托福作文寫作范文詳解tenti

托福作文寫作范文詳解題目:Successfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessions.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.話題和題型分類工作類；雙邊討論題型題目分析運動員收入高是否公平思路提示A.公平運動員年輕的時候體力消耗大，年老后患有職業(yè)病沒有一技之長，退役后很難找工作為國家做貢獻，給青少年起著榜樣作用B.不公平工資的高低應有所承擔的社會責任來決定對第一個現(xiàn)象L和R的爭論。先復述L的觀點，骨頭中的細小通道里的生物體可能是由于細菌死亡的原因。隨即說明，這些個生物體不是R中說的由于血管留下的。此段結構：此段為分分結構。作者先寫L對發(fā)現(xiàn)殘留生物體的解釋，從發(fā)現(xiàn)到解釋之間的想法，然后再說明同樣的發(fā)現(xiàn)R是怎么解釋的。Paragraph3Second,thereadingassumesthereddishspheresfoundintheboneareredbloodcells,citingtheircolorandsize.Butotherfossilsofprimitiveorganismsinthesamegeneralareaalsocontainsimilarreddishspheres.Withtheknowledgethatsuchprimitiveorganismscouldnotyethaveevolvedredbloodcells,thereisgoodreasontobelievethatthesespotsareonlyreddishmineraldeposits,andnotbloodcells.Thereadingagainmakesanimprudentconclusionhere.此段功能：對第二個現(xiàn)象，發(fā)現(xiàn)紅色球狀體，L和R分別進行了解釋。R覺得這些紅色球的形狀和大小意味著他們可能是骨頭里的血紅細胞。L覺得這樣不對，因為在一些原始生物體(Primitiveorganism)的化石上，也有這樣大小顏色的紅色球，但這些原始生物根本沒有血紅細胞。所以對于紅色球更合理的解釋是，他們是紅色礦物質的沉積。L還說R的這種解釋太不謹慎了。此段結構：此段為總分結構，作者在第一句中用R的結論做總，然后接下來的L的兩句話，先補充現(xiàn)象再補充結論，推翻了R的結論。Paragraph4Third,notasinglesampleofcollagenfoundtothisdateisolderthan100thousandyearsinage.Thecollagenfoundatthesitespokenofinthepassage,however,islocatedinaseventymillionyear-olddinosaurfossil.Sincethistissuecanhardlysustainsuchalonghistory,itssourcemaynotbeaprehistoricanimal,butrathertheskinofresearchers.Hence,thefinalconclusionofthereadingiscastindoubt.此段功能：在第三個現(xiàn)象的爭論上，同樣是發(fā)現(xiàn)了骨膠原組織。L說現(xiàn)在證據(jù)表明存在任何大于100,000年骨膠原組織，更何況一個70,000,000年的恐龍化石。對于骨膠原組織出現(xiàn)的合理釋，不是R所說的史前動物留下的，更有可能是近代學者留下的，比如皮膚。所以R的結論十分值得懷疑。此段結構:此段為了達到最后證明R的結論不靠譜，L先列舉了組織可能是骨膠原的條件，然后說發(fā)現(xiàn)的組織完全不符合這個條件，所以只能嘗試用新的觀點去解釋他。最后達到懷疑R結論的目的。三、范文全篇總評1、邏輯結構全文遵從總分結構，開頭段表明L的主要邏輯是懷疑和立出新解釋，這篇文章里L并不是一個全盤否定的態(tài)度，更多的是遵從證據(jù)嘗試做出更完整更合理的解釋。隨后三段依照3個分論點依次展開。一個觀點的確立有3步驟：發(fā)現(xiàn)證據(jù)或現(xiàn)象，合理解釋現(xiàn)象（解釋最好帶有普遍性），最后確立觀點。為了推翻一個觀點，對第一步，第二步都可以進行攻擊。在第一，第二分論點中，作者說明L沒有懷疑R發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)，只是作出了不同解釋。在第三論點中，L對R發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)都覺得不合理，自然不同意R的結論。2、語言表達文中并沒有涉及太多有難度的連接詞，單詞難度主要來自專業(yè)名詞?？梢越梃b的句式有:Thelecturerextendspossibleexplanationsbeyondtheconclusions（舊的結論）madeonthenewlydiscovered（新的現(xiàn)象和證據(jù)）andsuggeststhatthe（新的結論）同學們覺得L和R沒有強烈的對抗情緒，而L是打算對R做出進一步解釋可以用這樣的句式。Imprudent：不謹慎的，不明智的/Careless/Unthoughtful/Itisimprudentofyoutolendmoneytoastranger.Castindoubt:有疑問的/Suspectful/Undetermined/Theoldtheoryhascastindoubtbysomenewlyfoundevidence.科學家和國家領導人的貢獻比運動員更大SampleAnswerAsaresultofconstantmediaattention,sportsprofessionalshavebecomestarsandcelebrities,andthoseatthetoparepaidhugesalaries.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedforsuccessfulsportsprofessionalstoearnmuchmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessionswhileotherholdanoppositeviews.Iaminfavoroftheviewthatitisfairforsportsprofessionalstoearnagreatdealofmoney.（首段開篇擺明觀點:成功的運動員獲得巨額的收入是合乎情理的）Manypeoplefindtheirrewardsunfair,especiallywhencomparingthesesupersalarieswiththoseoftopsurgeonsorresearchscientists,orevenleadingpoliticianswhohavetheresponsibilityofgoverningthecountry.However,athletes'salariesarenotdeterminedbyconsideringthecontributiontosocietyapersonmakes,orthelevelofresponsibilityheorsheholds.Instead,theyreflectthepublicpopularityofthesportingeneralandthelevelofpublicsupportthatsuccessfulstarscangenerate.Sothenotionof“fairness“isnottheissue.（文章第二段從作者觀點的反面切入，再進行正面論述，使得論述更加客觀辯證）Thosewhofeelthatsportsstars'salariesarejustifiedmightarguethatthenumberofprofessionalswithrealtalentisveryfew,andthemoneyisrecognitionoftheskillsanddedicationapersonneedstobesuccessful.Competitionisconstantandaplayeristestedeverytimetheyperformintheirrelativelyshortcareer.ThepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereislittleprivacyoutofthespotlightThusallofthesefactorsmayjustifythehugeearnings.（本段是文章第三段列出三個論據(jù)論證作者觀點）Personally,Ithinkthattheamountofmoneysuchsportsstarsisjustifiednotonlybecauseoftheburdenfrommediaandthepublic,butalsobecauseoftheintensityoftrainingandcompetition.Thehugesalaryalsoindicatesthatoursocietyplacesmuchvalueonsport（最后一段總結全文突出觀點）滿分要素剖析：語言表達本文的語言簡潔明了觀點清晰，文中一系列的連接詞使得文章更加連貫:however,so,instead,thus,butoSomepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedforsuccessfulsportsprofessionalstoearnmuchmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessionswhileotherholdanoppositeviews.Iaminfavoroftheviewthatitisfairforsportsprofessionalstoearnagreatdealofmoney.句型Iaminfavoroftheviewthat...可用于議論文開頭提出觀點。邏輯結構本文是總分總結構的議論文。開篇先陳述事實并表達觀點，第二段從反面切入后轉向正面,第三段繼續(xù)從正面論述觀點，使得論證更加客觀嚴謹。第四段對全文進行總結，并重申自己的觀點。ReadingAnimalfossilsusuallyprovideverylittleopportunitytostudytheactualanimaltissues,becauseinfossilstheanimals'livingtissueshavebeenlargelyreplacedbyminerals.Thus,scientistswereveryexcitedrecentlywhenitappearedthata70-million-year-oldfossilofTyrannosaurusrex(T.rex),adinosaur,mightstillcontainremainsoftheactualtissuesoftheanimal.ThediscoverywasmadewhenresearchersdeliberatelybrokeopentheT.rex'slegbone,therebyexposingitsinsidestorevealmaterialsthatseemtoberemainsofbloodvessels,redbloodcells,andcollagenmatrix.First,thebreakingofthefossilizedlegbonerevealedmanysmallbranchingchannelsinside,whichprobablycorrespondtohollowsintheboneswherebloodvesselswereoncelocated.Theexcitingfindingwasthepresenceofasoft,flexibleorganicsubstanceinsidethechannels.ThissoftsubstancemayverywellrepresenttheremainsoftheactualbloodvesselsofT.rex.Second,microscopicexaminationofthevariouspartsoftheinnerbonerevealedthepresenceofspheresthatcouldbetheremainsofredbloodcells.Testsshowedthatthespherescontainediron-amaterialvitaltotheroleofredbloodcellsintransportingoxygentotissues.Moreover,thesphereshaddarkredcenters(substanceswithirontendtobereddishincolor)andwerealsoaboutthesizeofredbloodcells.Third,scientistsperformedatestonthedinosaurlegbonethatshowedthatitcontainedcollagen.Collagenisafibrousproteinthatisamaincomponentoflivingbonetissue,inwhichitformsaso-calledcollagenmatrix.Collagen(oritschemicalderivatives)isexactlythekindofbiochemicalmaterialthatonewouldexpecttofindinassociationwithbonetissue.ListeningAsmuchaswewouldliketohavetheremainsofactualdinosaurtissue,therearesoundreasonsforbeingskepticaloftheidentificationsmadeinthereading.First,thesoft,flexiblesubstanceinsidethebonechannelsisn'tnecessarilytheremainsofbloodvessels.Itismuchmorelikelytobesomethingelse.L汰ewhat?Youmightsay.Well,longafteranorganismisdied,bacteriasometimescolonizehollows,emptyareasinbones,likethechannelsthatonceheldbloodvessels.Whenbacterialivedinsidebones,theyoftenleavebehindtracesoforganicmaterial.Whattheresearchersinthereadingareidentifyingasbloodvesselsmightjustbetracesofsoftandmoistresidueleftbybacteriacolonies.Allright.Whatabouttheiron-filledspheres?Well,theproblemisthatscientistsfoundidenticalreddishspheresinfossilsofotheranimalsfoundinthesameplace.Thatincludesfossilsofprimitiveanimalsthatdidnothaveanyredbloodcellswhentheywerealive.Clearly,ifthesespheresappearinorganismsthatdidnothaveanyredbloodcells,thenthespherescannotbetheremainsofredbloodcells.Thespheresprobablyhaveaverydifferentorigin.Theyareprobablyjustpiecesofreddishmineral.Third,thecollagen.Theproblemisthatwehaveneverfoundcollageninanimalremainsthatareolderthanonehundredthousandyears.Collagenprobablycannotlastlongerthanthat.Findingcollagenfromananimalthatlivedseventymillionyearsagowouldreallycontradictourideasabouthowlongcollagencanlast.Itisjusttooimprobable.Themostlikelyexplanationforthepresenceofcollagenisthatitdoesn'tcomefromtheT.rex,butfromanothermuchmorerecentsource.Forexample,humanskincontainscollagen,sothecollagenmayhavecomefromtheskinoftheresearcherswhoarehandlingthebone.一、閱讀聽力要點概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:ArecentlyfoundT.rexfossilmightcontainactualtissuesofthedinosaur.Subpoint1:Smallchannelswithorganicsubstanceinsidelegbonecouldbebloodvessels.Subpoint2:Presenceofironspherescouldindicateredbloodcells.Subpoint3:Collagenmatrixbeingshowedafteratest.LectureAttitude:Skeptical.SubPoint1:Bonechannelscouldbecausedbysomethingelselikebacteria.(Bacterialeaveremains)SubPoint2:Ironfilledspheresmaynotindicateanyredbloodcells.(Onnobloodcellanimal,couldbemineral.)SubPoint3:Collage