內(nèi)皮接觸后激活)Slowedflowretardsdilutionofactivatedbloodcoagulationfactor

.(凝血因子濃度升高)Turbulencemayinduceendothelialinjury(渦流導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮損傷)Stasisorturbulenceofbl213Hypercoagulablestates

(高凝狀態(tài))Primary(genetic):(原發(fā)性)AntithrombinIIIdeficiency(抗凝血酶III缺陷)ProteinCdeficiency(蛋白C缺陷)ProteinSdeficiency

(蛋白C缺陷)Hypercoagulablestates

(高凝狀態(tài))214HypercoagulablestatesSecondary(acquired):Highrisk:Prolongedbedrestorimmobilization.(不動)Myocardialinfarction(心肌梗死)

Tissuedamage(surgery,fractures,burns)Cardiacfailure(心衰)Acuteleukemia(急性白血病)DIC.CancerAtrialfibrillation(房顫)Cardiomyopathy(心肌?。〩ypercoagulablestatesSecondar215HypercoagulablestatesSecondary(acquired):

Lowrisk:Nephroticsyndrome(腎病綜合征)

Hyperlipidemia(高脂血癥)Oralcontraceptives.(口服避孕藥)Sicklecellanemia(鐮刀細胞貧血)Smoking(吸煙)Thrombocytosis(血小板增多)HypercoagulablestatesSecondar216ProcessofthrombusformationProcessofthrombusformation217中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010218中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010219中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010220中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010221Typesofthrombus(血栓的類型)Palethrombus(白色血栓)Redthrombus(紅色血栓)Mixedthrombus(混合血栓)Hyalinethrombus/microthrombus/fibrinousthrombus

(透明血栓/微血栓/纖維素性血栓)Typesofthrombus222中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010223Downloadedfrom:Robbins&CotranPathologicBasisofDisease(on28August200509:34AM)?2005ElsevierDownloadedfrom:Robbins&Cot224Downloadedfrom:Robbins&CotranPathologicBasisofDisease(on28August200509:34AM)?2005ElsevierDownloadedfrom:Robbins&Cot225mixedthrombusmixedthrombus226mixedthrombusmixedthrombus227中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010228中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010229palethrombuspalethrombus230中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010231hyalinethrombushyalinethrombus232中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010233FateoftheThrombus(血栓的結(jié)局)Dissolution(軟化、溶解、吸收)Organization/recanalization

(機化/再通)Calcification/phlebolith/arteriolith

(鈣化/靜脈石/動脈石)FateoftheThrombus234中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010235中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010236中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010237recanalizationrecanalization238中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010239中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010240

Effectsofthrombosis

(影響:“弊大于利”)Ischemia(阻塞血管局部缺血)Embolism(栓塞)Heartvalvedisease(心瓣膜變形)DIC(廣泛性出血)Effectsofthrom241

Embolism(栓塞)Embolus(栓子)Anembolusisadetachedintravascularsolid,liquid,orgaseousmassthatiscarriedbythebloodtoasitedistantfromitspointoforigin。(在循環(huán)血液中出現(xiàn)的不溶于血液的異常物質(zhì),隨血流運行阻塞血管腔的現(xiàn)象稱為栓塞。)Embolism(栓塞)242Motionalpathwayofembolus

(栓子的運行途徑)

Embolusfromrightheartcavityorvenoussystem(右心或靜脈系統(tǒng))

Embolusfromleftheartcavityorarterialsystem(左心或動脈系統(tǒng))Embolusfromportalveins(門靜脈)Paradoxical/Crossedembolism(反常栓塞,交叉栓塞)

Retrogradeembolism(逆行栓塞)MotionalpathwayofembolusEm243中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010244Thromboembolism(血栓栓塞)

Pulmonarythromboembolism(肺動脈栓塞)Systemicthromboembolism(體循環(huán)動脈栓塞)

Thromboembolism245Pulmonaryembolism(肺動脈栓塞)1.Largeemboli(5%):

(大栓子)Instantaneousdeath(>60%).

(猝死)PulmonaryembolismInstantaneou246pulmonaryembolismpulmonaryembolism247

這里是位于通向左肺的肺動脈內(nèi)一個大的肺栓。這類血栓發(fā)源于不能走動的病人的大腿靜脈或骨盆靜脈。

248中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010249Largeembolusderivedfromalowerextremitydeepvenousthrombosisandnowimpactedinapulmonaryarterybranch.Largeembolusderivedfromal2502.Smallemboli(60-80%):

(小栓子)Infarctions(梗死)2.Smallemboli(60-80%):

251中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010252Systemicembolism

(體循環(huán)栓塞)

I.

80-85%fromheart

(心臟)Ⅱ

.

Debrisfromulcerativeatheromata,

(動脈粥樣硬化潰瘍)orinaneurysms

(動脈瘤)Systemicembolism

(體循環(huán)栓塞)I.253中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010254中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010255中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010256血栓栓子停留在腦動脈,發(fā)源于左心房的一個附壁血栓。心臟是這種拴子的常見來源。

血栓栓子停留在腦動脈,發(fā)源于左心房的一個附壁血栓。心臟是這種257Etiology:FracturesoflongbonesSofttissuetraumaBurnsFatembolismEtiology:Fatembolism258Fatembolism

(脂肪栓塞)

Fatembolism(脂肪栓塞)259Fig5-17Fig5-17260Fatembolismclinicalmanifestation(臨床表現(xiàn))Pulmonaryinsufficiency(肺功能不全)Neurologicsymptoms(神經(jīng)癥狀)Fatembolismclinicalmanifesta261Gasembolism(氣體栓塞)

Airembolism(空氣栓塞)

Decompression

sickness(減壓病)Gasembolism262Etiology(病因)Intravenoustherapeuticprocedures(靜脈輸液)Obstetricprocedures(分娩和流產(chǎn))Chestwallinjury(氣胸)Decompressionsickness

(nitrogen)(減壓?。〢irembolismEtiology(病因)Airembolism263中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010264圖a為鎖骨下靜脈栓塞。圖b為上腔靜脈和左心室氣體栓塞。圖c為肺動脈干氣栓。

圖a為鎖骨下靜脈栓塞。265中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010266中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010267中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010268GasembolismClinicaleffect:>100cc

(臨床反應(yīng))Caissondisease/diver’sdisease(沉箱病/潛水員?。㎝ultiplefociofischemicnecrosisinskeletalsystemandbends(骨關(guān)節(jié)缺血性多灶性壞死)GasembolismClinicaleffect:>269AMNIOTICFLUIDEMBOLISM

(羊水栓塞)Incidence:1/50000(發(fā)病率)Mortalityrate:80%(致死率)Clinicalonset:(臨床)Suddenseveredyspnea(呼吸困難)Cyanosis(發(fā)紺)hypotensiveshock(休克)Coma(昏迷)AMNIOTICFLUIDEMBOLISM

(羊水栓塞)270角化上皮角化上皮271Embolizationofthepulmonarymicrocirculationoftheparticulatedebrisinamnioticfluid.

(肺的微循環(huán)栓塞)Releaseofvasoconstrictoragents,e.g.,PGreducingpulmonarybloodflow.

(縮血管物質(zhì))IntercurrenceofDICShock(休克)Embolizationofthepulmonary272其他栓塞:膽固醇栓子其他栓塞:膽固醇栓子273中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010274癌栓癌栓275中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010276中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010277Infarction(梗死)Aninfarctionisanareaofischemicnecrosiscausedbyocclusionofeitherthearterialsupplyorthevenousdrainageinaparticulartissue。(器官或局部組織由于血管阻塞,動脈多見、血流停止導(dǎo)致缺氧而發(fā)生的壞死。)Infarction278Thrombosis(血栓形成)Embolism(栓塞)Twistingofthevessels

(血管痙攣)Extrinsiccompression(外源性壓迫)Etiology(病原學(xué))Thrombosis(血栓形成)Etiology279Factorsthatinfluencedevelopmentofaninfarct

(影響梗死的因素)

Natureofthevascularsupply

(血管類型)Vulnerabilitytohypoxia

(對缺血的敏感性)Factorsthatinfluence280INFARCTION

(梗死)Morphologyofinfarct

(形態(tài)學(xué))Shape:Wedge-shapedIrregularSegmentaltexturecolor

:RedandwhiteinfarctsINFARCTION

(梗死)Morphologyofi281Classification(分類)

Anemicinfarcts/Whiteinfarcts(貧血性梗死/白色梗死):心,腎,脾Hemorrhagicinfarcts/Redinfarcts(出血性梗死/紅色梗死):肺、腸Septicinfarcts(敗血性梗死)Classification282Tissuespreviouslycongested(淤血)Loosetissues

(組織疏松)Hemorrhagicinfarcts/Redinfarct

(出血性梗死)TissuespreviouslycongestedHe283中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010284中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010285中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010286中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010287中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010288SpleeninfarctSpleeninfarct289中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010290中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010291中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010292Lung

infarctLunginfarct293中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010294中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部血液循環(huán)障礙2010295梗死區(qū)梗死區(qū)296中南大學(xué)想要在醫(yī)學(xué)院,病理課件,局部

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