湖南長(zhǎng)沙博物館三國(guó)吳簡(jiǎn)英文導(dǎo)游詞

湖南長(zhǎng)沙博物館三國(guó)吳簡(jiǎn)英文導(dǎo)游詞

TheExhibitionofInscribedBambooTabletsofWuKingdomoftheThreeKingdomsatChangshaLadiesandgentlemen,

WeletoChangshamuseum.Wellbeheretovisit“TheExhibitionofInscribedBambooTabletsofWuKingdomoftheThreeKingdomsatChangshaandTheYearsofUnearthedMostValuableCulturalRelics〞.Ihopemyexplanationcansatisfyyou!

Now,weareinthefirstexhibitionhall.Here,itadoptspanoramictechnique,andrestoresthesiteofunearthingBambooTabletsofWuKingdom.In1996,duringJulytoNovember,inthesoutheastofWuYisquare,teamupwithPingHeTangDepartment.TheexhumationswerecarriedonbyChangsharelicsworkteams.Theyunearth61archaicwellsduringthe

WarringStatesperiodandtheMingandQingDynasty,andfoundout3000kindsofrelics,likecopper,ironbamboo,wood,ceramics,andsoon.Topeople’sastonishment,intheNo.22archaicwell,theyfoundlotsofbambootabletsandwooden

slips.Afterconfirming,theyaretherelicsofSunWuinThreekingdoms1700yearsago.Thesepatchesofrelicswouldreplenishthelackedhistoricalmaterialsofthreekingdomsexactly.Ourcountryoncehadfourdiscoveries:TheoracleboneinscriptionofYin,bambootabletsandwoodenslipsofTunxuinnorthwestChina,CulturalbooksofDunhuangstoneroom,FilesofQingcabinet.BambooTabletsofWuKingdomoftheThreeKingdomsatChangshacanbementionedinthesamebreathwiththefourdiscoveries,andbeethesearchingsubjectofinternationalacademia.

Everybody!PleaselookatthecrosssectionreconstructionoftheNO.22archaicwell.Itsupperpartofopeningwasdamagedwhenitwasexcavating.Thisisanirregularcircularshapeverticalshaft;thebottomhasabagformlikely.Theopeningofthewellhasalength3.5mfromsouthtonorth,3.1mfromeasttowest,and5.6mindepth.Theopeningiscoveredwithpureredbrowncolorclay,1.5mdeeperofwhichisthebambootabletsandwoodenslipslayer.Thebambootabletsandwoodenslipslayeris50cmthickincenterand20cmthinonallsides,piledupwithslopeform.Theropestiedthebambootabletsandwoodenslipshavebeerotten,butwecanseetheywereburiedbybundlesatthattime.Therearemorethan10,000piecesofbambootabletsandwoodenslipsbytheinitialstatistics.Thesecondlayeristhegraybrownclaylayerof3.1mthick,amongthemmixup

withlotsofbamboowoodscrapes,grassscrapes,leaves,fragmentarybricks,potteryandporcelainandsoon.Atthebottomofthewellisanothersmallwell,whichhassquarewoodenframe.Thefourcornersarenailedbyastickofspileinlayedwithtwowoodenboardsasthewellwall.Thecircleofthewellis93cmlong,58cmtall.Thefunctionofthissmallwellisprobablyforgatheringthegroundwaterfromallsidesofthewell,andthenputforwardtopouroutwithwaterpitcherandothertoolsinordertomaintainthewellspacedry.Thisisthelivingphototakenbythetimeofexcavating.

AnalyzingthestructureandrelicsofthewellNO.22,itisanancientwellforstoringfood.TheclimateofChangshaissohot,wetandrainythatthefoodiseasytoberot,butthecircumstanceunderthegroundof10mdepthisjustlikeasamodernrefrigerator.ThearchaeologicaldiscoveriesapprovedthatpeoplehadusedthisstoringmethodfromthetimeofShangdynasty.

Youmayaskthat,whywerethebambootabletsofWuKingdomburiedinthewell?Therearetwostatements.ThefirstoneconsideredthatintheperiodofThreeKingdoms,thereweresomanywars,thesuddenlyburst-outwarmadepeopleburythemhereinahurry.Theotherconsideredthattoburytheminthewellmaybeawayofdealingwiththerecordsinthepast.

Nowpleaselookatthephoto.ThisisthephotoofunearthingtheNo.22well.Wecanseethatthebambootabletsandwoodenslipsweresoakedinthemud.Whycantheybekeptintactforover1700years?OneoftheimportantreasonsisthatthegroundwaterlevelinChangshawasveryhigh,andthebambootabletsandwoodenslipsweresoakedinthewater.Besides,theywereburieddeeply;theycanbesealedupwall.Withthese,theycanbekeptintactforover1700years.

Next,let’svisitthesecondexhibitionroom.Inthisroomwecangetthedetailedintroductionofthebambootabletsandwoodenslips.Beforewevisit,Ihaveaquestiontoask.Doyouknohetherthewordsonthebambootabletsandwoodenslipswerewrittenorcarvedonthem?Withthequestion,let’slookatthephotoofthepotteryfigurine.ThispotteryfigurinewasunearthedinaWesternJintombinJinpenlinginChangshain1950s.Ontheleftofthephotothereisamanhandingawoodenslipandreadingsomething,themanontherightwhowereholdingahairpencilinahandandawoodenslipintheotherwaswritingsomething.Thepotteryfigurineshowsustheconditionofancientswritingonthebambootabletsandwoodenslips.Now,wecansay,thewordonthebambootabletsandslipswerewrittenonthem.Didyouguessit?

Toseeanothersetofphotos.ThisisahairpencilunearthedfromoneofthetombsoftheWarringStateatZuojiagongMountainofChangshain1954.Itsshaftislongandsmallbuteasytobebroken.Onthesideofitthereisabamboopipeusedforcontainingthepenwhenitiscollectedandpreserved.Thisisaninkstonewithlittleinkblocksnearit.Herealsoremainsabronzechoppingknifewhichisusedforthecalligraphertomakeinscribedbambooandwoodenslipsandcorrectwritingmistakes.ThisisasetofphotosofcalligraphytoolsdiscoveredinNo.168TombinJinancityofformercapitalofChuState.Inadditiontothis,thereare6piecesofwoodenslipswithoutcharacter.ThisisalsothemostpleteandmosttypicalsetofHanDynasty’sstationeryeverseenuptonow.Unitingourancientpeoplecalculatesthenumberoftheinscribedbambootabletsandwoodenslipsarenot“slice〞,but“jin〞.Itisrecordedinhistorythatthe1stemperorofQinDynastydidnothavearestuntilhefinishedreadingover120jinofmemorialtothroneandinscribedbambooandwoodenslips.

Pleasenoticethefollowingbrieftabletaboutinformationoftheinscribedbambooandwoodenslipsunearthedfromallpartsofthenationfromthiscentury.Amongthis,thecolumninredcharacteristhenumberoftheinscribedbambooandwoodenslipsexcavatedfromChangshathistime.Thenumberthistimehasexceededthetotalamountofthatunearthedfromallpartsofthenationtheseyears.Therefore,itisnamedas“thesurprisingwonderoftheworld〞and“oneofthemostimportantarchaeologicaldiscoveriesofthiscentury.〞

ItiswellknownthatdocumenthistoryintheThreeKingdomPeriodhandeddownisveryrare.〞TheAnnalsofThreeKingdom〞byChenshouinXijinhas65volumes,amongwhichthereare30volumesofWeiBook,15volumesofShuBook,20volumesofWuBookwithtotalofmorethan1millioncharacters.Overtheyears,theunearthedinscribedbambooslipsandwoodentabletsinnationwidearchaeologyisalsorarelyseenandonlyexisttensofpiecesinAnhui,JiangxiandHubei.ButnowadaysinChangsha,thetotalnumberoftheexcavationoftheinscribedbamboofromWuStateinThreeKingdomPeriodreaches10thousandpiecesforjustonetimeandthetotalwordagereachesmorethan3millionifcountedwith20wordsineachpiece.Thesecharactermaterialsgreatlysurpassthetotalwordageinthatofthe“AnnalsofThreeKingdom〞,whichoffersabundantmaterialforthestudyofsocialeconomy,politicalsystem,inscribedbambooandvolumesystem,historyandgeographyandalsofillthevacancyofhistoricworks.WecanforecastthatthediscoveryofinscribedbambooslipsfromWuStateinChangshawillsurelyinfluencemanyaspectsoftheChinesehistoricstudyandanewexaminingandverifyingthepastfinalconclusion.

Well,letushavealookatthismap.Thoughtheseriesarchaeologicalexcavationaroundthe“Wuyisquare〞byourarchaeologicalworkers,wehavepreliminarilydefinedtheregionoftheancientChangsha.Itextendsnorthwardto“LaoZhaobi〞,southwardto“PoziStreet〞,eastwardto“Cai’eRoad〞andwestwardto“ShangheStreet〞whichshapedrectangle.AndthecenterofChangshaistoday’s“WuyiSquare,which,wecansay,hasn’tchangedbasicallynearly3000years.

Theunearthedinscribedbambooslipsandwoodentabletsforthistime,ifaccordingtotheirshape,theycanbedistributedtobigandsmallinscribedbambooslips,woodentabletsandsoon;ifaccordingtotheiruse,theycanbedistributedtofivekinds:

Thefirstkindisdocument.Itcanbesubdividedintotwoparts.Oneisthelandrentdocumentwith0.5mlong,2.5cmwideand100to200Chinesecharacterson.Theotheristheofficialdocumentwhichrecordedthedistributionandexchangingofmoney,crops,andgoodsamongdifferentgovernmentalsetups.Pleaselookatthissmallerslice.Itisaclassifiedlabel.ItshowsusamonthlyreportrecordedbytwoofficialsnamedHuangWeiandPanlvinthefirstyearofJiaHeperiod.

Second,aboutjudicature,whichrecordedsomedetailcontentsandeconomiccases,suchasthetrying,appealingandreexamining?What’sonthiswoodentabletisanindividualcaseaboutaDuYou.DuYouisakindofgovernmentofficial.Hewassentencedtodeathforhiscorruptnessofsalt,buthewasnotconvincedandappealedtoahighcourt.However,thereexaminingdidnotmakethejudgechange.Sohehadnothingtodobutaccept.

Thethirdkindisdirectory,somewhatlikethehouseholdandregisteredbookstoday.Let’slookatthisslice.HeretheChinesecharacter“RongLi〞wasanameofsomeplaceinChangsha.ThiswholesentencemeansthereisamannamedHeQin,55yearsold,livedinRongLi.HisdukedomisGongCheng.Andhere"SuanYi"meanscanbecountedasoneofataxpayer;"XingLiangZu"referstowhoselegshadbeencutoff.Thedirectoryservedasaregisteredpermanentresident,whichputdownpeople’sname,age,positionandsomethingwecan’tfindinourregisteredpermanentresident---physicalcondition.

ThelastkindisthewoodentabletonaccountwhichrecordedthemanagingaccountofdepartmentsbelongstoChangshagovernment.

Pleaselookatthesehistoricalrelicsagain.ThisblueandgreenporcelainintheThreeKingdomsandTowJinDynastieswerediscoveredinZouMalouancientwell.Look,theirglazedcolorsissparkingandcrystal-clear,thedecoratearesimpleandelement.Thesecondamongthemiscalled"Chichen-HeadPotting",thepottingiscoronalform,guidestheneckandproceededhigh,andthemodelingofitisverybeautiful.ThesepottingwereverypopularinJinDynasty.Theywereusedaspitcherandchalice.

Everybodyhasseenmanyphotos,haslistenedtosomuchexplanation,noeetoseetheoriginalofthebambooslips,woodentabletsorslipsforwriting.

Now,youseeinthepyramidshapeexhibitioncupboard,itisabambooslipsandwoodentabletsorslipsoriginalthatexploredinZoumalouintheancientwellofthebuildingthistime.Thebambooslipsandwoodentabletsorslipsarethematerialthattheancientremainsofourcountryedowntowrite.Amongthemthenarrowandlongbamboo,thewoodchipsarecalled"Jian",thegenerouswoodchipscalled"Du".Youmustdistinguishonefromtheother,notwoodmakearenamed"Du",whatbamboomakenamed"Jian".Jianhasthewoodenone,too.Ok,therightsideofItheresetsomeinscribedwoodentablets,themiddleareheavyinscribedwoodenslips.Intheleft,theyarebambooslipsthatpressedunderthetransparentglass.Thecharactersonthebambooslipsandwoodentabl